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Question: I don't know how to get started on Part (a). Can you give me a hint?
Answer: One possible solution to Part (a) would follow these steps:
Recall (or, if you're ambitious, prove) that a matrix is diagonalizable if and only if its minimal polynomial is completely reducible and has no repeated roots.
Let R denote the restriction of A to the invariant subspace W. Prove that the minimal polynomial of R divides the minimal polynomial of A.
Use 1 and 2 to draw the correct conclusion.
Problem 6
Question: I don't know how to get started on Part (a). Can you give me a hint?
Answer: That U is a subset of the intersection of the kernels is easy, so you should check that first. Now suppose x belongs to the intersection of the kernels. You must show that x belongs to U. Follow the hint and decompose V into a direct sum, so x = u + u', with u in U and u' in U'. The crucial step in the proof is to show u' is 0. I will leave you to figure out how to show this, with one final hint: consider an endomorphism in ann(U) that you could use, along with the equation x = u + u', to show that u' must be 0.