diff --git a/benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c b/benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c
index 7defd8ff1..a51b0a71c 100644
--- a/benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c
+++ b/benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ typedef struct options {
    uint64_t    inserts, queries, memtable_bg, normal_bg, memtable_mib;
    uint64_t    key_size, value_size, report_ms, seconds, min_free_gib;
    uint64_t    queue_scale, barrier_ms, target_insert_ops_s;
+   uint64_t    log_group_size_pages;
    bool        full_query_range, direct, use_log, open_existing;
 } options;
 
@@ -420,6 +421,8 @@ usage(const char *name)
       "  --seed N           default 1\n"
       "  --barrier-ms N     call splinterdb_durable_barrier from a "
       "dedicated thread every N ms (default 0 = disabled)\n"
+      "  --log-group-size-pages N  automatic durability threshold "
+      "(0 = 1024 pages, UINT64_MAX = disabled)\n"
       "  --trace NEW_CSV    trace internal tasks and waits (optional)\n"
       "  --direct          use O_DIRECT (default buffered I/O)\n"
       "  --no-log          disable WAL (default enabled)\n"
@@ -521,6 +524,7 @@ parse_options(int argc, char **argv, options *o)
          {"--id-base", &o->id_base},
          {"--queue-scale", &o->queue_scale},
          {"--barrier-ms", &o->barrier_ms},
+         {"--log-group-size-pages", &o->log_group_size_pages},
          {"--target-insert-ops-s", &o->target_insert_ops_s},
       };
       bool found = false;
@@ -717,6 +721,14 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
                             .use_log             = o->use_log,
                             .checkpoint_log_size_bytes = UINT64_MAX,
                             .use_stats                 = true};
+#ifndef KVBENCH_NO_LOG_GROUP_LIMIT
+   cfg.log_group_size_pages = o->log_group_size_pages;
+#else
+   if (o->log_group_size_pages != 0) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "This build has no automatic log-group limit\n");
+      return 1;
+   }
+#endif
    platform_set_log_streams(stderr, stderr);
    fprintf(
       stderr,
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/environment.json b/benchmarks/results-20261011/environment.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e1e88435
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/environment.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "cpu": "Intel Core i7-12800H",
+  "logical_cpus": 20,
+  "memory_kib": 65513444,
+  "compiler": "cc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0",
+  "kernel": "6.12.107+deb13-amd64",
+  "database_mount": "ext4 /dev/mapper/snafu-root_crypt[/home/rob/projects/splinterdb]",
+  "io": "O_DIRECT",
+  "public_api_cpu_affinity": "0-11",
+  "real_cache_cpu_affinity": "0-19",
+  "base_commit": "db3047a8",
+  "benchmark_serialization": "exclusive benchmark.lock and machine.lock; shared machine.lock for all builds/tests",
+  "cache_matrix_32gib": "Not run: roughly20GiB available RAM at scheduling time; other user allocations preserved."
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/.gitattributes b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..70cf35b29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+*.csv whitespace=cr-at-eol
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/manifest.json b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6357a4f1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,822 @@
+{
+  "io": "O_DIRECT",
+  "database_reused_after_each_successful_run": true,
+  "runs": [
+    {
+      "threads": 1,
+      "index": 0,
+      "version": "baseline",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/baseline/build/release/bin/insert_benchmark-shared",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/insert.db",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t1-0-baseline.csv",
+        "--summary",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t1-0-baseline.summary.csv",
+        "--records",
+        "100000000",
+        "--seconds",
+        "6",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "256",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "16",
+        "--direct",
+        "--inserters",
+        "1",
+        "--readers",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-bg",
+        "1",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "3",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "8",
+        "--key-size",
+        "16",
+        "--value-size",
+        "16",
+        "--min-free-gib",
+        "12",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--log-group-size-pages",
+        "0"
+      ],
+      "binary_sha256": "977d666ce9752df7bc6dfd93ce77354a5eb802d942acd8fa02dfc4e1a2c4f3a5",
+      "started": 1791761642.1816833,
+      "returncode": 0,
+      "finished": 1791761648.5105498,
+      "db_allocated_bytes": 646803456
+    },
+    {
+      "threads": 1,
+      "index": 1,
+      "version": "disabled",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build/release/bin/insert_benchmark",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/insert.db",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t1-1-disabled.csv",
+        "--summary",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t1-1-disabled.summary.csv",
+        "--records",
+        "100000000",
+        "--seconds",
+        "6",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "256",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "16",
+        "--direct",
+        "--inserters",
+        "1",
+        "--readers",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-bg",
+        "1",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "3",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "8",
+        "--key-size",
+        "16",
+        "--value-size",
+        "16",
+        "--min-free-gib",
+        "12",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--log-group-size-pages",
+        "18446744073709551615"
+      ],
+      "binary_sha256": "6fa4d8da0d728b518d3ea0910fae13bdb6969c10675022bfba0946800c1e6c46",
+      "started": 1791761648.5176802,
+      "returncode": 0,
+      "finished": 1791761654.797583,
+      "db_allocated_bytes": 641695744
+    },
+    {
+      "threads": 1,
+      "index": 2,
+      "version": "default64",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build/release/bin/insert_benchmark",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/insert.db",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t1-2-default64.csv",
+        "--summary",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t1-2-default64.summary.csv",
+        "--records",
+        "100000000",
+        "--seconds",
+        "6",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "256",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "16",
+        "--direct",
+        "--inserters",
+        "1",
+        "--readers",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-bg",
+        "1",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "3",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "8",
+        "--key-size",
+        "16",
+        "--value-size",
+        "16",
+        "--min-free-gib",
+        "12",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--log-group-size-pages",
+        "0"
+      ],
+      "binary_sha256": "6fa4d8da0d728b518d3ea0910fae13bdb6969c10675022bfba0946800c1e6c46",
+      "started": 1791761654.8049126,
+      "returncode": 0,
+      "finished": 1791761660.9880667,
+      "db_allocated_bytes": 352862208
+    },
+    {
+      "threads": 1,
+      "index": 3,
+      "version": "1024pages",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build/release/bin/insert_benchmark",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/insert.db",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t1-3-1024pages.csv",
+        "--summary",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t1-3-1024pages.summary.csv",
+        "--records",
+        "100000000",
+        "--seconds",
+        "6",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "256",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "16",
+        "--direct",
+        "--inserters",
+        "1",
+        "--readers",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-bg",
+        "1",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "3",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "8",
+        "--key-size",
+        "16",
+        "--value-size",
+        "16",
+        "--min-free-gib",
+        "12",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--log-group-size-pages",
+        "1024"
+      ],
+      "binary_sha256": "6fa4d8da0d728b518d3ea0910fae13bdb6969c10675022bfba0946800c1e6c46",
+      "started": 1791761660.993346,
+      "returncode": 0,
+      "finished": 1791761667.1752436,
+      "db_allocated_bytes": 575111168
+    },
+    {
+      "threads": 1,
+      "index": 4,
+      "version": "1024pages",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build/release/bin/insert_benchmark",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/insert.db",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t1-4-1024pages.csv",
+        "--summary",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t1-4-1024pages.summary.csv",
+        "--records",
+        "100000000",
+        "--seconds",
+        "6",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "256",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "16",
+        "--direct",
+        "--inserters",
+        "1",
+        "--readers",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-bg",
+        "1",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "3",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "8",
+        "--key-size",
+        "16",
+        "--value-size",
+        "16",
+        "--min-free-gib",
+        "12",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--log-group-size-pages",
+        "1024"
+      ],
+      "binary_sha256": "6fa4d8da0d728b518d3ea0910fae13bdb6969c10675022bfba0946800c1e6c46",
+      "started": 1791761667.182493,
+      "returncode": 0,
+      "finished": 1791761673.3602242,
+      "db_allocated_bytes": 578228224
+    },
+    {
+      "threads": 1,
+      "index": 5,
+      "version": "default64",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build/release/bin/insert_benchmark",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/insert.db",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t1-5-default64.csv",
+        "--summary",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t1-5-default64.summary.csv",
+        "--records",
+        "100000000",
+        "--seconds",
+        "6",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "256",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "16",
+        "--direct",
+        "--inserters",
+        "1",
+        "--readers",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-bg",
+        "1",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "3",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "8",
+        "--key-size",
+        "16",
+        "--value-size",
+        "16",
+        "--min-free-gib",
+        "12",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--log-group-size-pages",
+        "0"
+      ],
+      "binary_sha256": "6fa4d8da0d728b518d3ea0910fae13bdb6969c10675022bfba0946800c1e6c46",
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+    },
+    {
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+      "version": "disabled",
+      "command": [
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+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build/release/bin/insert_benchmark",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/insert.db",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t1-6-disabled.csv",
+        "--summary",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t1-6-disabled.summary.csv",
+        "--records",
+        "100000000",
+        "--seconds",
+        "6",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "256",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "16",
+        "--direct",
+        "--inserters",
+        "1",
+        "--readers",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-bg",
+        "1",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "3",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "8",
+        "--key-size",
+        "16",
+        "--value-size",
+        "16",
+        "--min-free-gib",
+        "12",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--log-group-size-pages",
+        "18446744073709551615"
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+      "db_allocated_bytes": 598351872
+    },
+    {
+      "threads": 1,
+      "index": 7,
+      "version": "baseline",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/baseline/build/release/bin/insert_benchmark-shared",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/insert.db",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t1-7-baseline.csv",
+        "--summary",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t1-7-baseline.summary.csv",
+        "--records",
+        "100000000",
+        "--seconds",
+        "6",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "256",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "16",
+        "--direct",
+        "--inserters",
+        "1",
+        "--readers",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-bg",
+        "1",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "3",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "8",
+        "--key-size",
+        "16",
+        "--value-size",
+        "16",
+        "--min-free-gib",
+        "12",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--log-group-size-pages",
+        "0"
+      ],
+      "binary_sha256": "977d666ce9752df7bc6dfd93ce77354a5eb802d942acd8fa02dfc4e1a2c4f3a5",
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+      "finished": 1791761691.9080825,
+      "db_allocated_bytes": 595238912
+    },
+    {
+      "threads": 8,
+      "index": 0,
+      "version": "baseline",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/baseline/build/release/bin/insert_benchmark-shared",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/insert.db",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t8-0-baseline.csv",
+        "--summary",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t8-0-baseline.summary.csv",
+        "--records",
+        "100000000",
+        "--seconds",
+        "6",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "256",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "16",
+        "--direct",
+        "--inserters",
+        "8",
+        "--readers",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-bg",
+        "1",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "3",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "8",
+        "--key-size",
+        "16",
+        "--value-size",
+        "16",
+        "--min-free-gib",
+        "12",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--log-group-size-pages",
+        "0"
+      ],
+      "binary_sha256": "977d666ce9752df7bc6dfd93ce77354a5eb802d942acd8fa02dfc4e1a2c4f3a5",
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+    },
+    {
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+      "index": 1,
+      "version": "disabled",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build/release/bin/insert_benchmark",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/insert.db",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t8-1-disabled.csv",
+        "--summary",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t8-1-disabled.summary.csv",
+        "--records",
+        "100000000",
+        "--seconds",
+        "6",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "256",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "16",
+        "--direct",
+        "--inserters",
+        "8",
+        "--readers",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-bg",
+        "1",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "3",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "8",
+        "--key-size",
+        "16",
+        "--value-size",
+        "16",
+        "--min-free-gib",
+        "12",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--log-group-size-pages",
+        "18446744073709551615"
+      ],
+      "binary_sha256": "6fa4d8da0d728b518d3ea0910fae13bdb6969c10675022bfba0946800c1e6c46",
+      "started": 1791761700.0619118,
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+      "finished": 1791761706.288687,
+      "db_allocated_bytes": 1985830912
+    },
+    {
+      "threads": 8,
+      "index": 2,
+      "version": "default64",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build/release/bin/insert_benchmark",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/insert.db",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t8-2-default64.csv",
+        "--summary",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-group-limit/insert-matrix-v3/t8-2-default64.summary.csv",
+        "--records",
+        "100000000",
+        "--seconds",
+        "6",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "256",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "16",
+        "--direct",
+        "--inserters",
+        "8",
+        "--readers",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-bg",
+        "1",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "3",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "8",
+        "--key-size",
+        "16",
+        "--value-size",
+        "16",
+        "--min-free-gib",
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+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..438331189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-0-baseline.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-0-baseline.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..716ffe9fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-0-baseline.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-0-baseline.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-0-baseline.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..10b64ec0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-0-baseline.summary.csv
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-1-disabled.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-1-disabled.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..784317d94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-1-disabled.csv
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new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79be85e4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-1-disabled.summary.csv
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-2-default64.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-2-default64.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..57ba7ed0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-2-default64.csv
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new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de9e0b2c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-2-default64.summary.csv
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-3-1024pages.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-3-1024pages.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1761c7347
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-3-1024pages.csv
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-3-1024pages.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-3-1024pages.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..891b1d248
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-3-1024pages.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-4-1024pages.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-4-1024pages.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8dd561e9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-4-1024pages.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-4-1024pages.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-4-1024pages.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..493472849
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-4-1024pages.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-5-default64.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-5-default64.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4b0be86c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-5-default64.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-5-default64.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-5-default64.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca7daf23a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-5-default64.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-6-disabled.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-6-disabled.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ae6b3e61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-6-disabled.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-6-disabled.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-6-disabled.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1efd9d786
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-6-disabled.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-7-baseline.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-7-baseline.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1d1608eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-7-baseline.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-7-baseline.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-7-baseline.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..880df212b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t1-7-baseline.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-0-baseline.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-0-baseline.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3fc771f35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-0-baseline.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-0-baseline.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-0-baseline.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f01e89c1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-0-baseline.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-1-disabled.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-1-disabled.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..054262be7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-1-disabled.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-1-disabled.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-1-disabled.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a7147003
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-1-disabled.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-2-default64.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-2-default64.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..13820060b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-2-default64.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-2-default64.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-2-default64.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c620ca567
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-2-default64.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-3-1024pages.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-3-1024pages.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ff8528b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-3-1024pages.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-3-1024pages.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-3-1024pages.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5dbaf4ac5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-3-1024pages.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-4-1024pages.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-4-1024pages.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f54591579
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-4-1024pages.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-4-1024pages.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-4-1024pages.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ad1d5990
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-4-1024pages.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-5-default64.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-5-default64.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0973e9280
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-5-default64.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-5-default64.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-5-default64.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a01a21759
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-5-default64.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-6-disabled.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-6-disabled.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f4c3fff5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-6-disabled.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-6-disabled.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-6-disabled.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2fa62244
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-6-disabled.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
+0,2446153.671591,6.035566,14763923,0.003210,0.001168,0.056832,0.190464,106.528950,0.003210,0.001168,0.056832,0.190464,106.528950,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-7-baseline.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-7-baseline.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8d8d40840
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-7-baseline.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-7-baseline.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-7-baseline.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e84d724e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261011/insert-matrix-v3/t8-7-baseline.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/.clang-format b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/.clang-format
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d159247d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/.clang-format
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+DisableFormat: true
+SortIncludes: false
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/README.txt b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/README.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c76b2ce9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/README.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+Automatic asynchronous log barriers on main fc0bc8f7
+
+Source parent:9bc5ebf4, the preserved synchronous-policy merge of ad751b31 and fc0bc8f7.
+Reuses existing async core barrier; short submit guard is released before durability.
+No new worker or retry engine. Automatic and fire-and-forget errors are logged.
+
+Validation: debug core43 initially, plus newly added rejection/retry case;
+release core44. Both modes quick56, process-exit1 covering3 data shapes,
+and functional log500000 records pass. Final refinements rerun both modes:
+blocked-device gate reached BEFORE successor insert/manual barrier; process-exit
+uses actual background worker and drains accepted tasks without a new barrier.
+The zero-test debug-final-automatic.log invocation is preserved but not counted.
+Full format check and whitespace pass. Independent code review found no blocker.
+Runtime benchmark evidence is added separately once complete.
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/archive-manifest.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/archive-manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eab94120b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/archive-manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+{
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+  "release-verified-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log": "8d9777c67ad4d863368df36b2f88cf518e566ab91e4d8ab701032173c4caf8b3",
+  "release-verified-splinter_test.log": "4a1c5384014213fd83f70dcc8b897fe2c6e69f0cb9c014342f18ec0119e35059",
+  ".clang-format": "f8405bf75d1ab2ed2e69b525a538b409b801812a7c71225da7bb46434f7dcc18",
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+  "README.txt": "db2fa70dc37c08ed8f417ab5ca8618d8e42860e1f62cd2685a055f31bb1efb22",
+  "debug-verified-splinter_test.log": "fe37ff7b32d4a83a1149930af786036bac07c0326eeb0c20930b09cb5097103a",
+  "debug-final-automatic.log": "b4830c8d84d003bcada527faaf9a5dfe0ca012b76a5a8da590fd49f24f41a09c",
+  "debug-verified-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log": "f2e38159a928cfd38b3fc7738d6c6e60e363203ad03d256bb981a133ded0ac59",
+  "debug-final-submission_failure_retries.log": "89d28cf2ec1c2a1ed450d378bb7e8b555e19eabbe06ddc9f125119acf6baffbd",
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+  "debug-final-insert_does_not_wait.log": "3441db00b5a90430427b5108f92e430ff470c1779b22c181163646325b78324f",
+  "release-0-splinter_test.log": "936fb4c60bb925573d125a88667299ea03804a27ca2893eaa1a875bab1068bd5",
+  "debug-3-driver_test.log": "b2a5f6aabf4cf2e0111b4d7db98e241fb59e6554a227fa83dcbb1a45e1922db7",
+  "release-validation.json": "33c504aeee7be408dcb72e2e34c1af9b32ec19fc9e70849d9df96cc54b112b0f",
+  "debug-final-reports_failure_and_retries.log": "10efd0288aa7187dbb8ef752e035405cf9c0c77884a39dcfa4700c45419ec975",
+  "format_final.py": "f58b8540d067d11103b319d9ef4434ffa45f1ffa845f302a3363ca75dc998344",
+  "debug-0-splinter_test.log": "79dd320ec818d6bc10ef69f8ebabe2b2fdc5b6cafca6aa5f69555308f221697d",
+  "debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log": "c47b8dcb3996a07fb3ff7799d8c76b59a574988c617677d62f6aeee37b859a9e",
+  "debug-final-validation.json": "f3fd3174572c3fbce7be6cc29d8cfeb6069202acd52fa06544ba64a03cc9bdde",
+  "debug-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log": "62db6704144d423b604858879d85b6fa9807617a068921bf9626ebb28eaad21d",
+  "release-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log": "bb8b9af178cb50b76b8d2b4b3d2f9686b84393f432623de63eeddb790f425624",
+  "final-refinements.json": "a9ed0154c0471bb5e3d98ea9d2ad10bec4bec3d733d154b3c515c981fcde3be4",
+  "release-3-driver_test.log": "8b6c19a7e3e6c8a2cba7a269cf83d97fa3ce438f782428473af29ab5a3ed768c"
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/archive-preservation.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/archive-preservation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb585a586
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/archive-preservation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,506 @@
+{
+  "original_commit": "ad751b31",
+  "merge_commit": "9bc5ebf4",
+  "files": [
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-0-splinter_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-0-splinter_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72768c0d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-0-splinter_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+Starting log-async-fc0-debug-0-splinter_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinter', test case 'all'.
+TEST 1/43 splinter:test_blob_checksums [OK]
+TEST 2/43 splinter:test_inserts [OK]
+TEST 3/43 splinter:test_btree_pack_abort_releases_reserved_extents btree_pack error status: 5
+[OK]
+TEST 4/43 splinter:test_btree_pack_rejects_counter_overflow btree_pack: output statistics exceed the on-disk limit
+btree_pack error status: 28
+[OK]
+TEST 5/43 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_pivot_bundle [OK]
+TEST 6/43 splinter:test_invalid_branch_reference_rejected Unsupported branch format version 2 at 7471104; this build requires version 1.
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup: btree_lookup_and_merge failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup failed: 22
+Unsupported branch format version 2 at 7471104; this build requires version 1.
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async: btree_lookup_and_merge_async failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async failed: 22
+Unsupported branch format version 2 at 7471104; this build requires version 1.
+trunk_collect_branches: trunk_collect_bundle_branches failed: 22
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup: btree_lookup_and_merge failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup failed: 22
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async: btree_lookup_and_merge_async failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async failed: 22
+trunk_collect_branches: trunk_collect_bundle_branches failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 7/43 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_pivot_stats trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_node_find_pivot failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_node_find_pivot_async failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 8/43 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_child_height trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_node_handle_init_async failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 9/43 splinter:test_two_log_checkpoint [OK]
+TEST 10/43 splinter:test_reopen_with_changed_filter_config [OK]
+TEST 11/43 splinter:test_logged_large_insert_shares_blob_extents [OK]
+TEST 12/43 splinter:test_durable_barrier_waits_for_visible_insert_log_write [OK]
+TEST 13/43 splinter:test_durable_barrier_packs_concurrent_small_tails [OK]
+TEST 14/43 splinter:test_shard_log_first_fit_decreasing_packing [OK]
+TEST 15/43 splinter:test_shard_log_page_alloc_failure_retries_open_buffer shard_log_graduate_buffer: out of log space
+shard_log_graduate_group: failed to terminate group 1: No space left on device
+[OK]
+TEST 16/43 splinter:test_async_durable_barrier_reports_device_failure [OK]
+TEST 17/43 splinter:test_async_durable_barrier_defers_nested_wait [OK]
+TEST 18/43 splinter:test_async_durable_barrier_launches_with_blocked_device [OK]
+TEST 19/43 splinter:test_durable_barrier_without_log_publishes_root [OK]
+TEST 20/43 splinter:test_checkpoint_reports_terminal_incorporation_failure trunk_node_serialize():2802: cache_alloc() failedserialize_nodes():2986: node_serialize() failedserialize_nodes_and_save_contingent_compactions: serialize_nodes failed: 12
+restore_balance_leaf():6155: serialize_nodes() failed: Cannot allocate memorytrunk_flush_prepare: flush_then_compact failed: 12
+trunk_incorporate_prepare failed: Cannot allocate memory
+Memtable incorporation failed: generation=0 state=INCORPORATION_ASSIGNED status=Cannot allocate memory memtable_root=1179648
+memtable flush failed: Cannot allocate memory
+Shutdown found memtable from failed incorporation: generation=0 state=INCORPORATION_FAILED status=Cannot allocate memory memtable_root=1179648 compacted_root=0
+[OK]
+TEST 21/43 splinter:test_durable_barrier_reopens_writers_before_device_barrier [OK]
+TEST 22/43 splinter:test_concurrent_durable_barriers_coalesce [OK]
+TEST 23/43 splinter:test_durable_barrier_waits_for_checkpoint_publication [OK]
+TEST 24/43 splinter:test_log_prepare_failure_leaves_update_unapplied core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_unmount: failed to publish the unmount root: Input/output error
+core_unmount: shutdown retained recovery state; the next mount must recover
+[OK]
+TEST 25/43 splinter:test_checkpoint_advance_retries_cut_publish_failure core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+[OK]
+TEST 26/43 splinter:test_checkpoint_advance_retries_completion_failure core_checkpoint_advance: completion publish failed: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: completion publish failed: Input/output error
+[OK]
+TEST 27/43 splinter:test_self_managed_checkpoints_reclaim_log_space [OK]
+TEST 28/43 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint [OK]
+TEST 29/43 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_grace_allows_natural_rotation [OK]
+TEST 30/43 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_grace_forces_overwrite_rotation [OK]
+TEST 31/43 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_on_overwrites [OK]
+TEST 32/43 splinter:test_recover_allocations_reproduces_persisted_map [OK]
+TEST 33/43 splinter:test_unmount_skips_allocator_map_that_needs_rebuild core_unmount: allocator reference accounting is incomplete; leaving allocation state invalid for rebuild on the next mount
+[OK]
+TEST 34/43 splinter:test_late_reclamation_failure_requires_recovery WARNING: abandoned reclamation of mini allocator at 7471104 (type misc): Connection timed out. Remaining space is unavailable until reopen; clean allocation state will not be written. Recovery is required.
+WARNING: core_unmount: reclamation failed (Connection timed out); remaining space was retained. Shutdown requires recovery and the next open will rebuild allocation state.
+core_unmount: allocator reference accounting is incomplete; leaving allocation state invalid for rebuild on the next mount
+[OK]
+TEST 35/43 splinter:test_mount_active_checkpoint_stays_mountable [OK]
+TEST 36/43 splinter:test_lookups [OK]
+TEST 37/43 splinter:test_splinter_print_diags [OK]
+TEST 38/43 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_reports_failure_and_retries WARNING: fire-and-forget durable barrier failed: Input/output error; recent writes may not be durable. A later barrier can retry.
+[OK]
+TEST 39/43 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_insert_does_not_wait [OK]
+TEST 40/43 splinter:test_cache_read_errors_reach_core_operations ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup: btree_lookup_and_merge failed: 110
+trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup failed: 110
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async: btree_lookup_and_merge_async failed: 110
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async failed: 110
+[OK]
+TEST 41/43 splinter:test_blob_descriptor_sizes [OK]
+TEST 42/43 splinter:test_blob_trees [OK]
+TEST 43/43 splinter:test_blob_height_three_and_large_stats [OK]
+RESULTS: 43 tests (43 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 108059 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5e726c4b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+Starting log-async-fc0-debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'all'.
+TEST 1/56 splinterdb_quick:test_get_config_returns_effective_config [OK]
+TEST 2/56 splinterdb_quick:test_get_cost_stats [OK]
+TEST 3/56 splinterdb_quick:test_checkpoint_log_grace_default [OK]
+TEST 4/56 splinterdb_quick:test_durable_barrier [OK]
+TEST 5/56 splinterdb_quick:test_async_durable_barrier_notifications [OK]
+TEST 6/56 splinterdb_quick:test_logged_large_value_replaces_old_value [OK]
+TEST 7/56 splinterdb_quick:test_basic_flow [OK]
+TEST 8/56 splinterdb_quick:test_pthread_auto_registration [OK]
+TEST 9/56 splinterdb_quick:test_result_auto_registration_with_stats [OK]
+TEST 10/56 splinterdb_quick:test_stats_reset_clears_cache_io [OK]
+TEST 11/56 splinterdb_quick:test_final_merge_error_propagation [OK]
+TEST 12/56 splinterdb_quick:test_fetch_and_update_catches_up_after_rotation [OK]
+TEST 13/56 splinterdb_quick:test_fetch_and_update_rejects_incorporated_boundary [OK]
+TEST 14/56 splinterdb_quick:test_range_init_error_cleanup_preserves_branches setup_ordered_iterators: exception: Cannot allocate memory
+core_apply_to_range: range iterator init failed: Cannot allocate memory
+[OK]
+TEST 15/56 splinterdb_quick:stats_reset_excludes_active_operations [OK]
+TEST 16/56 splinterdb_quick:test_apis_for_large_key [OK]
+TEST 17/56 splinterdb_quick:test_key_size_gt_max_inline_key_size [OK]
+TEST 18/56 splinterdb_quick:test_value_size_gt_max_value_size [OK]
+TEST 19/56 splinterdb_quick:test_large_lookup_survives_memtable_recycle [OK]
+TEST 20/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_survives_memtable_recycle [OK]
+TEST 21/56 splinterdb_quick:test_variable_length_values [OK]
+TEST 22/56 splinterdb_quick:test_basic_iterator [OK]
+TEST 23/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_delete_current [OK]
+TEST 24/56 splinterdb_quick:test_empty_iterator [OK]
+TEST 25/56 splinterdb_quick:test_bounded_iterator [OK]
+TEST 26/56 splinterdb_quick:test_bounded_iterator_start_normalization [OK]
+TEST 27/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_startkey [OK]
+TEST 28/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_non_existent_startkey [OK]
+TEST 29/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_missing_startkey_in_sequence [OK]
+TEST 30/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_prev_and_next [OK]
+TEST 31/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_reversal_on_key_in_two_branches [OK]
+TEST 32/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_reversal_with_three_branches [OK]
+TEST 33/56 splinterdb_quick:test_rewriting_keys_does_not_grow_trunk [OK]
+TEST 34/56 splinterdb_quick:test_close_and_reopen [OK]
+TEST 35/56 splinterdb_quick:test_logged_close_and_reopen [OK]
+TEST 36/56 splinterdb_quick:test_repeated_insert_close_reopen [OK]
+TEST 37/56 splinterdb_quick:test_custom_data_config [OK]
+TEST 38/56 splinterdb_quick:test_existence_only_memtable_lookup [OK]
+TEST 39/56 splinterdb_quick:test_existence_only_trunk_lookup_skips_branches [OK]
+TEST 40/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_returns_old_value [OK]
+TEST 41/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_existence_only [OK]
+TEST 42/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_custom_merge_semantics [OK]
+TEST 43/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_merges_memtable_and_trunk [OK]
+TEST 44/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_respects_trunk_delete_shadow [OK]
+TEST 45/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_custom_comparator [OK]
+TEST 46/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_init_bug [OK]
+TEST 47/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_create_w_background_threads [OK]
+TEST 48/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_create_w_all_background_threads [OK]
+TEST 49/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_merges_only_matching_keys [OK]
+TEST 50/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_crosses_empty_trunk_leaves [OK]
+TEST 51/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_persisted_mixed_seeds [OK]
+TEST 52/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_predicate_only_and_bounds [OK]
+TEST 53/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_propagates_matching_merge_errors setup_ordered_iterators: exception: Cannot allocate memory
+[OK]
+TEST 54/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_context_survives_thread_handoff [OK]
+TEST 55/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_thread_handoff [OK]
+TEST 56/56 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'test_blob_tree_crash_recovery'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'test_blob_tree_crash_recovery'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery [OK]
+RESULTS: 56 tests (56 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 15876 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4a4ab249d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting log-async-fc0-debug-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_forked_child', test case 'automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_forked_child:automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit [OK]
+RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 769 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-3-driver_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-3-driver_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0fe825bd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-3-driver_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Starting log-async-fc0-debug-3-driver_test test
+/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/driver_test: splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty
+Dispatch test log_test
+
+Started log_test!!
+Malformed log page sequence at page 9052160: group=3 page=0 follows group=1 page=0 (terminated).
+Unsupported log format version 2; this build requires version 1.
+Unsupported log format version 2; this build requires version 1.
+shard_log_iterator_init: record validation failed in group 1 at log page 146800640: Invalid argument; discarding this group and the rest
+Malformed log page sequence at page 147587072: group=1 page=0 follows group=1 page=0.
+shard_log_iterator_init: record validation failed in group 2 at log page 148377600: Input/output error; discarding this group and the rest
+log returned 500000 of 500000 entries
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-final-automatic.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-final-automatic.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2247b6a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-final-automatic.log
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Starting log-async-fc0-debug-final-automatic test
+Running 0 CTests, suite name 'all', test case 'automatic_log_barrier'.
+RESULTS: 0 tests (0 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 0 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-final-insert_does_not_wait.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-final-insert_does_not_wait.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e64ec2d64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-final-insert_does_not_wait.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting log-async-fc0-debug-insert_does_not_wait test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinter', test case 'test_automatic_log_barrier_insert_does_not_wait'.
+TEST 1/1 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_insert_does_not_wait [OK]
+RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 147 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-final-reports_failure_and_retries.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-final-reports_failure_and_retries.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..050244fd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-final-reports_failure_and_retries.log
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Starting log-async-fc0-debug-reports_failure_and_retries test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinter', test case 'test_automatic_log_barrier_reports_failure_and_retries'.
+TEST 1/1 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_reports_failure_and_retries WARNING: fire-and-forget durable barrier failed: Input/output error; recent writes may not be durable. A later barrier can retry.
+[OK]
+RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 123 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-final-submission_failure_retries.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-final-submission_failure_retries.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9faf1a48c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-final-submission_failure_retries.log
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Starting log-async-fc0-debug-submission_failure_retries test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinter', test case 'test_automatic_log_barrier_submission_failure_retries'.
+TEST 1/1 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_submission_failure_retries WARNING: automatic durable barrier submission failed: Cannot allocate memory; recent writes may not be durable.
+[OK]
+RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 124 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-final-validation.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-final-validation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5bc9487ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-final-validation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+[
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-async-fc0-debug-reports_failure_and_retries",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/splinter_test",
+      "test_automatic_log_barrier_reports_failure_and_retries"
+    ],
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 123 ms"
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-async-fc0-debug-submission_failure_retries",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/splinter_test",
+      "test_automatic_log_barrier_submission_failure_retries"
+    ],
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 124 ms"
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-async-fc0-debug-insert_does_not_wait",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/splinter_test",
+      "test_automatic_log_barrier_insert_does_not_wait"
+    ],
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 147 ms"
+    ]
+  }
+]
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-validation.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-validation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a2628b6b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-validation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+[
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-async-fc0-debug-0-splinter_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/splinter_test"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-async-fc0/scratch/debug-0-splinter_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "seconds": 108.11490106582642,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 43 tests (43 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 108059 ms"
+    ],
+    "binary_sha256": "23087ae54000dda3821711d0579141071bde47f7c05fcaa88a90edfb97486819"
+  },
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-async-fc0-debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_quick_test"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-async-fc0/scratch/debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "seconds": 15.947850465774536,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 56 tests (56 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 15876 ms"
+    ],
+    "binary_sha256": "7603d0905a36692f1a3484bd2cb41cc642416c4619b2d45253a6eaf4e075fcd0"
+  },
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-async-fc0-debug-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-async-fc0/scratch/debug-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "seconds": 0.8158178329467773,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 769 ms"
+    ],
+    "binary_sha256": "189ac014c8175c3fde2ca3a6d4733be9db3e63ddfb68dbf3d9f7288613bbee7c"
+  },
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-async-fc0-debug-3-driver_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/driver_test",
+      "log_test",
+      "--db-location",
+      "log.db",
+      "--cache-capacity-mib",
+      "64",
+      "--db-capacity-gib",
+      "4"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-async-fc0/scratch/debug-3-driver_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "seconds": 1.567784070968628,
+    "results": [],
+    "binary_sha256": "73356176b3c4e305cee215a3b42aa6bf32b05495e04addedfd5b1e8ae436b2fe"
+  }
+]
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-verified-splinter_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-verified-splinter_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..09a062f74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-verified-splinter_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting log-async-fc0-debug-verified-splinter_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinter', test case 'test_automatic_log_barrier_insert_does_not_wait'.
+TEST 1/1 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_insert_does_not_wait [OK]
+RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 130 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-verified-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-verified-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fa3331b6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/debug-verified-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting log-async-fc0-debug-verified-splinterdb_forked_child_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_forked_child', test case 'automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_forked_child:automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit [OK]
+RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 623 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/final-refinements.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/final-refinements.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8af9044c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/final-refinements.json
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+[
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-async-fc0-debug-verified-splinter_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/splinter_test",
+      "test_automatic_log_barrier_insert_does_not_wait"
+    ],
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 130 ms"
+    ],
+    "binary_sha256": "604cc2c98dc77bebeecd40c59e5f787f50b5c374430048cebc637667860c0753"
+  },
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-async-fc0-debug-verified-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit"
+    ],
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 623 ms"
+    ],
+    "binary_sha256": "650f471611f9b1be23dcf7b8644d499c15e38520c8f85565653f792b80733a59"
+  },
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-async-fc0-release-verified-splinter_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/splinter_test",
+      "test_automatic_log_barrier_insert_does_not_wait"
+    ],
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 98 ms"
+    ],
+    "binary_sha256": "136592c2f74183f5c78c4e9e12b3b1bf45b8881795c651cc6e3695f526fffa7a"
+  },
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-async-fc0-release-verified-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit"
+    ],
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 562 ms"
+    ],
+    "binary_sha256": "c05722061a843e58b473f2b41ff0508ecf4f139172eed35bcdcaa6573a6bec45"
+  }
+]
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/format-final.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/format-final.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db482aa78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/format-final.log
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Starting log-async-fc0-format build
+Format OK
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/format_final.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/format_final.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf699f752
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/format_final.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+import subprocess,tarfile,io,tempfile,shutil
+wt=Path('/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit')
+with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix='log-async-format-') as d:
+ root=Path(d)
+ tarfile.open(fileobj=io.BytesIO(subprocess.check_output(['git','archive','HEAD'],cwd=wt))).extractall(root,filter='data')
+ for p in subprocess.check_output(['git','diff','--name-only','HEAD'],cwd=wt,text=True).splitlines():
+  target=root/p
+  if (wt/p).exists():target.parent.mkdir(parents=True,exist_ok=True);shutil.copyfile(wt/p,target)
+  elif target.exists():target.unlink()
+ subprocess.run(['bash','format-check.sh'],cwd=root,check=True)
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/.gitattributes b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..562b12e16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+* -whitespace
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/README.txt b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/README.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93fb583d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/README.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+Automatic asynchronous log barriers: performance on main fc0bc8f7
+
+Main=fc0bc8f7; synchronous policy=9bc5ebf4; asynchronous policy=72a1044e.
+Identical frozen insertion harness, matched GCC14 release flags, CPU0-11.
+O_DIRECT on ext4 /dev/mapper/snafu-root_crypt; all benchmarks serialized and
+excluded builds/tests. 42 matrix runs:three8-second samples per candidate
+at1/8 writers with six interleaved main controls per thread count.
+Eight additional12-second ABBA runs investigate the disabled policy.
+All50 insertion runs passed API-return/count/clean-close checks. Recovery
+validation is separate in the parent directory; the insertion harness does
+not itself read back every inserted key.
+
+64-page async versus sync throughput improves39.92% with1writer and32.62%
+with8writers. Including shutdown drain retains39.3%/32.7% gains. Mean
+async64 throughput versus main is-2.74%/-9.43%; async1024 is-1.26%/+0.60%.
+These are short samples on one machine, not precise universal costs.
+Main does not perform size-triggered durability, so it is a throughput
+reference with weaker automatic durability, not an equivalent policy.
+
+Control drift limits small comparisons. Disabled policy is-0.40%/-3.51%
+in the main matrix. In the follow-up main falls from2.178M to1.515Mops/s.
+The two ABBA rounds report-6.95% and-0.05%; retain both. The second round
+has stable controls, but we do not attribute all first-round variation or
+claim an exactly zero disabled-policy cost.
+
+The gains cannot be explained only by deferred shutdown work: async mean
+close time is0.171s/0.276s, versus sync0.139s/0.285s at64pages. Existing
+queue assistance can still execute durability on an inserting thread.
+No new scheduler, coalescer, or retry engine is present. The64-page default
+is retained;1024 is an existing configuration choice evaluated for sensitivity.
+
+Source/library/binary/log hashes verified. verified_runtime_commit identifies
+exact committed runtime even if the build record head precedes local commit.
+The source snapshots of main/sync came from git archive (see source commit
+and commands in build records). Binaries/databases are omitted from archive.
+Scripts retain original campaign paths; imported helper is archived alongside
+the runner. benchmark-audit.json also covers the26 separate branch-screen
+invocations, whose raw evidence is on the three other active branches.
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/archive-manifest.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/archive-manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bc2b6cb7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/archive-manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+{
+  "log-sync-build.json": "ee840093403178f7bf01ecf77ed76ca327072b17325f7cf52f3489982b52ee80",
+  "runtime.patch": "5a4b918d25451b72348defe66d05385195f5ece8028e97b7d91f7cf9a0dfd1b2",
+  "summarize.py": "53169c584538a9f9fe85fa322b5d891ddfbd1d3efb2ef1d3ff4206abed3036fb",
+  "benchmark-audit.json": "1df1533cb61ed17faea4e0334195151268c81662166a57d71e241950a1315d01",
+  "summary.json": "073a7c59245c217571bdbbd6b002f1ee7bab513e1b1c0da1073cbdf2c473b4da",
+  "host.json": "1b5c083c200833db9300f5280d4a427b08fff146c09f4d039e875a8b7cf20d1b",
+  "README.txt": "b6de8a9b74380d03c46a5374d73dd670918c4ed5adfc06633a0e1ff9c15649b3",
+  "log-async-build.json": "9cbbe115bc96ed61102cbb6e4675bd34e1c8232fdc1903d38714990982b87561",
+  "build_benchmarks.py": "b0d5d339d4aa5984a9776ec53e317acf857471a00970b62d870859cc1a3303e9",
+  "imported-run_matrix.py": "536f10a1a7fd4b1e8e0250ea01cfe36793c7d6e2345f141092616ec06f64ee50",
+  "report.txt": "0a845dcb1e75937a5c5c2d2daf7d234cede7829bd113abcf0fa2f2ca02ab5bf9",
+  "run_benchmarks-matrix.py": "1569df61c8491ea3b41e1d0caa374e5dee10367d0d27671b9fc71624dc20bb5d",
+  "audit_benchmarks.py": "e7e210649b0e2fbd764924afa6b7a75ab929f89e36e555145ac77de4ab56010a",
+  "run_benchmarks.py": "e987157ea2c2190f1c2c932addccf097951b91a865415863f9933c0b573f69ef",
+  "run_job.py": "908d86de805e6efd41b423c919187f2df14715104f047e10fa8a6c57129cc773",
+  "serialization-audit.log": "8c825782814a9355a747cb497d01802223f864ecdd2f61366a70b52e1688cbc9",
+  "insert_benchmark.c": "da57ae18e97c88352479be897eedee0ecc9b54bb2b968c579421738dadd8d8b4",
+  "main-build.json": "8ce2dbc33f76ad635d78f6f3fb1904c2b3408a12aeca10504d7ee4a8a78b10cc",
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+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-0-main.csv": "b49b73b2f40da2dee74f4dea2ca9f58351c858be3c4624ce783a9b908a157ef9",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-3-main.csv": "38cbe20eb45715f936665615d89a7bae45bae88b6c7e6bb9c8d6fe4a3f07aae3",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-1-disabled.summary.csv": "bc338dc0082bc3ea447a990ec9272e79dbc013c0f196cb0432b00b5dd6792dd5",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-3-main.log": "d5a2d57cc451631e9778cdf158a9888f1de53b3fac810e762c089283ee808a4b",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-1-disabled.log": "466cf482232c9480d6fb91acbb301c46e8dcef1e8274a51c3b9f9c3df4f6be6a",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/manifest.json": "3be3ea304f60cb392c5808d2a13c78a647a41a2f913bbbcc97b0d35aca41a41b",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-1-disabled.log": "a63f266503bea41319d81ce34a16580a5029ce5bd57ed420ac28c9bc9ad6f3f5",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-1-disabled.csv": "3991cf8cbe8ec3213fcf9a39f0aa4d6fb747d0ef857462c307954226109fc8c7",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-0-main.summary.csv": "2c07e8f6d77927da57ac9b7c1fdf4faa8068b0c51562430c4de66ff66f4255a2",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-3-main.summary.csv": "2a2e24db7c5f60320ce7e9755287e87d161f474ab27fe9071c98e9a8639c8bdd",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-2-disabled.csv": "e40c59b9bd9446ee03214c0ecbaf305eabb22493b52993f889e365e865bcaf2e",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-3-main.summary.csv": "de3195a65e19262bebbb3ffe45a01cd628dbfa69bbb7842d03a1db96c0b1e03b",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-2-disabled.csv": "2e00091a78868f60a4e689801f4e21276982c46175747032ae659491e56deed4",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-2-disabled.summary.csv": "9f1954895ebb1db16f1baeadc1fd47c185d5d1434198c9464eec0547f33228e3",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-2-disabled.log": "f5f758b16ccacb736561234defb1edcf52c43e581760771dfdb771d382fcee87",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-0-main.log": "8909a3b3b09a3bf5ca595824337c211980ee0932505ca7b723d14430e9489b32",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-0-main.summary.csv": "bec13c2f0bb3d9552038e0591e87065bd7a1bcf0daf67b88235cdad2a0656c18",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-3-main.log": "a8988565998184b8144c76e81358108566e198527916b4b88a73de21c7c488c0",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-3-main.csv": "9ecdbcc58729be5342abea5147ea4614dbbe6cd2ea93d2bea31e8e6ef8139971",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-1-disabled.csv": "9702fb70727ec5efb5c2ce9d14f8ec036dc575a23c3f68db7da5a1fa11adf28f",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-2-disabled.log": "05ec16d7d7353df7ba1acb5f956aa0b3985fd0d7366c3a1a906193bfdece124e",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-1-disabled.summary.csv": "598d67cd02125684d0da1078f33bc40bb080e2ced3f0a918418d900c0157840b",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/results.csv": "0749be2d802dd461db0643360bde033885259b6a4cc89ab3ebdefb6583e0ba5d",
+  "log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-0-main.log": "a1eb9eb43fa82982ea0b258c51c39eb52d6988f2d55fae5e30c3cd0a1d293fdb"
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/audit_benchmarks.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/audit_benchmarks.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2103b2a45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/audit_benchmarks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import hashlib
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+
+HERE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+OUT = HERE.parent.parent/'benchmarks/main-fc0bc8f7'
+sha = lambda p: hashlib.sha256(Path(p).read_bytes()).hexdigest()
+checks = []
+for mode, count, driver in [('branch-screen', 26, 'run_benchmarks-screen.py'), ('log-async', 42, 'run_benchmarks-matrix.py'), ('log-disabled-repeat', 8, 'run_benchmarks.py')]:
+    folder = OUT/mode
+    manifest = json.loads((folder/'manifest.json').read_text())
+    assert manifest['complete'] and len(manifest['runs']) == count, mode
+    assert manifest['storage'].startswith('ext4 /dev/'), mode
+    assert manifest.get('execution_driver_sha256', manifest.get('policy_runner_sha256')) == sha(HERE/driver), mode
+    for run in manifest['runs']:
+        assert run['verified'] and run['returncode'] == 0, run['label']
+        assert sha(folder/(run['label']+'.log')) == run['log_sha256'], run['label']
+        profile = json.loads((HERE/(run['profile']+'-build.json')).read_text())
+        assert profile['library_sha256'] == run['library_sha256']
+        assert sha(profile['library']) == profile['library_sha256']
+        assert any(x['binary_sha256'] == run['binary_sha256'] and sha(x['binary']) == x['binary_sha256'] for x in profile['binaries'].values())
+        for filename, value in profile['source_files_sha256'].items():
+            assert sha(Path(profile['tree'])/filename) == value, (run['profile'], filename)
+    checks.append(dict(mode=mode, verified_invocations=count, driver_sha256=sha(HERE/driver)))
+result = dict(verified_invocations=sum(c['verified_invocations'] for c in checks), campaigns=checks, serialization=json.loads((HERE.parent/'serialization-audit.json').read_text()))
+(HERE/'benchmark-audit.json').write_text(json.dumps(result, indent=2)+'\n')
+print('Verified', result['verified_invocations'], 'real-disk invocations, source/library/binary identity and logs.')
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/benchmark-audit.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/benchmark-audit.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..951f2e6ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/benchmark-audit.json
@@ -0,0 +1,483 @@
+{
+  "verified_invocations": 76,
+  "campaigns": [
+    {
+      "mode": "branch-screen",
+      "verified_invocations": 26,
+      "driver_sha256": "283a0b06d41b61bb6f8eae78fa3be28883b07b41966f8453b6bc19233f2fc48f"
+    },
+    {
+      "mode": "log-async",
+      "verified_invocations": 42,
+      "driver_sha256": "1569df61c8491ea3b41e1d0caa374e5dee10367d0d27671b9fc71624dc20bb5d"
+    },
+    {
+      "mode": "log-disabled-repeat",
+      "verified_invocations": 8,
+      "driver_sha256": "e987157ea2c2190f1c2c932addccf097951b91a865415863f9933c0b573f69ef"
+    }
+  ],
+  "serialization": {
+    "audited_at": 1791960857.0260842,
+    "completed_jobs": 702,
+    "completed_benchmark_jobs": 125,
+    "overlaps": [],
+    "failed_jobs": [
+      {
+        "name": "lazy-merge-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "lazy-merge-kvbench",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-errors-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "disk-format-reopen",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": -6
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-errors-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-errors-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "filtered-ranges-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "log-limit-debug",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "log-limit-debug-rebuild",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-errors-objects",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-directory-debug",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "disk-format-splinter",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": -6
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "branch-prefix-debug",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-errors-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "filtered-ranges-regression",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": -6
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-errors-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-directory-debug-rebuild",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "log-limit-functional",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": -6
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-errors-debug-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "filtered-ranges-sparse",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 124
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-errors-trunk-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-errors-all-debug-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-errors-read-all-test",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": -6
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-directory-async",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": -6
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "branch-prefix-seek",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": -6
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "log-limit-core-all",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": -6
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "prefix-baseline-benchmark-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "filtered-ranges-hash-benchmark",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-errors-pivot-failure",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": -6
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "branch-pointers-functional",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 124
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "async-barrier-nested-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "async-barrier-release",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "filtered-ranges-core",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": -6
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-errors-kvbench-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-handoff-owned-alloc-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-probe-0-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-probe-2-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-probe-1-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "log-limit-coalesced-functional",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": -6
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-errors-receipt-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "log-limit-recovery-tests-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-errors-receipt-build2",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-handoff-receipt-validation",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "log-limit-retirement-old-repro",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": -6
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-handoff-tagged-bench-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "filtered-v2-debug",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "filtered-v2-release",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-atomic-insert-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "receipt24-validation",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "receipt24-resident-points-repeat20",
+        "mode": "benchmark",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "disk-format-layering-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "notification-sentinel-build-debug",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "notification-sentinel-asan-tests",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 127
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "notification-sentinel-asan-tests",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 134
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-null-debug-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-null-debug-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "handoff-selected-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "handoff-mainmerge-kvbench-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "handoff-mainmerge-debug-tests",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "handoff-mainmerge-debug-tests-fixed",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-invalid-addresses-debug-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "mainmerge-disk-format-debug-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "mainmerge-disk-format-debug-build-resolved",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "mainmerge-disk-format-debug-build-final",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "mainmerge-disk-format-debug-build-3",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "mainmerge-disk-format-debug-build-4",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "mainmerge-disk-format-debug-test",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "mainmerge-disk-format-release-test",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 250
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "main-merge-log-group-recovery-final-debug-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "main-7bb5fab-benchmark-baseline-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "main-7bb5fab-lazy-debug-tests",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 250
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "main-7bb5fab-invalid-debug-tests",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 250
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "main-7bb5fab-filtered-debug-tests",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 250
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "main-7bb5fab-benchmark-harnesses-ready",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "main-7bb5fab-benchmark-harnesses-final",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "main-7bb5fab-cache-invalid-addresses-debug-tests-corrected",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 241
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "predicate-tests-release",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 127
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "predicate-tests-debug",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 127
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "predicate-tests-release-loaderfixed",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "disk-format-pr-debug-tests",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "predicate-tests-debug-loaderfixed",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "mixed-seeds-debug-diagnostics",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "mixed-seeds-debug-diagnostic-output",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "filtered-disk-pr-static-checks",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "filtered-disk-predicate-feature",
+        "mode": "benchmark",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-directory-fc0-direct-release-core",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": -6
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-invalid-addresses-fc0-direct-release-core",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": -6
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "prefix-main-fc0-debug-test",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 250
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "cache-directory-fc0-bucket-atomic-release-build",
+        "mode": "build",
+        "returncode": 2
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "prefix-main-fc0-debug-test",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 1
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "prefix-main-fc0-release-test",
+        "mode": "test",
+        "returncode": 1
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/build_benchmarks.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/build_benchmarks.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c0e33d2ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/build_benchmarks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+"""Build identical harness sources against separately compiled branch libraries."""
+import hashlib
+import json
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+ROOT = Path('/home/rob/projects/splinterdb')
+CAMP = ROOT / '.cache/projects-20261011'
+OUT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+
+def sha(path):
+    return hashlib.sha256(Path(path).read_bytes()).hexdigest()
+
+profiles = {
+    'main': (OUT / 'sources/main', 'build'),
+    'log-sync': (OUT / 'sources/log-sync', 'build'),
+    'log-async': (CAMP / 'worktrees/log-group-limit', 'build-main-fc0bc8f7'),
+    'branch-prefix': (CAMP / 'worktrees/branch-prefix', 'build-main-fc0bc8f7'),
+    'cache-invalid-addresses': (CAMP / 'worktrees/cache-invalid-addresses', 'build-main-fc0bc8f7'),
+}
+for variant in ['direct', 'bucket', 'bucket-simd', 'bucket-atomic']:
+    profiles['directory-' + variant] = (CAMP / 'worktrees/cache-directory', 'build-main-fc0bc8f7/' + variant)
+
+sources = OUT / 'harnesses'
+sources.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+for name, source in {
+    'insert_benchmark': OUT / 'sources/log-sync/benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c',
+    'kvbench': CAMP / 'coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/sources/kvbench.c',
+    'prefix_kvbench': CAMP / 'coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/sources/prefix_kvbench.c',
+}.items():
+    target = sources / (name + '.c')
+    if target.exists():
+        assert sha(target) == sha(source)
+    else:
+        shutil.copyfile(source, target)
+
+for profile in sys.argv[1:]:
+    tree, build = profiles[profile]
+    lib = tree / build / 'release/lib/libsplinterdb.a'
+    head = json.loads((tree / 'source.json').read_text())['commit'] if (tree / 'source.json').exists() else subprocess.check_output(['git', 'rev-parse', 'HEAD'], cwd=tree, text=True).strip()
+    record = dict(profile=profile, tree=str(tree), head=head, library=str(lib), library_sha256=sha(lib), source_files_sha256={}, binaries={})
+    record['library_build_configs'] = {str(p): {'sha256': sha(p), 'text': p.read_text()} for p in sorted(lib.parent.parent.glob('build-config.*'))}
+    for subdir in ['src', 'include']:
+        for path in sorted((tree / subdir).rglob('*')):
+            if path.is_file():
+                record['source_files_sha256'][str(path.relative_to(tree))] = sha(path)
+    binaries = ['insert_benchmark'] if profile.startswith('log-') else ['insert_benchmark', 'kvbench']
+    if profile in ['main', 'branch-prefix']:
+        binaries.append('prefix_kvbench')
+    for name in binaries:
+        source = sources / (name + '.c')
+        exe = OUT / 'bin' / profile / name
+        exe.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        macros = []
+        if name == 'insert_benchmark' and not profile.startswith('log-'):
+            macros += ['-DKVBENCH_NO_LOG_GROUP_LIMIT']
+        if name in ['kvbench', 'prefix_kvbench']:
+            macros += ['-DKVBENCH_CLOSE_HAS_FORCE']
+        if name == 'prefix_kvbench':
+            macros += ['-DKVBENCH_SPACE_MODE']
+            if profile == 'branch-prefix':
+                macros += ['-DKVBENCH_PREFIX_SUPPORT']
+        command = ['gcc', '-D_GNU_SOURCE', '-ggdb', '-Wall', '-pthread', '-Werror', '-DXXH_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY', '-fPIC', '-DSPLINTERDB_PLATFORM_DIR=platform_linux', '-O3', '-ffast-math', '-flto', '-march=native', *macros, '-I', str(tree / 'include'), '-I', str(tree / 'src'), '-I', str(tree / 'src/platform_linux'), str(source), str(lib), '-laio', '-lxxhash', '-lm', '-lpthread', '-o', str(exe)]
+        print('Building', profile, name, flush=True)
+        subprocess.run(command, check=True)
+        record['binaries'][name] = dict(command=command, binary=str(exe), binary_sha256=sha(exe), source=str(source), source_sha256=sha(source))
+    (OUT / (profile + '-build.json')).write_text(json.dumps(record, indent=2) + '\n')
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/host.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/host.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be17442e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/host.json
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "uname": {
+    "system": "Linux",
+    "node": "snafu",
+    "release": "6.12.107+deb13-amd64",
+    "version": "#1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Debian 6.12.107-1 (2026-08-29)",
+    "machine": "x86_64",
+    "processor": ""
+  },
+  "gcc": "gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0",
+  "storage": "ext4 /dev/mapper/snafu-root_crypt[/home/rob/projects/splinterdb]",
+  "cpu": "{\n   \"lscpu\": [\n      {\n         \"field\": \"Architecture:\",\n         \"data\": \"x86_64\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"CPU op-mode(s):\",\n         \"data\": \"32-bit, 64-bit\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Address sizes:\",\n         \"data\": \"46 bits physical, 48 bits virtual\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Byte Order:\",\n         \"data\": \"Little Endian\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"CPU(s):\",\n         \"data\": \"20\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"On-line CPU(s) list:\",\n         \"data\": \"0-19\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vendor ID:\",\n         \"data\": \"GenuineIntel\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Model name:\",\n         \"data\": \"12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-12800H\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"CPU family:\",\n         \"data\": \"6\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Model:\",\n         \"data\": \"154\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Thread(s) per core:\",\n         \"data\": \"2\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Core(s) per socket:\",\n         \"data\": \"14\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Socket(s):\",\n         \"data\": \"1\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Stepping:\",\n         \"data\": \"3\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"CPU(s) scaling MHz:\",\n         \"data\": \"57%\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"CPU max MHz:\",\n         \"data\": \"4800.0000\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"CPU min MHz:\",\n         \"data\": \"400.0000\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"BogoMIPS:\",\n         \"data\": \"5606.40\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Flags:\",\n         \"data\": \"fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc art arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid aperfmperf tsc_known_freq pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch cpuid_fault epb ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced tpr_shadow flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb intel_pt sha_ni xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves split_lock_detect user_shstk avx_vnni dtherm ida arat pln pts hwp hwp_notify hwp_act_window hwp_epp hwp_pkg_req hfi vnmi umip pku ospke waitpkg gfni vaes vpclmulqdq rdpid movdiri movdir64b fsrm md_clear serialize pconfig arch_lbr ibt flush_l1d arch_capabilities\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Virtualization:\",\n         \"data\": \"VT-x\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"L1d cache:\",\n         \"data\": \"544 KiB (14 instances)\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"L1i cache:\",\n         \"data\": \"704 KiB (14 instances)\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"L2 cache:\",\n         \"data\": \"11.5 MiB (8 instances)\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"L3 cache:\",\n         \"data\": \"24 MiB (1 instance)\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"NUMA node(s):\",\n         \"data\": \"1\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"NUMA node0 CPU(s):\",\n         \"data\": \"0-19\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Gather data sampling:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Indirect target selection:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Itlb multihit:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability L1tf:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Mds:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Meltdown:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Mmio stale data:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:\",\n         \"data\": \"Mitigation; Clear Register File\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Retbleed:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Spec store bypass:\",\n         \"data\": \"Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Spectre v1:\",\n         \"data\": \"Mitigation; usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Spectre v2:\",\n         \"data\": \"Mitigation; Enhanced / Automatic IBRS; IBPB conditional; PBRSB-eIBRS SW sequence; BHI BHI_DIS_S\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Srbds:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Tsa:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Tsx async abort:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Vmscape:\",\n         \"data\": \"Mitigation; IBPB before exit to userspace\"\n      }\n   ]\n}\n",
+  "main": "fc0bc8f7e39566f14822bb598376458bdf1e28b3"
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/imported-run_matrix.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/imported-run_matrix.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..532cb8667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/imported-run_matrix.py
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+"""Fresh main integration screening. Invoke every mode under run_job.py benchmark."""
+import argparse,csv,hashlib,json,os,re,resource,signal,statistics,subprocess,time
+from pathlib import Path
+ROOT=Path('/home/rob/projects/splinterdb'); CAMP=ROOT/'.cache/projects-20261011'
+COORD=Path(__file__).resolve().parent; OUT=CAMP/'benchmarks/main-7bb5fab'
+VARIANTS=['disk-format','filtered-ranges','log-group-limit','lazy-merge','async-durable-barrier','cache-invalid-addresses','directory-direct','directory-bucket','directory-bucket-simd','directory-bucket-atomic']
+ORDER=['main',*VARIANTS,'main',*reversed(VARIANTS),'main']
+def sha(path):
+ h=hashlib.sha256()
+ with Path(path).open('rb') as f:
+  for b in iter(lambda:f.read(1024*1024),b''):h.update(b)
+ return h.hexdigest()
+def save(path,value):path.write_text(json.dumps(value,indent=2)+'\n')
+def rows(path):
+ with path.open() as f:return list(csv.DictReader(f))
+def csvwrite(path,data):
+ if not data:return
+ with path.open('w') as f:
+  w=csv.DictWriter(f,fieldnames=list(data[0]),lineterminator='\n');w.writeheader();w.writerows(data)
+def build(name):
+ r=json.loads((COORD/(name+'-build.json')).read_text())
+ assert sha(r['library'])==r['library_sha256'],name
+ for filename,expected in r['source_files_sha256'].items():assert sha(Path(r['tree'])/filename)==expected,(name,filename)
+ for b in r['binaries'].values():
+  assert sha(b['binary'])==b['binary_sha256'],name
+  assert sha(b['source'])==b['source_sha256'],(name,b['source'])
+ return r
+def cmdrun(folder,manifest,label,profile,binary,args,env=None,timeout=600):
+ b=build(profile);exe=b['binaries'][binary]
+ cmd=['taskset','-c','0-11',exe['binary'],*map(str,args)]
+ rec=dict(label=label,profile=profile,command=cmd,started=time.time(),binary_sha256=exe['binary_sha256'],library_sha256=b['library_sha256'],source_head=b['head'],verified=False)
+ print(label,flush=True)
+ log=folder/(label+'.log')
+ try:
+  before=resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_CHILDREN)
+  with log.open('w') as f:
+   p=subprocess.Popen(cmd,env=dict(os.environ,**(env or {})),stdout=f,stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,start_new_session=True)
+   try:p.wait(timeout=timeout)
+   except BaseException:
+    try:os.killpg(p.pid,signal.SIGKILL)
+    except ProcessLookupError:pass
+    p.wait()
+    raise
+  after=resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_CHILDREN)
+  rec.update(returncode=p.returncode,finished=time.time(),log_sha256=sha(log),process_cpu_s=(after.ru_utime+after.ru_stime-before.ru_utime-before.ru_stime),process_read_bytes=512*(after.ru_inblock-before.ru_inblock),process_write_bytes=512*(after.ru_oublock-before.ru_oublock))
+ except BaseException as e:
+  rec.update(exception=str(e),finished=time.time());manifest['runs'].append(rec);save(folder/'manifest.json',manifest);raise
+ manifest['runs'].append(rec);save(folder/'manifest.json',manifest)
+ assert p.returncode==0,rec
+ assert 'FINDING: splinterdb_close' not in log.read_text(),rec
+ return rec
+
+def newmode(mode):
+ folder=OUT/mode;folder.mkdir(parents=True,exist_ok=False)
+ fs=subprocess.check_output(['findmnt','-n','-o','FSTYPE,SOURCE','-T',str(folder)],text=True).strip();assert fs.split()[0] not in ['tmpfs','ramfs'] and fs.split()[1].startswith('/dev/')
+ manifest=dict(mode=mode,storage=fs,io='O_DIRECT',cpu_affinity='0-11',scope='Updated feature branches versus fresh main; not an isolation of merge cost',runner_sha256=sha(__file__),runs=[])
+ save(folder/'manifest.json',manifest);return folder,manifest
+
+def kvargs(db,csvpath,profile,regime,index,secs=6,prefix=False,create=False):
+ return ['--db',db,'--create' if create else '--open','--n',200000 if regime=='resident' else 2000000,'--cache-mib',128 if regime=='resident' else 64,'--disk-gib',8,'--log',0,'--threads',1 if create else 8,'--mt-bg',0,'--normal-bg',0,'--memtable-mib',4,'--secs',secs,'--warmup',1,'--csv',csvpath,'--vtag',profile,'--stag',regime,'--otag',index,'--rep',index,'--seed',42,'--hang-secs',60,'--hang-dir',str(csvpath.parent)]
+def verifykv(csvpath,index,count):
+ rr=[r for r in rows(csvpath) if r['order']==str(index)]
+ assert len(rr)==count,(index,len(rr),count)
+ assert all(int(r['ops'])>0 and int(r['errors'])==0 and int(r['violations'])==0 for r in rr),rr
+ assert all(int(r['ops'])==int(r['n']) for r in rr if r['phase']=='warm' or r['phase'].startswith('load:')),rr
+ return rr
+
+def fixtures():
+ folder,m=newmode('fixtures');ff={}
+ for regime in ['resident','disk']:
+  for profile,pattern in [('main','ordinary'),('disk-format','ordinary'),('main','common'),('branch-prefix','common'),('main','random'),('branch-prefix','random')]:
+   label=f'{regime}-{profile}-{pattern}';db=folder/(label+'.db');binary='kvbench' if pattern=='ordinary' else 'prefix_kvbench'
+   rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,binary,kvargs(db,folder/(label+'.csv'),profile,regime,0,secs=1,create=True)+['load:random'],dict(PREFIX_PATTERN=pattern) if pattern!='ordinary' else None)
+   verifykv(folder/(label+'.csv'),0,1)
+   with db.open('rb') as f:os.fsync(f.fileno())
+   rec.update(verified=True,verification_kind='load API errors and operation count; query phases later validate data',errors=0,violations=0,fixture=str(db),fixture_sha256=sha(db),allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512,apparent_bytes=db.stat().st_size)
+   ff[label]={k:rec[k] for k in ['fixture','fixture_sha256','allocated_bytes','apparent_bytes']};save(folder/'manifest.json',m);save(folder/'fixtures.json',ff)
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def query_one(folder,m,index,profile,regime,phases,pattern='ordinary'):
+ f=json.loads((OUT/'fixtures/fixtures.json').read_text());owner=profile if profile in ['disk-format','branch-prefix'] else 'main'
+ fixture=f[f'{regime}-{owner}-{pattern}'];src=Path(fixture['fixture']);before=src.stat()
+ db=folder/'scratch.db';assert not db.exists()
+ subprocess.run(['cp','--reflink=auto','--sparse=always',str(src),str(db)],check=True)
+ with db.open('rb') as image:os.fsync(image.fileno())
+ label=f'{index:02d}-{profile}';csvpath=folder/'results.csv';binary='kvbench' if pattern=='ordinary' else 'prefix_kvbench'
+ rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,binary,kvargs(db,csvpath,profile,regime,index,secs=6 if regime=='resident' else 5)+phases,dict(PREFIX_PATTERN=pattern) if pattern!='ordinary' else None)
+ rr=verifykv(csvpath,index,len(phases))
+ rec.update(verified=True,verification_kind='query key/value/range validation and successful close',errors=sum(int(r['errors']) for r in rr),violations=sum(int(r['violations']) for r in rr),fixture=fixture,fixture_copy_fsynced=True,db_allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512)
+ assert src.stat().st_mtime_ns==before.st_mtime_ns
+ save(folder/'manifest.json',m);db.unlink()
+
+def queries(regime):
+ folder,m=newmode(regime)
+ phases=['warm','point:uniform@1','point:uniform@8','range:uniform:1@1','range:uniform:1@8','range:uniform:10000@8'] if regime=='resident' else ['warm','point:uniform@8','range:uniform:1@8','range:uniform:10000@8']
+ m.update(order=ORDER,phases=phases)
+ for i,profile in enumerate(ORDER):query_one(folder,m,i,profile,regime,phases)
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def prefix():
+ for regime in ['resident','disk']:
+  for pattern in ['common','random']:
+   folder,m=newmode(f'prefix-{regime}-{pattern}')
+   phases=['warm','point:uniform@8','range:uniform:1@8','range:uniform:10000@8']
+   if regime=='resident':phases+=['ow:uniform@8']
+   for i,profile in enumerate(['main','branch-prefix','branch-prefix','main']):query_one(folder,m,i,profile,regime,phases,pattern)
+   m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def insert():
+ folder,m=newmode('insert');data=[]
+ profiles=['disk-format','filtered-ranges','lazy-merge','async-durable-barrier','cache-invalid-addresses','directory-direct','directory-bucket','directory-bucket-simd','directory-bucket-atomic','log-disabled','log-default']
+ for wal,versions in [(1,['main',*profiles,'main',*reversed(profiles),'main']),(0,['main','cache-invalid-addresses','directory-bucket-atomic','directory-bucket-atomic','cache-invalid-addresses','main'])]:
+  for i,version in enumerate(versions):
+   profile='log-group-limit' if version.startswith('log-') else version
+   label=f'wal{wal}-{i:02d}-{version}';stem=folder/label;db=folder/'scratch.db';assert not db.exists()
+   args=['--db',db,'--csv',str(stem)+'.csv','--summary',str(stem)+'.summary.csv','--records',100000000,'--seconds',5,'--report-ms',100,'--cache-mib',256,'--disk-gib',16,'--direct','--inserters',8,'--readers',0,'--memtable-bg',1,'--normal-bg',3,'--memtable-mib',8,'--key-size',16,'--value-size',16,'--min-free-gib',12,'--seed',42]
+   if not wal:args+=['--no-log']
+   if version.startswith('log-'):args+=['--log-group-size-pages',2**64-1 if version=='log-disabled' else 0]
+   rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,'insert_benchmark',args,timeout=240)
+   summary=rows(Path(str(stem)+'.summary.csv'));assert len(summary)==1;summary=summary[0];inserted=int(summary['inserted']);assert inserted>0
+   log=(folder/(label+'.log')).read_text();error_match=re.search(r'load_end .* error=([0-9]+)(?: |\n)',log);assert error_match and int(error_match[1])==0
+   close=re.search(r'close_s=([\d.]+) close_rc=0',log);assert close
+   interval=rows(Path(str(stem)+'.csv'));cpu=sum(float(r['cpu_cores'])*float(r['interval_s']) for r in interval)
+   data.append(dict(wal=wal,version=version,index=i,errors=int(error_match[1]),violations=0,verification_kind='API return, positive insert count, successful close; no readback',ops_s=float(summary['achieved_insert_ops_s']),inserted=inserted,close_s=float(close[1]),drain_ops_s=inserted/(float(summary['elapsed_s'])+float(close[1])),cpu_us_op=cpu*1e6/inserted,p99_us=1000*float(summary['insert_service_p99_ms']),max_ms=float(summary['insert_service_max_ms']),read_B_op=sum(float(r['read_mib_s'])*float(r['interval_s']) for r in interval)*2**20/inserted,write_B_op=sum(float(r['write_mib_s'])*float(r['interval_s']) for r in interval)*2**20/inserted))
+   rec.update(verified=True,errors=int(error_match[1]),verification_kind='API return, positive insert count, successful close; no readback',allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512);save(folder/'manifest.json',m);csvwrite(folder/'results.csv',data);db.unlink()
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def hash_range():
+ folder,m=newmode('hash');reference=None
+ for i,profile in enumerate(['main','filtered-ranges','filtered-ranges','main']):
+  label=f'{i}-{profile}';db=folder/'scratch.db';rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,'hash_range_benchmark',[db,16384,1000],timeout=900)
+  lines=(folder/(label+'.log')).read_text().splitlines();start=next(j for j,x in enumerate(lines) if x.startswith('mode,keys_per_tenant,'));rr=list(csv.DictReader(lines[start:]));assert len(rr)==4
+  assert [int(r['limit']) for r in rr]==[1,2,10,100] and all(int(r['queries'])==1000 and int(r['keys_per_tenant'])==16384 for r in rr),rr
+  checks=[x['checksum'] for x in rr]
+  if reference is None:reference=checks
+  assert checks==reference
+  rec.update(verified=True,rows=rr,allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512);save(folder/'manifest.json',m);db.unlink()
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def barrier():
+ folder,m=newmode('barrier')
+ for wal in [0,1]:
+  for workers in [0,1]:
+   order=[('main','sync'),('async-durable-barrier','sync'),('async-durable-barrier','async'),('async-durable-barrier','async'),('async-durable-barrier','sync'),('main','sync')]
+   for i,(profile,mode) in enumerate(order):
+    label=f'wal{wal}-workers{workers}-{i}-{profile}-{mode}';db=folder/'scratch.db';csvpath=folder/'results.csv'
+    rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,'barrier_bench',[db,csvpath,label,mode,wal,workers,256,2048 if wal else 512],dict(BARRIER_DEPTH='1'))
+    rr=rows(csvpath);assert rr[-1]['label']==label and int(rr[-1]['verified'])==1
+    rec.update(verified=True,allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512);save(folder/'manifest.json',m);db.unlink()
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+if __name__=='__main__':
+ def interrupted(signum,frame):raise InterruptedError(f'benchmark interrupted by signal {signum}')
+ for signum in [signal.SIGTERM,signal.SIGHUP]:signal.signal(signum,interrupted)
+ p=argparse.ArgumentParser();p.add_argument('mode',choices=['fixtures','resident','disk','prefix','insert','hash','barrier']);a=p.parse_args()
+ {'fixtures':fixtures,'resident':lambda:queries('resident'),'disk':lambda:queries('disk'),'prefix':prefix,'insert':insert,'hash':hash_range,'barrier':barrier}[a.mode]()
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/insert_benchmark.c b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/insert_benchmark.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f5314708
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/insert_benchmark.c
@@ -0,0 +1,998 @@
+// Copyright 2026 VMware, Inc.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+/* Concurrent random insertion and point queries, sampled independently. */
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdatomic.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/statvfs.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "splinterdb/default_data_config.h"
+#include "splinterdb/splinterdb.h"
+#ifndef KVBENCH_NO_TRACE
+#   include "platform_trace.h"
+#endif
+#include "platform_threads.h"
+
+#define GIB             (UINT64_C(1) << 30)
+#define MAX_WORKERS     64
+#define MAX_RECORD_PART 1024
+#define HIST_SUB_BITS   5
+#define HIST_SUB        (1u << HIST_SUB_BITS)
+#define HIST_BUCKETS    (64 * HIST_SUB)
+
+typedef struct latency_histogram {
+   uint64_t buckets[HIST_BUCKETS];
+   uint64_t count;
+   uint64_t sum_ns;
+   uint64_t max_ns;
+} latency_histogram;
+
+typedef struct options {
+   const char *filename;
+   const char *csv;
+   const char *summary;
+   const char *trace;
+   uint64_t    records, data_gib, cache_mib, disk_gib, seed, id_base;
+   uint64_t    inserts, queries, memtable_bg, normal_bg, memtable_mib;
+   uint64_t    key_size, value_size, report_ms, seconds, min_free_gib;
+   uint64_t    queue_scale, barrier_ms, target_insert_ops_s;
+   uint64_t    log_group_size_pages;
+   bool        full_query_range, direct, use_log, open_existing;
+} options;
+
+typedef struct benchmark benchmark;
+typedef struct worker {
+   _Alignas(64) atomic_uint_fast64_t completed;
+   atomic_uint_fast64_t hits, max_ns, response_max_ns, active_since_ns;
+   atomic_bool          done;
+   pthread_t            thread;
+   benchmark           *bench;
+   uint64_t             index;
+   bool                 query;
+   latency_histogram    service_latency;
+   latency_histogram    response_latency;
+} worker;
+
+struct benchmark {
+   options              opt;
+   splinterdb          *db;
+   atomic_bool          start, stop;
+   uint64_t             start_ns;
+   atomic_uint_fast64_t arrival_sequence;
+   atomic_int           error;
+   worker               workers[MAX_WORKERS];
+   pthread_t            barrier_thread;
+   atomic_bool          barrier_started, barrier_done;
+   atomic_uint_fast64_t barrier_count, barrier_sum_ns, barrier_max_ns;
+};
+
+static volatile sig_atomic_t interrupted;
+
+static void
+handle_signal(int signo)
+{
+   interrupted = signo;
+}
+
+static uint64_t
+now_ns(void)
+{
+   struct timespec ts;
+   clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
+   return (uint64_t)ts.tv_sec * 1000000000 + ts.tv_nsec;
+}
+
+/* A bijection on 64-bit integers, so the random insertion keys are unique. */
+static uint64_t
+mix(uint64_t x)
+{
+   x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * UINT64_C(0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9);
+   x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * UINT64_C(0x94d049bb133111eb);
+   return x ^ (x >> 31);
+}
+
+static uint64_t
+next_random(uint64_t *state)
+{
+   *state += UINT64_C(0x9e3779b97f4a7c15);
+   return mix(*state);
+}
+
+static void
+make_key(const options *opt, uint64_t id, char *key)
+{
+   uint64_t x = mix(id + opt->seed);
+   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < opt->key_size; i++) {
+      key[i] = (char)(x >> (56 - 8 * (i % 8)));
+   }
+}
+
+static void
+record_max(atomic_uint_fast64_t *slot, uint64_t ns)
+{
+   uint64_t old = atomic_load_explicit(slot, memory_order_relaxed);
+   while (old < ns
+          && !atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(
+             slot, &old, ns, memory_order_relaxed, memory_order_relaxed))
+   {
+   }
+}
+
+static void
+record_latency(worker *w, uint64_t ns)
+{
+   record_max(&w->max_ns, ns);
+}
+
+static unsigned
+histogram_index(uint64_t value)
+{
+   if (value < HIST_SUB) {
+      return (unsigned)value;
+   }
+   unsigned exponent = 63 - __builtin_clzll(value);
+   unsigned sub =
+      (unsigned)((value >> (exponent - HIST_SUB_BITS)) & (HIST_SUB - 1));
+   return (exponent - HIST_SUB_BITS + 1) * HIST_SUB + sub;
+}
+
+static uint64_t
+histogram_value(unsigned index)
+{
+   if (index < HIST_SUB) {
+      return index;
+   }
+   unsigned exponent = index / HIST_SUB + HIST_SUB_BITS - 1;
+   unsigned sub      = index % HIST_SUB;
+   uint64_t low =
+      (UINT64_C(1) << exponent) | ((uint64_t)sub << (exponent - HIST_SUB_BITS));
+   uint64_t width = UINT64_C(1) << (exponent - HIST_SUB_BITS);
+   return low + width / 2;
+}
+
+static void
+histogram_add(latency_histogram *histogram, uint64_t value)
+{
+   histogram->buckets[histogram_index(value)]++;
+   histogram->count++;
+   histogram->sum_ns += value;
+   histogram->max_ns = MAX(histogram->max_ns, value);
+}
+
+static void
+histogram_merge(latency_histogram *result, const latency_histogram *source)
+{
+   for (unsigned i = 0; i < HIST_BUCKETS; i++) {
+      result->buckets[i] += source->buckets[i];
+   }
+   result->count += source->count;
+   result->sum_ns += source->sum_ns;
+   result->max_ns = MAX(result->max_ns, source->max_ns);
+}
+
+static double
+histogram_percentile_ms(const latency_histogram *histogram, double percentile)
+{
+   if (histogram->count == 0) {
+      return 0;
+   }
+   uint64_t target = (uint64_t)(percentile * histogram->count);
+   if (target == 0) {
+      target = 1;
+   }
+   uint64_t cumulative = 0;
+   for (unsigned i = 0; i < HIST_BUCKETS; i++) {
+      cumulative += histogram->buckets[i];
+      if (cumulative >= target) {
+         return histogram_value(i) / 1e6;
+      }
+   }
+   return histogram->max_ns / 1e6;
+}
+
+static void
+wait_until(benchmark *b, uint64_t deadline)
+{
+   while (!atomic_load_explicit(&b->stop, memory_order_relaxed)) {
+      uint64_t now = now_ns();
+      if (now >= deadline) {
+         return;
+      }
+      uint64_t remaining = deadline - now;
+      if (remaining > UINT64_C(10000000)) {
+         remaining = UINT64_C(10000000);
+      }
+      struct timespec delay = {.tv_sec  = remaining / UINT64_C(1000000000),
+                               .tv_nsec = remaining % UINT64_C(1000000000)};
+      nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
+   }
+}
+
+static void *
+run_worker(void *arg)
+{
+   worker        *w = arg;
+   benchmark     *b = w->bench;
+   const options *o = &b->opt;
+   char           key[MAX_RECORD_PART], value[MAX_RECORD_PART];
+   memset(value, 'v', o->value_size);
+   int rc = platform_register_thread();
+   if (rc) {
+      atomic_store(&b->error, rc);
+      atomic_store(&b->stop, true);
+      atomic_store(&w->done, true);
+      return NULL;
+   }
+   splinterdb_lookup_result result;
+   fprintf(stderr,
+           "worker=%lu kind=%s tid=%lu os_tid=%d\n",
+           w->index,
+           w->query ? "query" : "insert",
+           platform_get_tid(),
+           gettid());
+   if (w->query) {
+      splinterdb_lookup_result_init(
+         b->db, &result, SPLINTERDB_LOOKUP_VALUE, sizeof(value), value);
+   }
+   while (!atomic_load_explicit(&b->start, memory_order_acquire)) {
+      struct timespec delay = {.tv_nsec = 1000000};
+      nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
+   }
+   uint64_t completed = 0, hits = 0;
+   uint64_t random = o->seed + w->index + 1;
+   while (!atomic_load_explicit(&b->stop, memory_order_relaxed)) {
+      uint64_t scheduled = 0;
+      uint64_t arrival   = UINT64_MAX;
+      if (!w->query && o->target_insert_ops_s != 0) {
+         arrival = atomic_fetch_add_explicit(
+            &b->arrival_sequence, 1, memory_order_relaxed);
+         if (arrival >= o->records) {
+            break;
+         }
+         scheduled = b->start_ns
+                     + (uint64_t)((__uint128_t)arrival * UINT64_C(1000000000)
+                                  / o->target_insert_ops_s);
+         wait_until(b, scheduled);
+         if (atomic_load_explicit(&b->stop, memory_order_relaxed)) {
+            break;
+         }
+      }
+      uint64_t id;
+      if (!w->query) {
+         uint64_t offset = o->target_insert_ops_s != 0
+                              ? arrival
+                              : completed * o->inserts + w->index;
+         if (offset >= o->records) {
+            break;
+         }
+         id = o->id_base + offset;
+      } else if (o->full_query_range) {
+         id = o->id_base + next_random(&random) % o->records;
+      } else {
+         uint64_t source    = next_random(&random) % o->inserts;
+         uint64_t available = atomic_load_explicit(
+            &b->workers[source].completed, memory_order_acquire);
+         if (!available) {
+            struct timespec delay = {.tv_nsec = 100000};
+            nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
+            continue;
+         }
+         id = o->id_base + (next_random(&random) % available) * o->inserts
+              + source;
+      }
+      make_key(o, id, key);
+      uint64_t start = now_ns();
+      atomic_store_explicit(&w->active_since_ns, start, memory_order_relaxed);
+      if (w->query) {
+         rc = splinterdb_lookup(b->db, slice_create(o->key_size, key), &result);
+         if (!rc && splinterdb_lookup_found(&result)) {
+            hits++;
+         }
+      } else {
+         rc = splinterdb_insert(b->db,
+                                slice_create(o->key_size, key),
+                                slice_create(o->value_size, value),
+                                NULL);
+      }
+      uint64_t end = now_ns();
+      record_latency(w, end - start);
+      histogram_add(&w->service_latency, end - start);
+      if (!w->query) {
+         uint64_t response = scheduled == 0 ? end - start : end - scheduled;
+         histogram_add(&w->response_latency, response);
+         record_max(&w->response_max_ns, response);
+      }
+      atomic_store_explicit(&w->active_since_ns, 0, memory_order_relaxed);
+      if (rc) {
+         fprintf(stderr, "worker %lu: operation failed: %d\n", w->index, rc);
+         atomic_store(&b->error, rc);
+         atomic_store(&b->stop, true);
+         break;
+      }
+      completed++;
+      atomic_store_explicit(&w->hits, hits, memory_order_relaxed);
+      atomic_store_explicit(&w->completed, completed, memory_order_release);
+   }
+   if (w->query) {
+      splinterdb_lookup_result_deinit(&result);
+   }
+   platform_deregister_thread();
+   atomic_store(&w->done, true);
+   return NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Dedicated thread that calls splinterdb_durable_barrier() on a fixed period,
+ * independent of insert/query progress. If a barrier call takes longer than
+ * the period, the next call follows immediately (no attempt to catch up on
+ * skipped slots).
+ */
+static void *
+run_barrier(void *arg)
+{
+   benchmark     *b  = arg;
+   const options *o  = &b->opt;
+   int            rc = platform_register_thread();
+   if (rc) {
+      atomic_store(&b->error, rc);
+      atomic_store(&b->stop, true);
+      atomic_store(&b->barrier_done, true);
+      return NULL;
+   }
+   while (!atomic_load_explicit(&b->start, memory_order_acquire)) {
+      struct timespec delay = {.tv_nsec = 1000000};
+      nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
+   }
+   uint64_t period_ns = o->barrier_ms * UINT64_C(1000000);
+   uint64_t next      = now_ns() + period_ns;
+   while (!atomic_load_explicit(&b->stop, memory_order_relaxed)) {
+      uint64_t now = now_ns();
+      if (now < next) {
+         uint64_t        remaining = next - now;
+         struct timespec delay     = {.tv_sec  = remaining / 1000000000,
+                                      .tv_nsec = remaining % 1000000000};
+         nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
+         continue;
+      }
+      uint64_t start = now_ns();
+#ifdef KVBENCH_NO_DURABLE_BARRIER
+      rc = ENOTSUP;
+#else
+      rc = splinterdb_durable_barrier(b->db, SPLINTERDB_NOTIFICATION_BLOCKING);
+#endif
+      uint64_t elapsed = now_ns() - start;
+      if (rc) {
+         fprintf(stderr, "barrier: durable_barrier failed: %d\n", rc);
+         atomic_store(&b->error, rc);
+         atomic_store(&b->stop, true);
+         break;
+      }
+      atomic_fetch_add_explicit(&b->barrier_count, 1, memory_order_relaxed);
+      atomic_fetch_add_explicit(
+         &b->barrier_sum_ns, elapsed, memory_order_relaxed);
+      record_max(&b->barrier_max_ns, elapsed);
+      next += period_ns;
+   }
+   platform_deregister_thread();
+   atomic_store(&b->barrier_done, true);
+   return NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+usage(const char *name)
+{
+   fprintf(
+      stderr,
+      "Usage: %s --db NEW_IMAGE --csv NEW_CSV [options]\n"
+      "  --open             open an existing image instead of creating one\n"
+      "  --id-base N        first logical id inserted (default 0)\n"
+      "  --data-gib N       logical key+value GiB (default 60)\n"
+      "  --records N        override logical data target\n"
+      "  --cache-mib N      default 3072\n"
+      "  --disk-gib N       image capacity (default 512; grows lazily)\n"
+      "  --inserters N      default 8\n"
+      "  --readers N        default 8\n"
+      "  --memtable-bg N    default 1\n"
+      "  --normal-bg N      default 4\n"
+      "  --memtable-mib N   default 24\n"
+      "  --key-size N       default 16, minimum 8\n"
+      "  --value-size N     default 16\n"
+      "  --query-range inserted|all (default inserted)\n"
+      "  --queue-scale N    foreground task threshold (default 100)\n"
+      "  --report-ms N      default 1000\n"
+      "  --seconds N        optional time limit (0 = no limit)\n"
+      "  --target-insert-ops-s N  aggregate open-loop arrival rate; "
+      "requires --seconds (default 0 = closed loop)\n"
+      "  --summary NEW_CSV  write aggregate latency percentiles\n"
+      "  --min-free-gib N   stop before filesystem fills (default 8)\n"
+      "  --seed N           default 1\n"
+      "  --barrier-ms N     call splinterdb_durable_barrier from a "
+      "dedicated thread every N ms (default 0 = disabled)\n"
+      "  --log-group-size-pages N  automatic durability threshold "
+      "(0 = default, UINT64_MAX = disabled)\n"
+      "  --trace NEW_CSV    trace internal tasks and waits (optional)\n"
+      "  --direct          use O_DIRECT (default buffered I/O)\n"
+      "  --no-log          disable WAL (default enabled)\n"
+      "Automatic checkpoints are disabled. Existing files are refused.\n"
+      "Load measurements exclude create, final drain and close.\n",
+      name);
+}
+
+static bool
+parse_number(const char *s, uint64_t *out)
+{
+   char *end;
+   errno                    = 0;
+   unsigned long long value = strtoull(s, &end, 10);
+   if (errno || s == end || *end || *s == '-') {
+      return false;
+   }
+   *out = value;
+   return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+parse_options(int argc, char **argv, options *o)
+{
+   *o = (options){.data_gib     = 60,
+                  .cache_mib    = 3072,
+                  .disk_gib     = 512,
+                  .seed         = 1,
+                  .inserts      = 8,
+                  .queries      = 8,
+                  .memtable_bg  = 1,
+                  .normal_bg    = 4,
+                  .memtable_mib = 24,
+                  .key_size     = 16,
+                  .value_size   = 16,
+                  .report_ms    = 1000,
+                  .min_free_gib = 8,
+                  .queue_scale  = 100,
+                  .use_log      = true};
+   for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+      if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--direct")) {
+         o->direct = true;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--no-log")) {
+         o->use_log = false;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--open")) {
+         o->open_existing = true;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (i + 1 >= argc) {
+         return false;
+      }
+      const char *name = argv[i++], *value = argv[i];
+      if (!strcmp(name, "--db")) {
+         o->filename = value;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(name, "--csv")) {
+         o->csv = value;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(name, "--summary")) {
+         o->summary = value;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(name, "--trace")) {
+         o->trace = value;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(name, "--query-range")) {
+         if (strcmp(value, "inserted") && strcmp(value, "all")) {
+            return false;
+         }
+         o->full_query_range = !strcmp(value, "all");
+         continue;
+      }
+      struct {
+         const char *name;
+         uint64_t   *value;
+      } numbers[] = {
+         {"--data-gib", &o->data_gib},
+         {"--records", &o->records},
+         {"--cache-mib", &o->cache_mib},
+         {"--disk-gib", &o->disk_gib},
+         {"--inserters", &o->inserts},
+         {"--readers", &o->queries},
+         {"--memtable-bg", &o->memtable_bg},
+         {"--normal-bg", &o->normal_bg},
+         {"--memtable-mib", &o->memtable_mib},
+         {"--key-size", &o->key_size},
+         {"--value-size", &o->value_size},
+         {"--report-ms", &o->report_ms},
+         {"--seconds", &o->seconds},
+         {"--min-free-gib", &o->min_free_gib},
+         {"--seed", &o->seed},
+         {"--id-base", &o->id_base},
+         {"--queue-scale", &o->queue_scale},
+         {"--barrier-ms", &o->barrier_ms},
+         {"--log-group-size-pages", &o->log_group_size_pages},
+         {"--target-insert-ops-s", &o->target_insert_ops_s},
+      };
+      bool found = false;
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < sizeof(numbers) / sizeof(numbers[0]); j++) {
+         if (!strcmp(name, numbers[j].name)) {
+            if (!parse_number(value, numbers[j].value)) {
+               return false;
+            }
+            found = true;
+            break;
+         }
+      }
+      if (!found) {
+         return false;
+      }
+   }
+   if (!o->filename || !o->csv || !o->inserts || o->inserts > MAX_WORKERS
+       || o->queries > MAX_WORKERS - o->inserts || o->key_size < 8
+       || o->key_size > MAX_RECORD_PART || o->value_size > MAX_RECORD_PART
+       || !o->report_ms || o->report_ms > 60000 || !o->cache_mib
+       || o->cache_mib > UINT64_MAX / (1 << 20) || !o->disk_gib
+       || o->disk_gib > INT64_MAX / GIB || o->data_gib > UINT64_MAX / GIB
+       || o->min_free_gib > UINT64_MAX / GIB || !o->memtable_mib
+       || o->memtable_mib > UINT64_MAX / (1 << 20) || o->memtable_bg > 32
+       || o->normal_bg > 32
+       || o->inserts + o->queries + o->memtable_bg + o->normal_bg + 1
+             > MAX_WORKERS
+       || o->seconds > UINT64_MAX / 1000000000
+       || o->barrier_ms > UINT64_MAX / 1000000
+       || (o->target_insert_ops_s != 0 && (o->seconds == 0 || o->queries != 0)))
+   {
+      return false;
+   }
+#ifdef KVBENCH_NO_DURABLE_BARRIER
+   if (o->barrier_ms != 0) {
+      return false;
+   }
+#endif
+#ifdef KVBENCH_NO_TRACE
+   if (o->trace != NULL) {
+      return false;
+   }
+#endif
+   if (!o->records) {
+      o->records = o->data_gib * GIB / (o->key_size + o->value_size);
+   }
+   return o->records > 0 && o->records <= UINT64_MAX / MAX_WORKERS
+          && o->records <= UINT64_MAX / (o->key_size + o->value_size)
+          && o->id_base <= UINT64_MAX - o->records;
+}
+
+static void
+process_io(uint64_t *reads, uint64_t *writes)
+{
+   *reads = *writes = 0;
+   FILE *file       = fopen("/proc/self/io", "r");
+   if (!file) {
+      return;
+   }
+   char     name[64];
+   uint64_t value;
+   while (fscanf(file, "%63s %" SCNu64, name, &value) == 2) {
+      if (!strcmp(name, "read_bytes:")) {
+         *reads = value;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(name, "write_bytes:")) {
+         *writes = value;
+      }
+   }
+   fclose(file);
+}
+
+static int
+write_summary(const benchmark *b, uint64_t inserted, double elapsed_s)
+{
+   const options *o = &b->opt;
+   if (o->summary == NULL) {
+      return 0;
+   }
+
+   latency_histogram insert_service = {0}, insert_response = {0};
+   latency_histogram query_service = {0};
+   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < o->inserts + o->queries; i++) {
+      if (b->workers[i].query) {
+         histogram_merge(&query_service, &b->workers[i].service_latency);
+      } else {
+         histogram_merge(&insert_service, &b->workers[i].service_latency);
+         histogram_merge(&insert_response, &b->workers[i].response_latency);
+      }
+   }
+
+   FILE *summary = fopen(o->summary, "wx");
+   if (summary == NULL) {
+      return errno;
+   }
+   fprintf(summary,
+           "target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,"
+           "insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,"
+           "insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,"
+           "insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,"
+           "insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,"
+           "insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,"
+           "query_service_max_ms\n");
+   fprintf(
+      summary,
+      "%lu,%.6f,%.6f,%lu,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,"
+      "%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f\n",
+      o->target_insert_ops_s,
+      elapsed_s == 0 ? 0 : inserted / elapsed_s,
+      elapsed_s,
+      inserted,
+      insert_service.count ? insert_service.sum_ns / 1e6 / insert_service.count
+                           : 0,
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&insert_service, 0.50),
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&insert_service, 0.99),
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&insert_service, 0.999),
+      insert_service.max_ns / 1e6,
+      insert_response.count
+         ? insert_response.sum_ns / 1e6 / insert_response.count
+         : 0,
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&insert_response, 0.50),
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&insert_response, 0.99),
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&insert_response, 0.999),
+      insert_response.max_ns / 1e6,
+      query_service.count ? query_service.sum_ns / 1e6 / query_service.count
+                          : 0,
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&query_service, 0.99),
+      query_service.max_ns / 1e6);
+   int rc = ferror(summary) ? EIO : 0;
+   if (fclose(summary) != 0 && rc == 0) {
+      rc = errno;
+   }
+   return rc;
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+   benchmark b = {0};
+   if (argc == 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "--help")) {
+      usage(argv[0]);
+      return 0;
+   }
+   if (!parse_options(argc, argv, &b.opt)) {
+      usage(argv[0]);
+      return 2;
+   }
+   const options *o = &b.opt;
+   if (o->trace) {
+#ifdef KVBENCH_NO_TRACE
+      return 2;
+#else
+      int trace_rc = platform_trace_open(o->trace);
+      if (trace_rc) {
+         fprintf(stderr, "trace open failed: %s\n", strerror(trace_rc));
+         return 1;
+      }
+#endif
+   }
+   FILE *csv = fopen(o->csv, "wx");
+   if (!csv) {
+      perror(o->csv);
+      return 1;
+   }
+   int fd = open(o->filename,
+                 O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC | (o->open_existing ? 0 : O_CREAT | O_EXCL),
+                 0600);
+   if (fd < 0) {
+      perror(o->filename);
+      fclose(csv);
+      return 1;
+   }
+   struct statvfs space;
+   if (fstatvfs(fd, &space) != 0
+       || (uint64_t)space.f_bavail * space.f_frsize < o->min_free_gib * GIB)
+   {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Insufficient free space\n");
+      close(fd);
+      fclose(csv);
+      return 1;
+   }
+
+   data_config data_cfg;
+   default_data_config_init(&data_cfg);
+   splinterdb_config cfg = {.filename   = o->filename,
+                            .disk_size  = o->disk_gib * GIB,
+                            .cache_size = o->cache_mib * (1 << 20),
+                            .data_cfg   = &data_cfg,
+                            .io_flags   = O_RDWR | (o->direct ? O_DIRECT : 0),
+                            .num_memtable_bg_threads = o->memtable_bg,
+                            .num_normal_bg_threads   = o->normal_bg,
+                            .memtable_capacity   = o->memtable_mib * (1 << 20),
+                            .queue_scale_percent = o->queue_scale,
+                            .use_log             = o->use_log,
+                            .checkpoint_log_size_bytes = UINT64_MAX,
+                            .use_stats                 = true};
+#ifndef KVBENCH_NO_LOG_GROUP_LIMIT
+   cfg.log_group_size_pages = o->log_group_size_pages;
+#else
+   if (o->log_group_size_pages != 0) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "This build has no automatic log-group limit\n");
+      return 1;
+   }
+#endif
+   platform_set_log_streams(stderr, stderr);
+   fprintf(
+      stderr,
+      "version=%s records=%lu key=%lu value=%lu cache_mib=%lu "
+      "disk_gib=%lu inserters=%lu readers=%lu memtable_bg=%lu normal_bg=%lu "
+      "memtable_mib=%lu queue_scale=%lu log=%d checkpoints=disabled "
+      "direct=%d query_range=%s seed=%lu report_ms=%lu barrier_ms=%lu "
+      "target_insert_ops_s=%lu id_base=%lu mode=%s\n",
+      splinterdb_get_version(),
+      o->records,
+      o->key_size,
+      o->value_size,
+      o->cache_mib,
+      o->disk_gib,
+      o->inserts,
+      o->queries,
+      o->memtable_bg,
+      o->normal_bg,
+      o->memtable_mib,
+      o->queue_scale,
+      o->use_log,
+      o->direct,
+      o->full_query_range ? "all" : "inserted",
+      o->seed,
+      o->report_ms,
+      o->barrier_ms,
+      o->target_insert_ops_s,
+      o->id_base,
+      o->open_existing ? "open" : "create");
+   int rc = o->open_existing ? splinterdb_open(&cfg, &b.db)
+                             : splinterdb_create(&cfg, &b.db);
+   if (rc) {
+      fprintf(
+         stderr, "%s failed: %d\n", o->open_existing ? "open" : "create", rc);
+      close(fd);
+      fclose(csv);
+      return 1;
+   }
+
+   signal(SIGINT, handle_signal);
+   signal(SIGTERM, handle_signal);
+   uint64_t started = 0;
+   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < o->inserts + o->queries; i++) {
+      worker *w = &b.workers[i];
+      w->bench  = &b;
+      w->index  = i;
+      w->query  = i >= o->inserts;
+      rc        = pthread_create(&w->thread, NULL, run_worker, w);
+      if (rc) {
+         atomic_store(&b.error, rc);
+         atomic_store(&b.stop, true);
+         break;
+      }
+      started++;
+   }
+   if (o->barrier_ms && !atomic_load(&b.stop)) {
+      rc = pthread_create(&b.barrier_thread, NULL, run_barrier, &b);
+      if (rc) {
+         atomic_store(&b.error, rc);
+         atomic_store(&b.stop, true);
+      } else {
+         atomic_store(&b.barrier_started, true);
+      }
+   }
+   fprintf(
+      csv,
+      "elapsed_s,interval_s,inserted,logical_gib,insert_ops_s,query_ops_s,"
+      "hit_pct,insert_max_ms,query_max_ms,active_max_ms,cpu_cores,max_rss_mib,"
+      "read_mib_s,write_mib_s,image_gib,free_gib,inserters_running,"
+      "barrier_ops_s,barrier_avg_ms,barrier_max_ms,target_insert_ops_s,"
+      "offered_insert_ops_s,insert_backlog,response_max_ms");
+   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < started; i++) {
+      fprintf(csv, ",%s%lu_ops_s", b.workers[i].query ? "q" : "i", i);
+   }
+   fputc('\n', csv);
+   fflush(csv);
+   uint64_t prev_completed[MAX_WORKERS] = {0}, prev_hits = 0;
+   uint64_t prev_barrier_count = 0, prev_barrier_sum_ns = 0;
+   uint64_t prev_read, prev_write;
+   process_io(&prev_read, &prev_write);
+   struct rusage usage_now;
+   getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &usage_now);
+   double prev_cpu =
+      usage_now.ru_utime.tv_sec + usage_now.ru_utime.tv_usec / 1e6
+      + usage_now.ru_stime.tv_sec + usage_now.ru_stime.tv_usec / 1e6;
+   uint64_t start = now_ns(), previous = start;
+   b.start_ns = start;
+   fprintf(
+      stderr, "start_monotonic_ns=%lu main_address=%p\n", start, (void *)main);
+   atomic_store_explicit(&b.start, true, memory_order_release);
+   const char *reason   = "complete";
+   uint64_t    inserted = 0;
+   while (true) {
+      struct timespec delay = {.tv_sec  = o->report_ms / 1000,
+                               .tv_nsec = (o->report_ms % 1000) * 1000000};
+      nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
+      uint64_t now = now_ns(), delta_insert = 0, delta_query = 0, hits = 0;
+      uint64_t insert_max = 0, query_max = 0, response_max = 0, active_max = 0;
+      uint64_t inserters_running  = 0;
+      double   rates[MAX_WORKERS] = {0};
+      double   elapsed = (now - start) / 1e9, interval = (now - previous) / 1e9;
+      bool     all_inserts_done = true;
+      inserted                  = 0;
+      for (uint64_t i = 0; i < started; i++) {
+         worker  *w         = &b.workers[i];
+         uint64_t completed = atomic_load(&w->completed);
+         uint64_t count     = completed - prev_completed[i];
+         prev_completed[i]  = completed;
+         rates[i]           = count / interval;
+         uint64_t latency   = atomic_exchange(&w->max_ns, 0);
+         uint64_t active    = atomic_load(&w->active_since_ns);
+         if (active && active < now && active_max < now - active) {
+            active_max = now - active;
+         }
+         if (w->query) {
+            delta_query += count;
+            hits += atomic_load(&w->hits);
+            if (query_max < latency) {
+               query_max = latency;
+            }
+         } else {
+            inserted += completed;
+            delta_insert += count;
+            if (insert_max < latency) {
+               insert_max = latency;
+            }
+            uint64_t response = atomic_exchange(&w->response_max_ns, 0);
+            if (response_max < response) {
+               response_max = response;
+            }
+            if (!atomic_load(&w->done)) {
+               inserters_running++;
+               all_inserts_done = false;
+            }
+         }
+      }
+      uint64_t reads, writes;
+      process_io(&reads, &writes);
+      getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &usage_now);
+      double cpu = usage_now.ru_utime.tv_sec + usage_now.ru_utime.tv_usec / 1e6
+                   + usage_now.ru_stime.tv_sec
+                   + usage_now.ru_stime.tv_usec / 1e6;
+      struct stat st = {0};
+      if (fstat(fd, &st) != 0 || fstatvfs(fd, &space) != 0) {
+         atomic_store(&b.error, errno);
+         atomic_store(&b.stop, true);
+      }
+      double   free_gib       = (double)space.f_bavail * space.f_frsize / GIB;
+      uint64_t barrier_count  = atomic_load(&b.barrier_count);
+      uint64_t barrier_sum_ns = atomic_load(&b.barrier_sum_ns);
+      uint64_t barrier_max_ns = atomic_exchange(&b.barrier_max_ns, 0);
+      uint64_t delta_barrier_count = barrier_count - prev_barrier_count;
+      uint64_t delta_barrier_sum   = barrier_sum_ns - prev_barrier_sum_ns;
+      uint64_t offered             = inserted;
+      if (o->target_insert_ops_s != 0) {
+         __uint128_t possible = (__uint128_t)(now - start)
+                                * o->target_insert_ops_s / UINT64_C(1000000000);
+         offered = possible > o->records ? o->records : (uint64_t)possible;
+      }
+      fprintf(csv,
+              "%.6f,%.6f,%lu,%.6f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,"
+              "%.3f,%.6f,%.3f,%lu,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%lu,%.3f,%lu,%.3f",
+              elapsed,
+              interval,
+              inserted,
+              (double)inserted * (o->key_size + o->value_size) / GIB,
+              delta_insert / interval,
+              delta_query / interval,
+              delta_query ? (hits - prev_hits) * 100.0 / delta_query : 0,
+              insert_max / 1e6,
+              query_max / 1e6,
+              active_max / 1e6,
+              (cpu - prev_cpu) / interval,
+              usage_now.ru_maxrss / 1024.0,
+              (reads - prev_read) / (1048576.0 * interval),
+              (writes - prev_write) / (1048576.0 * interval),
+              (double)st.st_size / GIB,
+              free_gib,
+              inserters_running,
+              delta_barrier_count / interval,
+              delta_barrier_count
+                 ? delta_barrier_sum / 1e6 / delta_barrier_count
+                 : 0,
+              barrier_max_ns / 1e6,
+              o->target_insert_ops_s,
+              o->target_insert_ops_s ? (double)o->target_insert_ops_s : 0,
+              offered > inserted ? offered - inserted : 0,
+              response_max / 1e6);
+      for (uint64_t i = 0; i < started; i++) {
+         fprintf(csv, ",%.3f", rates[i]);
+      }
+      fputc('\n', csv);
+      if (fflush(csv) != 0) {
+         atomic_store(&b.error, errno);
+         atomic_store(&b.stop, true);
+      }
+      prev_hits           = hits;
+      prev_read           = reads;
+      prev_write          = writes;
+      prev_cpu            = cpu;
+      prev_barrier_count  = barrier_count;
+      prev_barrier_sum_ns = barrier_sum_ns;
+      previous            = now;
+      if (all_inserts_done || atomic_load(&b.stop)) {
+         break;
+      }
+      if (interrupted) {
+         reason = "signal";
+         break;
+      }
+      if (o->seconds && elapsed >= o->seconds) {
+         reason = "time_limit";
+         break;
+      }
+      if (free_gib < o->min_free_gib) {
+         reason = "free_space_limit";
+         break;
+      }
+   }
+   atomic_store(&b.stop, true);
+   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < started; i++) {
+      pthread_join(b.workers[i].thread, NULL);
+   }
+   if (atomic_load(&b.barrier_started)) {
+      pthread_join(b.barrier_thread, NULL);
+   }
+   inserted = 0;
+   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < o->inserts; i++) {
+      inserted += atomic_load(&b.workers[i].completed);
+   }
+   double elapsed_s = (now_ns() - start) / 1e9;
+   fprintf(stderr,
+           "load_end reason=%s inserted=%lu elapsed_s=%.3f error=%d "
+           "barrier_count=%lu barrier_avg_ms=%.3f barrier_max_ms=%.3f\n",
+           reason,
+           inserted,
+           elapsed_s,
+           atomic_load(&b.error),
+           atomic_load(&b.barrier_count),
+           atomic_load(&b.barrier_count) ? atomic_load(&b.barrier_sum_ns) / 1e6
+                                              / atomic_load(&b.barrier_count)
+                                         : 0,
+           atomic_load(&b.barrier_max_ns) / 1e6);
+   int summary_rc = write_summary(&b, inserted, elapsed_s);
+   if (summary_rc != 0) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "summary write failed: %s\n", strerror(summary_rc));
+   }
+   uint64_t close_start = now_ns();
+#ifdef KVBENCH_LEGACY_CLOSE
+   splinterdb_close(&b.db);
+   rc = 0;
+#else
+   rc = splinterdb_close(&b.db, false);
+#endif
+   fprintf(
+      stderr, "close_s=%.3f close_rc=%d\n", (now_ns() - close_start) / 1e9, rc);
+   close(fd);
+   fclose(csv);
+   int trace_rc = 0;
+#ifndef KVBENCH_NO_TRACE
+   trace_rc = platform_trace_close();
+#endif
+   bool incomplete = !o->seconds && inserted < o->records;
+   return rc || trace_rc || summary_rc || atomic_load(&b.error) || incomplete
+             ? 1
+             : 0;
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async-build.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async-build.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34c31a3f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async-build.json
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+{
+  "profile": "log-async",
+  "tree": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit",
+  "head": "9bc5ebf403196affb43a0c04fdf0e9234f24d025",
+  "library": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/lib/libsplinterdb.a",
+  "library_sha256": "e3cdc682d417984ba85019687a3cdeed56dc32a6f659b5698606900a137bc5bc",
+  "source_files_sha256": {
+    "src/PackedArray.c": "97b64eb0a4f550e55f3385d39d729a878fbc581909ea16ec3b8987a7f46604cc",
+    "src/PackedArray.h": "e46f854b487a8b130f0613efcab11836012d27c8aacf9ca9e76a2de1a7eb6874",
+    "src/allocator.c": "96c7f0a5e0808719cf114d267c84da1f057b5eed748b0672d60686d7f130b96f",
+    "src/allocator.h": "06da1d6a491a15ef5229e8e2e4b4ad6468cb3c9ba620e0d956032dc0a1b6aec1",
+    "src/batch_rwlock.c": "c043d9e5ead75cd9e1266a6f51fb555012269f3822d7f0233dc2abbd962c3aae",
+    "src/batch_rwlock.h": "0ff5f0bd7fdf5f9a63ca2f77c387d574d8009ad726b47283c93566cf06bc0927",
+    "src/blob.c": "75e01e92c06d775b1cb36ea63a7cddf191b5179b94c3e9cd6b5b23ab0480485b",
+    "src/blob.h": "8f68d2f67de8a9d81a422b28d47aa636cc7234fccc3dbabe59f2355bc361e93c",
+    "src/blob_build.c": "e484e9c14fd8a9b3c1d211485c35931c944fc66ac4ee78ea20ffc5b3f074b10b",
+    "src/blob_build.h": "38176881cf9159247e6f578bbc7abb725cfa969c493715df7d1388cb7cbfd119",
+    "src/btree.c": "8b059dfa240564a7fca21379b467afc7635b9128d2ca72555300333ae06dbc97",
+    "src/btree.h": "2dc405429d4d84f606412d3a16dc07dd2aee2877524d658e946cb1a8bf1d865e",
+    "src/btree_private.h": "43693dd3048ae050b3358ccfc9b91371a3d9dff4f3d6d5c8b07445897dee09f6",
+    "src/cache.h": "d4c1e133d6423fff324d0ebcf5c95e13647c0022a3458935156746b90d816d6d",
+    "src/clockcache.c": "e0ef2e19a8280849df4ee80d9b8a54a0faaf56a13faefe7a91d54f5b7269f933",
+    "src/clockcache.h": "68f4e7b019d0440f85929bfc0da1891ce941318ee7dfd14a3d4d923e3d4e72d8",
+    "src/core.c": "7f4c49cc68de619c588abd65df69583b0c1cb4634da5e2096cd7538f96cc0025",
+    "src/core.h": "c820a39abdcf0e69bb7aba1f8f9741d72e77609df4b85dbd2233b693559869ec",
+    "src/data_blob_build.c": "13475faa56bba94ee26ef7fec4e4da8a5045e0efe510a63291fd5e2697cb5d22",
+    "src/data_blob_build.h": "dd7f263a0b1138325b211c561ba7289183a2cc8472978cba3ca430295e11e5f3",
+    "src/data_internal.c": "0a42dd477aaa6ad6c4910841045c4c768ad8d248c0126c64c51035f53e769cde",
+    "src/data_internal.h": "98b4ebe77576c4cbb7dd9984ca5e297851175494062073f1a4c137c5afb8b587",
+    "src/default_data_config.c": "161352f5247978f3d57033818d05a79d0a1a0d0ffac2bc9f25f4f33eabca2227",
+    "src/histogram.c": "24e09dfabd6085021d8a06ef9b10f6e85b24914d95831be359df09f8a9729aff",
+    "src/histogram.h": "7ccfde6d3ada7ead18fe477c06a6b021db83ca8c041ab0998ca023b945a3c1c7",
+    "src/iterator.h": "2fcddeb9fa6bd49f4e3da933224219bdb830f9e2f11638ea1ed13eba534fa27f",
+    "src/log.h": "da650095ba27154c029a2ef10c5fcac963002e294ad65688b80b5805786b8a45",
+    "src/log_data.h": "8b9198c49c95367f5c66cfa23ec1a3b6cab2abd875fe74c4afb4dafb5a5c44fe",
+    "src/lookup_result.h": "7528b988a28ef91b6bd7a4fa10dfa51b9ce2475e801b3b6a8bf30adf88f1ef16",
+    "src/memtable.c": "7db3b4754497c73b4071c7e7e591cc76fc226197fb70d98fb46caf139b3953f4",
+    "src/memtable.h": "244cac7cf304df85a25c8bede2df106d6f840d65bbd1a3551b3d9f2ed9129fc1",
+    "src/merge.c": "0b9547090a291b88f957689d8786fbaab35a2e2a18a4ae72b532c11415f5a9a7",
+    "src/merge.h": "771c1c2b5c581901c67aefa07d9e8c9d4f730e1137633b5b5efe35d14a6bd0d1",
+    "src/mini_allocator.c": "d620cbdff9867ce64c752992ede58783010fb09366220ad3bd6d8518911205ca",
+    "src/mini_allocator.h": "39d245b58914d28b26dfe230b9de15582382cec1c2a90fa14db19f5f2c203632",
+    "src/notification.c": "54af1fe6af2e5fc84fbee21a74ff55069a8aa7e4ec7f9d8c9485e85e91669b58",
+    "src/notification.h": "f4df33131f407e6a957602a05c72f4bca7efed98b1a39134f94bf889a6ca5f29",
+    "src/ondisk_ref.c": "2ace8cbbce3f80a54ff7762ad03a79a564665fa660394f1d3446235a3e40ed7b",
+    "src/ondisk_ref.h": "643325c8b4f16fab41d8c884c97bdfcf6c86e5178398508fa0f81b6b0606926d",
+    "src/pcq.h": "862cd346b0097014ccae797dc1463e7b3fc387f409319d5adcef7613b6f82f84",
+    "src/platform_linux/async.h": "41383b57e21f0f51d737749a4ce7c2c5330ac9363e742330625c9aedd4f13a52",
+    "src/platform_linux/laio.c": "0ce628806e6896070359a9e39d069f326f460ab697c6c17ff17d171614290881",
+    "src/platform_linux/laio.h": "f3987e22f1fd7a9d6b46c79f84e75559aec5410239a13d52a7a5343ba792b28e",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform.h": "f1c3d7c5bcd089ed7a7df129d3b8d00d7617de9a7aa6f9d1f7deeb739281e768",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_assert.c": "112e803b6db03dd8c14a3bfc3f1139bbcc4b81f1d5e24a232b7b99ce89146c2d",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_assert.h": "751dccceac9ce4a97d25d441b5216ced5ee5f079a13c9ccd43551b0994aa7cc2",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_backtrace.h": "ef13ccbf4ae4747b0de244a37c026ad8769018d84f9fc4d6493db43d9714358c",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_buffer.c": "b790d645b3dc5f638da871bf9611865dc700927f3b594a1d645b0350bd1bd027",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_buffer.h": "72e016dbb19b8250378b3a5c79fbebf9c3d72a31d07a232f36431e04f0e4afa6",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_condvar.c": "e595f69194accb3f3460d6fc9a4a9144bd7f495dbeb77f11bf3616dc0e9b03ec",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_condvar.h": "a4ee02ae5069637bce4cae07f3ed9869925f17a9e6e1b04d69baedfc148fd493",
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+    "src/platform_linux/platform_heap.c": "72bb2753f525e56f8c398988a787feb38f02efaa749e5d57cb476f967269c479",
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/manifest.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eaa42df76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2661 @@
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+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-fc0bc8f7/log-async/t8-r2-5-sync64.csv",
+        "--summary",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-fc0bc8f7/log-async/t8-r2-5-sync64.summary.csv",
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+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-fc0bc8f7/log-async/scratch.db",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-fc0bc8f7/log-async/t8-r2-6-main.csv",
+        "--summary",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-fc0bc8f7/log-async/t8-r2-6-main.summary.csv",
+        "--records",
+        "100000000",
+        "--seconds",
+        "8",
+        "--report-ms",
+        "100",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "256",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "16",
+        "--direct",
+        "--inserters",
+        "8",
+        "--readers",
+        "0",
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+        "1",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "3",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "8",
+        "--key-size",
+        "16",
+        "--value-size",
+        "16",
+        "--min-free-gib",
+        "12",
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+  "prefix_disable_environment": "unset explicitly",
+  "verification": "Positive inserts, API errors, successful draining close; recovery validated separately",
+  "metric_windows": "cpu_us_op/read_B_op/write_B_op are sampled active-window totals divided by joined insert count; process_* includes startup and draining close",
+  "complete": true
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/results.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/results.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4bdd0d4eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/results.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-0-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-0-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c19ac8702
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-0-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-0-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-0-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..218e8fb47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-0-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1848427811597606 main_address=0x563cea48daa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=13
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=7317787 elapsed_s=8.014 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.255 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-0-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-0-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c79babd91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-0-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-1-disabled.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-1-disabled.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51bdf7e86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-1-disabled.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-1-disabled.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-1-disabled.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d0380b7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-1-disabled.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1848436166752886 main_address=0x5585065f9aa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=20
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=7387016 elapsed_s=8.012 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.274 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-1-disabled.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-1-disabled.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2eb1c7880
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-1-disabled.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-2-sync64.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-2-sync64.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ceb1c1ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-2-sync64.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-2-sync64.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-2-sync64.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f25d98191
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-2-sync64.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1848444517484704 main_address=0x55e547539aa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=27
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=6166785 elapsed_s=8.012 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.102 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-2-sync64.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-2-sync64.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e97760b11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-2-sync64.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-3-async64.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-3-async64.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c14a0f8ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-3-async64.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-3-async64.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-3-async64.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..464da4de5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-3-async64.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1848452715096922 main_address=0x5616274a4aa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=34
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=6940594 elapsed_s=8.011 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.134 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-3-async64.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-3-async64.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a56005642
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-3-async64.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-4-sync1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-4-sync1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b9b58e0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-4-sync1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-4-sync1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-4-sync1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97a8d3bba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-4-sync1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=41
+start_monotonic_ns=1848460917856694 main_address=0x55d3008feaa0
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=7004063 elapsed_s=8.013 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.141 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-4-sync1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-4-sync1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e5d6dd35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-4-sync1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-5-async1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-5-async1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..27f5bade2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-5-async1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+elapsed_s,interval_s,inserted,logical_gib,insert_ops_s,query_ops_s,hit_pct,insert_max_ms,query_max_ms,active_max_ms,cpu_cores,max_rss_mib,read_mib_s,write_mib_s,image_gib,free_gib,inserters_running,barrier_ops_s,barrier_avg_ms,barrier_max_ms,target_insert_ops_s,offered_insert_ops_s,insert_backlog,response_max_ms,i0_ops_s
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-5-async1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-5-async1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb8e3db32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-5-async1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1848469126134419 main_address=0x5595ddee3aa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=48
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=7014553 elapsed_s=8.012 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.142 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-5-async1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-5-async1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bbf15002b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-5-async1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-6-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-6-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0789d7609
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-6-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-6-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-6-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..157518177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-6-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1848477341154916 main_address=0x55fd0e4ecaa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=55
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=6836596 elapsed_s=8.012 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.151 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-6-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-6-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2cfd7ae28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r0-6-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-0-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-0-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8dab5e5d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-0-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-0-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-0-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4eea4484e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-0-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1848485591906090 main_address=0x563eda335aa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=62
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=6861429 elapsed_s=8.012 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.152 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-0-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-0-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..47e0c1b28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-0-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-1-async1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-1-async1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..874eb5f58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-1-async1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-1-async1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-1-async1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db04d1477
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-1-async1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1848493839471980 main_address=0x564f8b06faa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=69
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=6853083 elapsed_s=8.013 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.140 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-1-async1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-1-async1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db5316dd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-1-async1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-2-sync1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-2-sync1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa3b7b04d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-2-sync1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-2-sync1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-2-sync1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea3dc1c15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-2-sync1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=76
+start_monotonic_ns=1848502049581056 main_address=0x55ce7e0cdaa0
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=6587551 elapsed_s=8.013 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.154 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-2-sync1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-2-sync1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9fd1acc0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-2-sync1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-3-async64.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-3-async64.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..23ec7c3be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-3-async64.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-3-async64.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-3-async64.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ae763c0b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-3-async64.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1848510297886676 main_address=0x55df36f02aa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=83
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=6659887 elapsed_s=8.011 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.147 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-3-async64.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-3-async64.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7ac072c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-3-async64.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-4-sync64.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-4-sync64.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5c362fe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-4-sync64.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-4-sync64.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-4-sync64.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2659ac511
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-4-sync64.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1848518543935919 main_address=0x55c2999a3aa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=90
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=4047484 elapsed_s=8.016 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.144 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-4-sync64.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-4-sync64.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..55a94553a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-4-sync64.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-5-disabled.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-5-disabled.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11bf5b993
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-5-disabled.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-5-disabled.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-5-disabled.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c37279314
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-5-disabled.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1848526790168208 main_address=0x55b94e02faa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=97
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=6902602 elapsed_s=8.013 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.141 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-5-disabled.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-5-disabled.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..49c2cc509
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-5-disabled.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-6-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-6-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6eae13bf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-6-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+elapsed_s,interval_s,inserted,logical_gib,insert_ops_s,query_ops_s,hit_pct,insert_max_ms,query_max_ms,active_max_ms,cpu_cores,max_rss_mib,read_mib_s,write_mib_s,image_gib,free_gib,inserters_running,barrier_ops_s,barrier_avg_ms,barrier_max_ms,target_insert_ops_s,offered_insert_ops_s,insert_backlog,response_max_ms,i0_ops_s
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-6-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-6-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93849afde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-6-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1848535046924805 main_address=0x558ea6cfbaa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=104
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=6740633 elapsed_s=8.012 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.145 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-6-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-6-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6dd9daa6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r1-6-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
+0,841276.124045,8.012391,6740633,0.001162,0.000712,0.019712,0.040448,47.315169,0.001162,0.000712,0.019712,0.040448,47.315169,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-0-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-0-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e3948bdca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-0-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+elapsed_s,interval_s,inserted,logical_gib,insert_ops_s,query_ops_s,hit_pct,insert_max_ms,query_max_ms,active_max_ms,cpu_cores,max_rss_mib,read_mib_s,write_mib_s,image_gib,free_gib,inserters_running,barrier_ops_s,barrier_avg_ms,barrier_max_ms,target_insert_ops_s,offered_insert_ops_s,insert_backlog,response_max_ms,i0_ops_s
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-0-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-0-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..288536fb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-0-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1848543325047416 main_address=0x55bbdc3c6aa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=111
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=6790294 elapsed_s=8.012 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.155 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-0-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-0-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..57741faeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-0-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-1-async64.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-1-async64.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..387132679
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-1-async64.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-1-async64.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-1-async64.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df5cfdc0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-1-async64.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1848551575477432 main_address=0x55bba9e90aa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=118
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=6442170 elapsed_s=8.011 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.233 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-1-async64.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-1-async64.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e344713f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-1-async64.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-2-disabled.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-2-disabled.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..369486bb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-2-disabled.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-2-disabled.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-2-disabled.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..25d3f2dfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-2-disabled.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1848559929819252 main_address=0x55cd1df58aa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=125
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=6239592 elapsed_s=8.012 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.234 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-2-disabled.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-2-disabled.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7a74b3a6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-2-disabled.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-3-sync1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-3-sync1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..38953adae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-3-sync1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-3-sync1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-3-sync1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f5dc4f82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-3-sync1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1848568274173528 main_address=0x55fa26dcaaa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=132
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=6434755 elapsed_s=8.013 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.276 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-3-sync1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-3-sync1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5f0af056a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-3-sync1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-4-async1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-4-async1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..848d54109
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-4-async1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-4-async1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-4-async1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..88b78d48d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-4-async1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1848576634301587 main_address=0x555b1d551aa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=139
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=6484336 elapsed_s=8.012 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.230 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-4-async1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-4-async1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..095595061
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-4-async1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-5-sync64.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-5-sync64.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8086484b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-5-sync64.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+elapsed_s,interval_s,inserted,logical_gib,insert_ops_s,query_ops_s,hit_pct,insert_max_ms,query_max_ms,active_max_ms,cpu_cores,max_rss_mib,read_mib_s,write_mib_s,image_gib,free_gib,inserters_running,barrier_ops_s,barrier_avg_ms,barrier_max_ms,target_insert_ops_s,offered_insert_ops_s,insert_backlog,response_max_ms,i0_ops_s
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-5-sync64.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-5-sync64.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..383c4de6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-5-sync64.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1848584986252730 main_address=0x558294d65aa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=146
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=4115431 elapsed_s=8.015 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.171 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-5-sync64.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-5-sync64.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1ec59fcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-5-sync64.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-6-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-6-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..36efe47c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-6-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-6-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-6-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c16b9bc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-6-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1848593285721946 main_address=0x557f6ce14aa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=153
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=6676308 elapsed_s=8.013 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.182 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-6-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-6-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..190b3c12b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t1-r2-6-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-0-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-0-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76303e73d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-0-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-0-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-0-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a46143f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-0-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=163
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=164
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=167
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=160
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=165
+start_monotonic_ns=1848601586315979 main_address=0x557b34f00aa0
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=162
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=161
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=166
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=17062563 elapsed_s=8.423 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.330 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-0-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-0-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ce1d2b1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-0-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-1-disabled.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-1-disabled.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..09aad882d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-1-disabled.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-1-disabled.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-1-disabled.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bc50fc879
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-1-disabled.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=176
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=177
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=174
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=179
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=180
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=175
+start_monotonic_ns=1848610452258355 main_address=0x55b602fbeaa0
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=178
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=181
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=16676724 elapsed_s=9.623 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.404 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-1-disabled.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-1-disabled.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72dbe56a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-1-disabled.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-2-sync64.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-2-sync64.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..06009eee6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-2-sync64.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-2-sync64.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-2-sync64.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..60d3c2a19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-2-sync64.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=192
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=195
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=193
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=188
+start_monotonic_ns=1848620576833958 main_address=0x559249d1caa0
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=194
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=189
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=191
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=190
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=10206613 elapsed_s=8.017 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.234 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-2-sync64.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-2-sync64.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..57d5e007a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-2-sync64.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-3-async64.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-3-async64.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8de63e94c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-3-async64.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-3-async64.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-3-async64.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67328301a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-3-async64.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=206
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=207
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=209
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=202
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=203
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=208
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=204
+start_monotonic_ns=1848628912533422 main_address=0x5567ef0abaa0
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=205
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=12929034 elapsed_s=8.012 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.260 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-3-async64.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-3-async64.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4fc2587d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-3-async64.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
+0,1613751.677580,8.011787,12929034,0.004917,0.001040,0.029440,0.178176,158.500514,0.004917,0.001040,0.029440,0.178176,158.500514,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-4-sync1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-4-sync1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..979a01f1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-4-sync1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-4-sync1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-4-sync1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56c775356
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-4-sync1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=220
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=223
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=216
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=222
+start_monotonic_ns=1848637281301465 main_address=0x55b2f348eaa0
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=217
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=221
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=219
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=218
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=16827297 elapsed_s=9.040 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.315 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-4-sync1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-4-sync1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e350bee0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-4-sync1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-5-async1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-5-async1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6733333e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-5-async1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-5-async1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-5-async1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46d9a1631
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-5-async1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=232
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=234
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=237
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=235
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=230
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=231
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=236
+start_monotonic_ns=1848646749877244 main_address=0x55c91e164aa0
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=233
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=16908324 elapsed_s=8.568 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.275 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-5-async1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-5-async1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01442f636
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-5-async1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-6-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-6-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a90dfee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-6-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-6-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-6-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94abdd2fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-6-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=247
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=248
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=250
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=251
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=249
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=244
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=246
+start_monotonic_ns=1848655720102084 main_address=0x55fefb9c3aa0
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=245
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=16725453 elapsed_s=9.459 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.277 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-6-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-6-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e91b448a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r0-6-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
+0,1768184.255357,9.459112,16725453,0.004206,0.001232,0.060928,0.210944,2538.214010,0.004206,0.001232,0.060928,0.210944,2538.214010,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-0-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-0-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..944babedd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-0-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+elapsed_s,interval_s,inserted,logical_gib,insert_ops_s,query_ops_s,hit_pct,insert_max_ms,query_max_ms,active_max_ms,cpu_cores,max_rss_mib,read_mib_s,write_mib_s,image_gib,free_gib,inserters_running,barrier_ops_s,barrier_avg_ms,barrier_max_ms,target_insert_ops_s,offered_insert_ops_s,insert_backlog,response_max_ms,i0_ops_s,i1_ops_s,i2_ops_s,i3_ops_s,i4_ops_s,i5_ops_s,i6_ops_s,i7_ops_s
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-0-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-0-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..848340fe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-0-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=261
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=264
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=259
+start_monotonic_ns=1848665553059566 main_address=0x5642c73dcaa0
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=262
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=263
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=260
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=258
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=265
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=16790484 elapsed_s=9.170 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.357 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-0-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-0-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6345c5fde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-0-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-1-async1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-1-async1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ab86756c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-1-async1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-1-async1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-1-async1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c7a1cf321
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-1-async1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=276
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=279
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=272
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=277
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=278
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=273
+start_monotonic_ns=1848675167822294 main_address=0x563854b25aa0
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=274
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=275
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=16753158 elapsed_s=9.198 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.262 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-1-async1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-1-async1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5fdd55fc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-1-async1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-2-sync1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-2-sync1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be6a4da55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-2-sync1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-2-sync1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-2-sync1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a4ace0cfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-2-sync1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=290
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=289
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=288
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=293
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=291
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=286
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=292
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=287
+start_monotonic_ns=1848684735955120 main_address=0x564fe949baa0
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=16748379 elapsed_s=9.436 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.324 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-2-sync1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-2-sync1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7dae3fd2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-2-sync1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-3-async64.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-3-async64.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e8be3135c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-3-async64.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-3-async64.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-3-async64.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4236939dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-3-async64.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=304
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=305
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=300
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=301
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=307
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=303
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=302
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=306
+start_monotonic_ns=1848694613424785 main_address=0x5572ad472aa0
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=13636045 elapsed_s=8.016 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.194 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-3-async64.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-3-async64.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64306871e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-3-async64.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-4-sync64.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-4-sync64.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72588870c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-4-sync64.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-4-sync64.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-4-sync64.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dc2603e06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-4-sync64.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=317
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=318
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=314
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=321
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=319
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=315
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=320
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=316
+start_monotonic_ns=1848702917517618 main_address=0x55fa85305aa0
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=10172331 elapsed_s=8.018 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.188 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-4-sync64.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-4-sync64.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69d8d1622
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-4-sync64.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-5-disabled.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-5-disabled.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b415fa9b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-5-disabled.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-5-disabled.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-5-disabled.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16d67e8a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-5-disabled.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=328
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=333
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=334
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=335
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=332
+start_monotonic_ns=1848711216383310 main_address=0x55e66550caa0
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=330
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=329
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=331
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=16729263 elapsed_s=9.349 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.334 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-5-disabled.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-5-disabled.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad69225c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-5-disabled.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
+0,1789367.523109,9.349260,16729263,0.004178,0.001296,0.062976,0.215040,2232.868981,0.004178,0.001296,0.062976,0.215040,2232.868981,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-6-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-6-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..12371b47c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-6-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+elapsed_s,interval_s,inserted,logical_gib,insert_ops_s,query_ops_s,hit_pct,insert_max_ms,query_max_ms,active_max_ms,cpu_cores,max_rss_mib,read_mib_s,write_mib_s,image_gib,free_gib,inserters_running,barrier_ops_s,barrier_avg_ms,barrier_max_ms,target_insert_ops_s,offered_insert_ops_s,insert_backlog,response_max_ms,i0_ops_s,i1_ops_s,i2_ops_s,i3_ops_s,i4_ops_s,i5_ops_s,i6_ops_s,i7_ops_s
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-6-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-6-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb2fcb0c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-6-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=346
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=349
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=342
+start_monotonic_ns=1848721014186762 main_address=0x55afcd8c5aa0
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=343
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=347
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=345
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=344
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=348
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=16755440 elapsed_s=9.321 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.285 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-6-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-6-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a14396032
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r1-6-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-0-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-0-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..541d23118
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-0-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-0-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-0-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a911deda2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-0-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=359
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=361
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=362
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=358
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=360
+start_monotonic_ns=1848730756577169 main_address=0x558a16816aa0
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=357
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=356
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=363
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=16692382 elapsed_s=9.839 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.429 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-0-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-0-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ac094c33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-0-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-1-async64.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-1-async64.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c088ab467
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-1-async64.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-1-async64.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-1-async64.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..523de9764
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-1-async64.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=372
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=374
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=373
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=377
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=370
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=375
+start_monotonic_ns=1848741156460107 main_address=0x55bf67566aa0
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=371
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=376
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=12625647 elapsed_s=8.025 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.375 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-1-async64.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-1-async64.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..527de10af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-1-async64.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-2-disabled.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-2-disabled.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d51d7294c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-2-disabled.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-2-disabled.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-2-disabled.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a827f57f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-2-disabled.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=388
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=385
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=390
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=387
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=391
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=386
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=384
+start_monotonic_ns=1848749656227296 main_address=0x559c3fa97aa0
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=389
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=16723695 elapsed_s=9.923 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.341 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-2-disabled.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-2-disabled.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b9f4346a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-2-disabled.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-3-sync1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-3-sync1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f15581b5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-3-sync1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-3-sync1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-3-sync1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a74c11ce5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-3-sync1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=402
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=398
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=403
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=399
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=405
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=401
+start_monotonic_ns=1848760033868847 main_address=0x55e873858aa0
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=400
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=404
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=16623326 elapsed_s=9.895 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.391 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-3-sync1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-3-sync1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..888488597
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-3-sync1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
+0,1679951.106040,9.895125,16623326,0.004367,0.001328,0.064000,0.227328,2325.605747,0.004367,0.001328,0.064000,0.227328,2325.605747,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-4-async1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-4-async1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..337e37200
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-4-async1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-4-async1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-4-async1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5a0398abe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-4-async1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=412
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=416
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=417
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=415
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=419
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=414
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=418
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=413
+start_monotonic_ns=1848770471372021 main_address=0x561f77b7aaa0
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=16576608 elapsed_s=10.139 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.370 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-4-async1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-4-async1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6b45df82e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-4-async1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-5-sync64.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-5-sync64.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..91476cb66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-5-sync64.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-5-sync64.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-5-sync64.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18c467244
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-5-sync64.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=430
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=428
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=426
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=431
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=427
+start_monotonic_ns=1848781085256287 main_address=0x564a5e271aa0
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=432
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=433
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=429
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=9172114 elapsed_s=8.017 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.434 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-5-sync64.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-5-sync64.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4687fa8ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-5-sync64.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-6-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-6-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..50e3c3049
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-6-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-6-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-6-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..db0816a74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-6-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=444
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=447
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=440
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=446
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=445
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=443
+start_monotonic_ns=1848789658657544 main_address=0x558691e21aa0
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=441
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=442
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=16642284 elapsed_s=9.934 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.375 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-6-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-6-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e47a60f37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-async/t8-r2-6-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21383f164
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/manifest.json
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/results.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/results.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..47c2abd55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/results.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-0-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-0-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f432d4ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-0-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-0-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-0-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a981a719a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-0-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=15
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=18
+start_monotonic_ns=1848860008251034 main_address=0x55fd4eea3aa0
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=14
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=16
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=17
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=13
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=19
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=20
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=26186686 elapsed_s=12.023 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.193 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-0-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-0-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b63d9e7d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-0-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-1-disabled.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-1-disabled.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8240537f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-1-disabled.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-1-disabled.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-1-disabled.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6687ca9bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-1-disabled.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=31
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=27
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=32
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=28
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=29
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=30
+start_monotonic_ns=1848872361652340 main_address=0x55584eb7baa0
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=34
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=33
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=21044289 elapsed_s=12.019 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.244 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-1-disabled.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-1-disabled.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea0d49488
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-1-disabled.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-2-disabled.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-2-disabled.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..30bfbccf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-2-disabled.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-2-disabled.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-2-disabled.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf9a539fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-2-disabled.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=45
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=48
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=46
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=41
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=47
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=42
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=43
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=44
+start_monotonic_ns=1848884751813538 main_address=0x557e30a6aaa0
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=20439981 elapsed_s=12.018 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.254 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-2-disabled.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-2-disabled.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b4f34c00c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-2-disabled.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-3-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-3-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0da50ae90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-3-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-3-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-3-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74b766ab4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-3-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=59
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=55
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=60
+start_monotonic_ns=1848897192754479 main_address=0x562917447aa0
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=62
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=57
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=61
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=56
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=58
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=18508116 elapsed_s=12.085 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.242 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-3-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-3-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9600337db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r0-3-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-0-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-0-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3bab8a01d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-0-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-0-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-0-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d61eb5ae8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-0-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=70
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=73
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=69
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=76
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=75
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=74
+start_monotonic_ns=1848909671957748 main_address=0x563cb1cb7aa0
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=72
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=71
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=18510320 elapsed_s=12.189 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.715 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-0-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-0-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..947263005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-0-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
+0,1518634.403027,12.188793,18510320,0.005177,0.001264,0.064000,0.235520,2648.956836,0.005177,0.001264,0.064000,0.235520,2648.956836,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-1-disabled.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-1-disabled.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4bb7196ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-1-disabled.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-1-disabled.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-1-disabled.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f642be99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-1-disabled.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=84
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=87
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=89
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=83
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=88
+start_monotonic_ns=1848922716857758 main_address=0x559920af0aa0
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=85
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=86
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=90
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=18522173 elapsed_s=12.149 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.715 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-1-disabled.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-1-disabled.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..03299560d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-1-disabled.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-2-disabled.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-2-disabled.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..febb2656e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-2-disabled.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-2-disabled.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-2-disabled.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aab0b3568
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-2-disabled.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=101
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=97
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=102
+start_monotonic_ns=1848935729251274 main_address=0x56249cc37aa0
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=99
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=103
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=98
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=104
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=100
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=18523556 elapsed_s=12.290 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.984 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-2-disabled.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-2-disabled.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56c1558d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-2-disabled.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-3-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-3-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..797622ea5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-3-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-3-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-3-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f6f9cd964
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-3-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=115
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=118
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=111
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=112
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=117
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=114
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=113
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=116
+start_monotonic_ns=1848949125786935 main_address=0x564435453aa0
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=18497034 elapsed_s=12.212 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.946 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-3-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-3-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e85017b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-disabled-repeat/t8-r1-3-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
+0,1514669.136521,12.211930,18497034,0.005188,0.001264,0.065024,0.247808,2612.751196,0.005188,0.001264,0.065024,0.247808,2612.751196,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-sync-build.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-sync-build.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea8109f73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/log-sync-build.json
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
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+    "include/splinterdb/default_data_config.h": "179386f3e224d322a9d7ac97afd929292994a1d890a3254705f9ebea525bce32",
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+    "include/splinterdb/public_util.h": "4e8f6b30408fb4174894d4ba809acff4e96f559370c7749b65bb3724a853603f",
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+  },
+  "binaries": {
+    "insert_benchmark": {
+      "command": [
+        "gcc",
+        "-D_GNU_SOURCE",
+        "-ggdb",
+        "-Wall",
+        "-pthread",
+        "-Werror",
+        "-DXXH_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY",
+        "-fPIC",
+        "-DSPLINTERDB_PLATFORM_DIR=platform_linux",
+        "-O3",
+        "-ffast-math",
+        "-flto",
+        "-march=native",
+        "-I",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/sources/log-sync/include",
+        "-I",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/sources/log-sync/src",
+        "-I",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/sources/log-sync/src/platform_linux",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/harnesses/insert_benchmark.c",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/sources/log-sync/build/release/lib/libsplinterdb.a",
+        "-laio",
+        "-lxxhash",
+        "-lm",
+        "-lpthread",
+        "-o",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/bin/log-sync/insert_benchmark"
+      ],
+      "binary": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/bin/log-sync/insert_benchmark",
+      "binary_sha256": "d8471c69f9a8ae349c7477b07b86ac38386763a49e10aed0519f2b77494e3387",
+      "source": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/harnesses/insert_benchmark.c",
+      "source_sha256": "da57ae18e97c88352479be897eedee0ecc9b54bb2b968c579421738dadd8d8b4"
+    }
+  },
+  "verified_runtime_commit": "9bc5ebf403196affb43a0c04fdf0e9234f24d025",
+  "library_build_configs": {
+    "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/sources/log-sync/build/release/build-config.348fafc9ffa4704dcb2b7890cf9058ef": {
+      "sha256": "65b6e863a8c72f10f7a383167625e6201b9c3716d65ecad6d08829eddc84a402",
+      "text": "MAKEFLAGS= -j4 --jobserver-auth=fifo:/tmp/splinter-fc0-log-sync-build-kyhtryu6/GMfifo7 -- BUILD_MODE=release CC=gcc\nBUILD_MODE=release\nQT_ACCESSIBILITY=1\nCC=gcc\nCC = gcc\nDEPFLAGS = -MMD -MP\nCFLAGS = -D_GNU_SOURCE -ggdb -Wall -pthread -Wfatal-errors -Werror -Wvla -DXXH_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY -fPIC -DSPLINTERDB_PLATFORM_DIR=platform_linux -O3 -ffast-math -flto -DPLATFORM_MEMORY_FAULT_INJECTION=0\nTEST_MEMORY_FAULT_DISABLED_CFLAGS = -DPLATFORM_MEMORY_FAULT_INJECTION_DISABLED_IN_THIS_FILE\nINCLUDE = -I include -I src -I src/platform_linux -I tests\nTARGET_ARCH =\nLD = gcc\nLDFLAGS = -ggdb -pthread -O3 -ffast-math -flto\nLIBS = -lm -lpthread -laio -lxxhash\nAR = ar\n"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/main-build.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/main-build.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b2403a7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/main-build.json
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+{
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+  "library": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/sources/main/build/release/lib/libsplinterdb.a",
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+      "text": "MAKEFLAGS= -j4 --jobserver-auth=fifo:/tmp/splinter-fc0-main-baseline-build-_tgr69fx/GMfifo6 -- BUILD_MODE=release CC=gcc\nBUILD_MODE=release\nQT_ACCESSIBILITY=1\nCC=gcc\nCC = gcc\nDEPFLAGS = -MMD -MP\nCFLAGS = -D_GNU_SOURCE -ggdb -Wall -pthread -Wfatal-errors -Werror -Wvla -DXXH_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY -fPIC -DSPLINTERDB_PLATFORM_DIR=platform_linux -O3 -ffast-math -flto -DPLATFORM_MEMORY_FAULT_INJECTION=0\nTEST_MEMORY_FAULT_DISABLED_CFLAGS = -DPLATFORM_MEMORY_FAULT_INJECTION_DISABLED_IN_THIS_FILE\nINCLUDE = -I include -I src -I src/platform_linux -I tests\nTARGET_ARCH =\nLD = gcc\nLDFLAGS = -ggdb -pthread -O3 -ffast-math -flto\nLIBS = -lm -lpthread -laio -lxxhash\nAR = ar\n"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/report.txt b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/report.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..38866dd3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/report.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+Main fc0bc8f7 integration and asynchronous log policy
+All database files use verified real ext4 disk and O_DIRECT; jobs are serialized.
+These are short closed-loop samples; sample ranges are not confidence intervals.
+
+Log insertion: 8 seconds/run, 3 rounds, 1/8 writers, one memtable and3 normal workers.
+256MiB cache,16GiB logical disk,8MiB memtable,16-byte keys/values,CPU0-11.
+Threshold0 means default64 pages; UINT64_MAX disables. No explicit periodic barriers.
+Main has no automatic durability, so it supplies a throughput ceiling, not equal durability.
+Sync and async policies are based on the same main. Shutdown drains accepted tasks.
+API return/count/close checked; insertion readback is covered separately by recovery tests.
+
+writers=1 main       n=6 mean=857484/s range=[833230,913176] vsMain=+0.00% drain=839245/s close=0.173s p99=19.37us p999=39.42us fullCPU=1.284us/op
+writers=1 disabled   n=3 mean=854068/s range=[778738,922013] vsMain=-0.40% drain=831573/s close=0.216s p99=19.03us p999=38.74us fullCPU=1.306us/op
+writers=1 sync64     n=3 mean=596021/s range=[504919,769657] vsMain=-30.49% drain=586250/s close=0.139s p99=19.03us p999=59.22us fullCPU=1.294us/op
+writers=1 async64    n=3 mean=833949/s range=[804150,866353] vsMain=-2.74% drain=816629/s close=0.171s p99=19.71us p999=49.66us fullCPU=1.297us/op
+writers=1 sync1024   n=3 mean=833077/s range=[802993,874121] vsMain=-2.85% drain=813959/s close=0.190s p99=19.37us p999=39.77us fullCPU=1.279us/op
+writers=1 async1024  n=3 mean=846712/s range=[809316,875538] vsMain=-1.26% drain=829206/s close=0.171s p99=19.71us p999=40.11us fullCPU=1.286us/op
+  async versus sync at 64 pages: +39.92% throughput
+  async versus sync at 1024 pages: +1.64% throughput
+writers=8 main       n=6 mean=1799079/s range=[1675278,2025599] vsMain=+0.00% drain=1735670/s close=0.342s p99=62.98us p999=216.41us fullCPU=2.664us/op
+writers=8 disabled   n=3 mean=1735876/s range=[1685304,1789368] vsMain=-3.51% drain=1673366/s close=0.360s p99=62.29us p999=216.41us fullCPU=2.648us/op
+writers=8 sync64     n=3 mean=1228616/s range=[1144109,1273105] vsMain=-31.71% drain=1187308/s close=0.285s p99=24.83us p999=105.47us fullCPU=1.836us/op
+writers=8 async64    n=3 mean=1629365/s range=[1573326,1701016] vsMain=-9.43% drain=1575646/s close=0.276s p99=29.61us p999=179.54us fullCPU=2.109us/op
+writers=8 sync1024   n=3 mean=1772074/s range=[1679951,1861403] vsMain=-1.50% drain=1710257/s close=0.343s p99=61.95us p999=219.14us fullCPU=2.709us/op
+writers=8 async1024  n=3 mean=1809935/s range=[1634948,1973521] vsMain=+0.60% drain=1753475/s close=0.302s p99=62.29us p999=215.04us fullCPU=2.726us/op
+  async versus sync at 64 pages: +32.62% throughput
+  async versus sync at 1024 pages: +2.14% throughput
+
+CPU/I/O sampled-window totals end before joins/close; process_* counters include complete process lifetime.
+
+Disabled-policy follow-up: two ABBA rounds,12seconds/run,8writers.
+Main controls drift sharply in the first round; preserve both rounds.
+  round0: disabled versus main -6.95%
+  round1: disabled versus main -0.05%
+This does not establish an exact small overhead; the second, steadier round is effectively tied.
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/run_benchmarks-matrix.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/run_benchmarks-matrix.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..622c553ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/run_benchmarks-matrix.py
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+"""Run only through campaign run_job.py benchmark (exclusive real-disk lock)."""
+import argparse
+import csv
+import hashlib
+import importlib.util
+import json
+import os
+import re
+import statistics
+from pathlib import Path
+
+HERE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+CAMP = HERE.parent.parent
+spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location('runner', HERE.parent / 'main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/run_matrix.py')
+r = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+spec.loader.exec_module(r)
+r.COORD = HERE
+r.OUT = CAMP / 'benchmarks/main-fc0bc8f7'
+os.environ.pop('PREFIX_DISABLE', None)
+
+original_newmode = r.newmode
+def newmode(mode):
+    folder, manifest = original_newmode(mode)
+    manifest['policy_runner_sha256'] = r.sha(__file__)
+    manifest['prefix_disable_environment'] = 'unset explicitly'
+    r.save(folder/'manifest.json', manifest)
+    return folder, manifest
+r.newmode = newmode
+
+original_cmdrun = r.cmdrun
+def cmdrun(folder, manifest, label, profile, binary, args, env=None, timeout=600):
+    rec = original_cmdrun(folder, manifest, label, profile, binary, args, env, timeout)
+    rec['environment_overrides'] = env or {}
+    r.save(folder/'manifest.json', manifest)
+    return rec
+r.cmdrun = cmdrun
+
+def log_matrix():
+    folder, m = r.newmode('log-async')
+    m['scope'] = 'Same main base; sync versus async policy, disabled policy, and threshold sensitivity'
+    m['verification'] = 'Positive inserts, API errors, successful draining close; recovery validated separately'
+    data = []
+    options = {'main': ('main', 0), 'disabled': ('log-async', 2**64-1),
+               'sync64': ('log-sync', 0), 'async64': ('log-async', 0),
+               'sync1024': ('log-sync', 1024), 'async1024': ('log-async', 1024)}
+    rounds = [
+        ['main', 'disabled', 'sync64', 'async64', 'sync1024', 'async1024', 'main'],
+        ['main', 'async1024', 'sync1024', 'async64', 'sync64', 'disabled', 'main'],
+        ['main', 'async64', 'disabled', 'sync1024', 'async1024', 'sync64', 'main'],
+    ]
+    for threads in [1, 8]:
+        for rep, order in enumerate(rounds):
+            for index, version in enumerate(order):
+                profile, pages = options[version]
+                label = f't{threads}-r{rep}-{index}-{version}'
+                stem = folder / label
+                db = folder / 'scratch.db'
+                assert not db.exists()
+                args = ['--db', db, '--csv', str(stem)+'.csv', '--summary', str(stem)+'.summary.csv', '--records', 100000000, '--seconds', 8, '--report-ms', 100, '--cache-mib', 256, '--disk-gib', 16, '--direct', '--inserters', threads, '--readers', 0, '--memtable-bg', 1, '--normal-bg', 3, '--memtable-mib', 8, '--key-size', 16, '--value-size', 16, '--min-free-gib', 12, '--seed', 42, '--log-group-size-pages', pages]
+                rec = r.cmdrun(folder, m, label, profile, 'insert_benchmark', args, timeout=180)
+                summary = r.rows(Path(str(stem)+'.summary.csv'))
+                assert len(summary) == 1
+                summary = summary[0]
+                inserted = int(summary['inserted'])
+                assert inserted > 0
+                log = (folder / (label+'.log')).read_text()
+                error = re.search(r'load_end .* error=([0-9]+)(?: |\n)', log)
+                assert error and int(error[1]) == 0
+                close = re.search(r'close_s=([\d.]+) close_rc=0', log)
+                assert close
+                assert not re.search(r'(automatic.*(failed|error)|durable barrier.*failed)', log, re.I), log[-2000:]
+                intervals = r.rows(Path(str(stem)+'.csv'))
+                cpu = sum(float(x['cpu_cores'])*float(x['interval_s']) for x in intervals)
+                row = dict(threads=threads, rep=rep, index=index, version=version, ops_s=float(summary['achieved_insert_ops_s']), inserted=inserted, elapsed_s=float(summary['elapsed_s']), close_s=float(close[1]), drain_ops_s=inserted/(float(summary['elapsed_s'])+float(close[1])), cpu_us_op=cpu*1e6/inserted, p99_us=1000*float(summary['insert_service_p99_ms']), p999_us=1000*float(summary['insert_service_p999_ms']), max_ms=float(summary['insert_service_max_ms']), read_B_op=sum(float(x['read_mib_s'])*float(x['interval_s']) for x in intervals)*2**20/inserted, write_B_op=sum(float(x['write_mib_s'])*float(x['interval_s']) for x in intervals)*2**20/inserted)
+                data.append(row)
+                row['process_cpu_us_op'] = rec['process_cpu_s']*1e6/inserted
+                row['process_read_B_op'] = rec['process_read_bytes']/inserted
+                row['process_write_B_op'] = rec['process_write_bytes']/inserted
+                m['metric_windows'] = 'cpu_us_op/read_B_op/write_B_op are sampled active-window totals divided by joined insert count; process_* includes startup and draining close'
+                rec.update(verified=True, errors=0, inserted=inserted, close_s=row['close_s'], allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512)
+                r.save(folder/'manifest.json', m)
+                r.csvwrite(folder/'results.csv', data)
+                db.unlink()
+    m['complete'] = True
+    r.save(folder/'manifest.json', m)
+
+def branch_screen():
+    folder, m = r.newmode('branch-screen')
+    m['scope'] = 'Small resident integration screen; real-disk databases, not comprehensive retuning'
+    fixtures = {}
+    for profile, pattern in [('main', 'ordinary'), ('main', 'common'), ('branch-prefix', 'common'), ('main', 'random'), ('branch-prefix', 'random')]:
+        label = f'fixture-{profile}-{pattern}'
+        db = folder / (label+'.db')
+        binary = 'kvbench' if pattern == 'ordinary' else 'prefix_kvbench'
+        args = r.kvargs(db, folder/(label+'.csv'), profile, 'resident', 0, secs=1, create=True)+['load:random']
+        rec = r.cmdrun(folder, m, label, profile, binary, args, {'PREFIX_PATTERN': pattern} if pattern != 'ordinary' else None)
+        r.verifykv(folder/(label+'.csv'), 0, 1)
+        with db.open('rb') as f:
+            os.fsync(f.fileno())
+        rec.update(verified=True, fixture_sha256=r.sha(db), allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512)
+        fixtures[(profile, pattern)] = db
+        r.save(folder/'manifest.json', m)
+    cases = [('ordinary', ['main', 'cache-invalid-addresses', 'directory-direct', 'directory-bucket', 'directory-bucket-simd', 'directory-bucket-atomic', 'main', 'directory-bucket-atomic', 'directory-bucket-simd', 'directory-bucket', 'directory-direct', 'cache-invalid-addresses', 'main']),
+             ('common', ['main', 'branch-prefix', 'branch-prefix', 'main']),
+             ('random', ['main', 'branch-prefix', 'branch-prefix', 'main'])]
+    for pattern, order in cases:
+        for index, profile in enumerate(order):
+            label = f'{pattern}-{index}-{profile}'
+            db = folder/'scratch.db'
+            assert not db.exists()
+            fixture = fixtures[('branch-prefix' if profile == 'branch-prefix' else 'main', pattern)]
+            r.subprocess.run(['cp', '--reflink=auto', '--sparse=always', str(fixture), str(db)], check=True)
+            with db.open('rb') as f:
+                os.fsync(f.fileno())
+            csvpath = folder/(pattern+'-results.csv')
+            args = r.kvargs(db, csvpath, profile, 'resident', index, secs=3)+['warm', 'point:uniform@8', 'range:uniform:1@8', 'range:uniform:10000@8']
+            rec = r.cmdrun(folder, m, label, profile, 'kvbench' if pattern == 'ordinary' else 'prefix_kvbench', args, {'PREFIX_PATTERN': pattern} if pattern != 'ordinary' else None)
+            rows = r.verifykv(csvpath, index, 4)
+            rec.update(verified=True, errors=0, violations=0, fixture=str(fixture), allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512)
+            r.save(folder/'manifest.json', m)
+            db.unlink()
+    m['complete'] = True
+    r.save(folder/'manifest.json', m)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    p = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    p.add_argument('mode', choices=['log', 'screen'])
+    a = p.parse_args()
+    {'log': log_matrix, 'screen': branch_screen}[a.mode]()
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/run_benchmarks.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/run_benchmarks.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9fe3180f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/run_benchmarks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+"""Run only through campaign run_job.py benchmark (exclusive real-disk lock)."""
+import argparse
+import csv
+import hashlib
+import importlib.util
+import json
+import os
+import re
+import statistics
+from pathlib import Path
+
+HERE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+CAMP = HERE.parent.parent
+spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location('runner', HERE.parent / 'main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/run_matrix.py')
+r = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+spec.loader.exec_module(r)
+r.COORD = HERE
+r.OUT = CAMP / 'benchmarks/main-fc0bc8f7'
+os.environ.pop('PREFIX_DISABLE', None)
+
+original_newmode = r.newmode
+def newmode(mode):
+    folder, manifest = original_newmode(mode)
+    manifest['policy_runner_sha256'] = r.sha(__file__)
+    manifest['prefix_disable_environment'] = 'unset explicitly'
+    r.save(folder/'manifest.json', manifest)
+    return folder, manifest
+r.newmode = newmode
+
+original_cmdrun = r.cmdrun
+def cmdrun(folder, manifest, label, profile, binary, args, env=None, timeout=600):
+    rec = original_cmdrun(folder, manifest, label, profile, binary, args, env, timeout)
+    rec['environment_overrides'] = env or {}
+    r.save(folder/'manifest.json', manifest)
+    return rec
+r.cmdrun = cmdrun
+
+def log_matrix(mode='log-async', rounds=None, thread_counts=None, seconds=8):
+    folder, m = r.newmode(mode)
+    m['scope'] = 'Same main base; sync versus async policy, disabled policy, and threshold sensitivity'
+    m['verification'] = 'Positive inserts, API errors, successful draining close; recovery validated separately'
+    data = []
+    options = {'main': ('main', 0), 'disabled': ('log-async', 2**64-1),
+               'sync64': ('log-sync', 0), 'async64': ('log-async', 0),
+               'sync1024': ('log-sync', 1024), 'async1024': ('log-async', 1024)}
+    rounds = rounds or [
+        ['main', 'disabled', 'sync64', 'async64', 'sync1024', 'async1024', 'main'],
+        ['main', 'async1024', 'sync1024', 'async64', 'sync64', 'disabled', 'main'],
+        ['main', 'async64', 'disabled', 'sync1024', 'async1024', 'sync64', 'main'],
+    ]
+    for threads in thread_counts or [1, 8]:
+        for rep, order in enumerate(rounds):
+            for index, version in enumerate(order):
+                profile, pages = options[version]
+                label = f't{threads}-r{rep}-{index}-{version}'
+                stem = folder / label
+                db = folder / 'scratch.db'
+                assert not db.exists()
+                args = ['--db', db, '--csv', str(stem)+'.csv', '--summary', str(stem)+'.summary.csv', '--records', 100000000, '--seconds', seconds, '--report-ms', 100, '--cache-mib', 256, '--disk-gib', 16, '--direct', '--inserters', threads, '--readers', 0, '--memtable-bg', 1, '--normal-bg', 3, '--memtable-mib', 8, '--key-size', 16, '--value-size', 16, '--min-free-gib', 12, '--seed', 42, '--log-group-size-pages', pages]
+                rec = r.cmdrun(folder, m, label, profile, 'insert_benchmark', args, timeout=180)
+                summary = r.rows(Path(str(stem)+'.summary.csv'))
+                assert len(summary) == 1
+                summary = summary[0]
+                inserted = int(summary['inserted'])
+                assert inserted > 0
+                log = (folder / (label+'.log')).read_text()
+                error = re.search(r'load_end .* error=([0-9]+)(?: |\n)', log)
+                assert error and int(error[1]) == 0
+                close = re.search(r'close_s=([\d.]+) close_rc=0', log)
+                assert close
+                assert not re.search(r'(automatic.*(failed|error)|durable barrier.*failed)', log, re.I), log[-2000:]
+                intervals = r.rows(Path(str(stem)+'.csv'))
+                cpu = sum(float(x['cpu_cores'])*float(x['interval_s']) for x in intervals)
+                row = dict(threads=threads, rep=rep, index=index, version=version, ops_s=float(summary['achieved_insert_ops_s']), inserted=inserted, elapsed_s=float(summary['elapsed_s']), close_s=float(close[1]), drain_ops_s=inserted/(float(summary['elapsed_s'])+float(close[1])), cpu_us_op=cpu*1e6/inserted, p99_us=1000*float(summary['insert_service_p99_ms']), p999_us=1000*float(summary['insert_service_p999_ms']), max_ms=float(summary['insert_service_max_ms']), read_B_op=sum(float(x['read_mib_s'])*float(x['interval_s']) for x in intervals)*2**20/inserted, write_B_op=sum(float(x['write_mib_s'])*float(x['interval_s']) for x in intervals)*2**20/inserted)
+                data.append(row)
+                row['process_cpu_us_op'] = rec['process_cpu_s']*1e6/inserted
+                row['process_read_B_op'] = rec['process_read_bytes']/inserted
+                row['process_write_B_op'] = rec['process_write_bytes']/inserted
+                m['metric_windows'] = 'cpu_us_op/read_B_op/write_B_op are sampled active-window totals divided by joined insert count; process_* includes startup and draining close'
+                rec.update(verified=True, errors=0, inserted=inserted, close_s=row['close_s'], allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512)
+                r.save(folder/'manifest.json', m)
+                r.csvwrite(folder/'results.csv', data)
+                db.unlink()
+    m['complete'] = True
+    r.save(folder/'manifest.json', m)
+
+def branch_screen():
+    folder, m = r.newmode('branch-screen')
+    m['scope'] = 'Small resident integration screen; real-disk databases, not comprehensive retuning'
+    fixtures = {}
+    for profile, pattern in [('main', 'ordinary'), ('main', 'common'), ('branch-prefix', 'common'), ('main', 'random'), ('branch-prefix', 'random')]:
+        label = f'fixture-{profile}-{pattern}'
+        db = folder / (label+'.db')
+        binary = 'kvbench' if pattern == 'ordinary' else 'prefix_kvbench'
+        args = r.kvargs(db, folder/(label+'.csv'), profile, 'resident', 0, secs=1, create=True)+['load:random']
+        rec = r.cmdrun(folder, m, label, profile, binary, args, {'PREFIX_PATTERN': pattern} if pattern != 'ordinary' else None)
+        r.verifykv(folder/(label+'.csv'), 0, 1)
+        with db.open('rb') as f:
+            os.fsync(f.fileno())
+        rec.update(verified=True, fixture_sha256=r.sha(db), allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512)
+        fixtures[(profile, pattern)] = db
+        r.save(folder/'manifest.json', m)
+    cases = [('ordinary', ['main', 'cache-invalid-addresses', 'directory-direct', 'directory-bucket', 'directory-bucket-simd', 'directory-bucket-atomic', 'main', 'directory-bucket-atomic', 'directory-bucket-simd', 'directory-bucket', 'directory-direct', 'cache-invalid-addresses', 'main']),
+             ('common', ['main', 'branch-prefix', 'branch-prefix', 'main']),
+             ('random', ['main', 'branch-prefix', 'branch-prefix', 'main'])]
+    for pattern, order in cases:
+        for index, profile in enumerate(order):
+            label = f'{pattern}-{index}-{profile}'
+            db = folder/'scratch.db'
+            assert not db.exists()
+            fixture = fixtures[('branch-prefix' if profile == 'branch-prefix' else 'main', pattern)]
+            r.subprocess.run(['cp', '--reflink=auto', '--sparse=always', str(fixture), str(db)], check=True)
+            with db.open('rb') as f:
+                os.fsync(f.fileno())
+            csvpath = folder/(pattern+'-results.csv')
+            args = r.kvargs(db, csvpath, profile, 'resident', index, secs=3)+['warm', 'point:uniform@8', 'range:uniform:1@8', 'range:uniform:10000@8']
+            rec = r.cmdrun(folder, m, label, profile, 'kvbench' if pattern == 'ordinary' else 'prefix_kvbench', args, {'PREFIX_PATTERN': pattern} if pattern != 'ordinary' else None)
+            rows = r.verifykv(csvpath, index, 4)
+            rec.update(verified=True, errors=0, violations=0, fixture=str(fixture), allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512)
+            r.save(folder/'manifest.json', m)
+            db.unlink()
+    m['complete'] = True
+    r.save(folder/'manifest.json', m)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    p = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    p.add_argument('mode', choices=['log', 'screen', 'disabled-repeat'])
+    a = p.parse_args()
+    if a.mode == 'disabled-repeat':
+        log_matrix('log-disabled-repeat', [['main', 'disabled', 'disabled', 'main']]*2, [8], 12)
+    else:
+        {'log': log_matrix, 'screen': branch_screen}[a.mode]()
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/run_job.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/run_job.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..299c91084
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/run_job.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Coordinate this campaign's builds/tests and disk-backed benchmarks."""
+import argparse
+import fcntl
+import json
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+import time
+
+ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
+p = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+p.add_argument('mode', choices=['build', 'test', 'benchmark'])
+p.add_argument('--name', required=True)
+p.add_argument('--db-dir', type=Path)
+p.add_argument('command', nargs=argparse.REMAINDER)
+a = p.parse_args()
+command = a.command[1:] if a.command[:1] == ['--'] else a.command
+if not command:
+    p.error('command required after --')
+if a.mode == 'benchmark':
+    if a.db_dir is None:
+        p.error('benchmark requires --db-dir')
+    a.db_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    db_dir = a.db_dir.resolve()
+    if not db_dir.is_relative_to(ROOT / 'benchmarks'):
+        p.error('benchmark database directory must be under the campaign benchmarks directory')
+    fs = subprocess.check_output(['findmnt', '-n', '-o', 'FSTYPE,SOURCE', '-T', str(db_dir)], text=True).strip()
+    if fs.split()[0] in {'tmpfs', 'ramfs'} or not fs.split()[1].startswith('/dev/'):
+        p.error('benchmark storage must be a verified disk filesystem: ' + fs)
+    bench_lock = open(ROOT / 'coordination' / 'benchmark.lock', 'a+')
+    fcntl.flock(bench_lock, fcntl.LOCK_EX)
+    print('Benchmark database storage:', fs, str(db_dir), flush=True)
+machine_lock = open(ROOT / 'coordination' / 'machine.lock', 'a+')
+fcntl.flock(machine_lock, fcntl.LOCK_EX if a.mode == 'benchmark' else fcntl.LOCK_SH)
+record = dict(name=a.name, mode=a.mode, cwd=os.getcwd(), command=command,
+              started=time.time(), pid=os.getpid())
+if a.db_dir is not None:
+    record['db_dir'] = str(a.db_dir.resolve())
+print('Starting', a.name, a.mode, flush=True)
+try:
+    # Tool commands run in distinct PID namespaces; GNU make's FIFO names
+    # otherwise collide when several builds choose /tmp/GMfifo8.
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix='splinter-' + a.name + '-', dir='/tmp') as temporary:
+        environment = dict(os.environ, TMPDIR=temporary)
+        result = subprocess.run(command, env=environment)
+    record['returncode'] = result.returncode
+finally:
+    record['finished'] = time.time()
+    with open(ROOT / 'coordination' / 'jobs.jsonl', 'a') as journal:
+        fcntl.flock(journal, fcntl.LOCK_EX)
+        journal.write(json.dumps(record) + '\n')
+raise SystemExit(result.returncode)
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/runtime.patch b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/runtime.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2cbf673f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/runtime.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,976 @@
+diff --git a/benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c b/benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c
+index 7defd8ff..8f531470 100644
+--- a/benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c
++++ b/benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c
+@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ typedef struct options {
+    uint64_t    inserts, queries, memtable_bg, normal_bg, memtable_mib;
+    uint64_t    key_size, value_size, report_ms, seconds, min_free_gib;
+    uint64_t    queue_scale, barrier_ms, target_insert_ops_s;
++   uint64_t    log_group_size_pages;
+    bool        full_query_range, direct, use_log, open_existing;
+ } options;
+ 
+@@ -420,6 +421,8 @@ usage(const char *name)
+       "  --seed N           default 1\n"
+       "  --barrier-ms N     call splinterdb_durable_barrier from a "
+       "dedicated thread every N ms (default 0 = disabled)\n"
++      "  --log-group-size-pages N  automatic durability threshold "
++      "(0 = default, UINT64_MAX = disabled)\n"
+       "  --trace NEW_CSV    trace internal tasks and waits (optional)\n"
+       "  --direct          use O_DIRECT (default buffered I/O)\n"
+       "  --no-log          disable WAL (default enabled)\n"
+@@ -521,6 +524,7 @@ parse_options(int argc, char **argv, options *o)
+          {"--id-base", &o->id_base},
+          {"--queue-scale", &o->queue_scale},
+          {"--barrier-ms", &o->barrier_ms},
++         {"--log-group-size-pages", &o->log_group_size_pages},
+          {"--target-insert-ops-s", &o->target_insert_ops_s},
+       };
+       bool found = false;
+@@ -717,6 +721,14 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
+                             .use_log             = o->use_log,
+                             .checkpoint_log_size_bytes = UINT64_MAX,
+                             .use_stats                 = true};
++#ifndef KVBENCH_NO_LOG_GROUP_LIMIT
++   cfg.log_group_size_pages = o->log_group_size_pages;
++#else
++   if (o->log_group_size_pages != 0) {
++      fprintf(stderr, "This build has no automatic log-group limit\n");
++      return 1;
++   }
++#endif
+    platform_set_log_streams(stderr, stderr);
+    fprintf(
+       stderr,
+diff --git a/include/splinterdb/splinterdb.h b/include/splinterdb/splinterdb.h
+index 1e01974f..61401daa 100644
+--- a/include/splinterdb/splinterdb.h
++++ b/include/splinterdb/splinterdb.h
+@@ -110,6 +110,15 @@ typedef struct splinterdb_config {
+    // log
+    _Bool use_log;
+ 
++   // Best-effort automatic durability threshold, in pages. Zero selects
++   // MAX_THREADS pages; UINT64_MAX disables it. Each new staging page and
++   // each blob's logical bytes (rounded to pages) count toward the threshold.
++   // Crossing it submits a fire-and-forget durable barrier after publishing
++   // the update. Concurrent writers and large blobs may overshoot. Failures
++   // are logged; they do not turn a visible update into a failed insert.
++   // Background task scheduling may enlist foreground threads to do the work.
++   uint64 log_group_size_pages;
++
+    // Automatic checkpoints: once the write-ahead log has grown by this many
+    // bytes, SplinterDB arms a checkpoint.  The next natural memtable rotation
+    // cuts the log, after which the checkpoint folds the logged updates into the
+diff --git a/src/core.c b/src/core.c
+index 562b297b..8bf5fa94 100644
+--- a/src/core.c
++++ b/src/core.c
+@@ -1295,11 +1295,15 @@ core_begin_memtable_insert(core_handle *spl, uint64 *generation, memtable **mt)
+    return STATUS_OK;
+ }
+ 
++static void
++core_maybe_make_log_durable(core_handle *spl);
++
+ typedef struct core_log_write_context {
+    log_handle                 *log;
+    key                         tuple_key;
+    const btree_insert_results *insert_results;
+    log_write_prepared          prepared;
++   bool32                      automatic_needed;
+    log_write_token             token;
+    bool32                      reserved;
+ } core_log_write_context;
+@@ -1432,6 +1436,7 @@ core_log_insert(core_handle            *spl,
+       __atomic_store_n(&spl->log_reached_threshold, TRUE, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+    }
+ 
++   write_ctxt->automatic_needed = log_group_size_reached(write_ctxt->log);
+    return STATUS_OK;
+ }
+ 
+@@ -3014,6 +3019,10 @@ core_insert(core_handle   *spl,
+ 
+    memtable_end_insert(&spl->mt_ctxt);
+ 
++   if (write_ctxt.automatic_needed) {
++      core_maybe_make_log_durable(spl);
++   }
++
+    btree_insert_results_deinit(&insert_results);
+    if (fetch_and_update) {
+       lookup_result_deinit(&preactive_result);
+@@ -4320,6 +4329,7 @@ typedef struct core_durable_barrier_state {
+    log_durable_ticket       log_ticket;
+    uint64                   publication_target;
+    uint64                   checkpoint_target;
++   bool32                   automatic;
+ } core_durable_barrier_state;
+ 
+ /* Capture the cut while the caller still owns the core's operation lifetime.
+@@ -4348,6 +4358,13 @@ core_durable_barrier_begin(core_durable_barrier_state *state,
+       rc = STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
+       goto end_insert_epoch;
+    }
++   /* Recheck under the insert epoch so rotation cannot invalidate the log.
++    * The submission guard excludes other automatic cuts; manual barriers may
++    * still race this hint and make a redundant cut, which is harmless. */
++   if (state->automatic && !log_group_size_reached(spl->log)) {
++      memtable_end_insert(&spl->mt_ctxt);
++      return STATUS_OK;
++   }
+    state->live = spl->log;
+ 
+    platform_mutex_lock(&spl->checkpoint_state_lock);
+@@ -4424,13 +4441,20 @@ core_durable_barrier_task(task *work)
+       rc = core_durable_barrier_finish(state);
+       task_end_blocking_wait(state->spl->ts);
+    }
++   if (!SUCCESS(rc) && state->notification == NULL) {
++      platform_error_log("WARNING: fire-and-forget durable barrier failed: %s; "
++                         "recent writes may not be durable. A later barrier "
++                         "can retry.\n",
++                         platform_status_to_string(rc));
++   }
+    splinterdb_notification_complete(state->notification, rc);
+    platform_free(state->spl->heap_id, state);
+ }
+ 
+-platform_status
+-core_durable_barrier_async(core_handle             *spl,
+-                           splinterdb_notification *notification)
++static platform_status
++core_durable_barrier_async_internal(core_handle             *spl,
++                                    splinterdb_notification *notification,
++                                    bool32                   automatic)
+ {
+    core_durable_barrier_state *state = TYPED_ZALLOC(spl->heap_id, state);
+    if (state == NULL) {
+@@ -4438,11 +4462,12 @@ core_durable_barrier_async(core_handle             *spl,
+    }
+    state->spl          = spl;
+    state->notification = notification;
++   state->automatic    = automatic;
+    /* Retain the insert epoch until publication. On enqueue failure, the
+     * live log still owns a reference, so dropping our pin cannot destroy a
+     * retired log (which could need to read allocation metadata). */
+    platform_status rc = core_durable_barrier_begin(state, TRUE);
+-   if (!SUCCESS(rc)) {
++   if (!SUCCESS(rc) || (automatic && state->live == NULL)) {
+       platform_free(spl->heap_id, state);
+       return rc;
+    }
+@@ -4463,6 +4488,39 @@ core_durable_barrier_async(core_handle             *spl,
+    return rc;
+ }
+ 
++platform_status
++core_durable_barrier_async(core_handle             *spl,
++                           splinterdb_notification *notification)
++{
++   return core_durable_barrier_async_internal(spl, notification, FALSE);
++}
++
++static void
++core_maybe_make_log_durable(core_handle *spl)
++{
++   bool32 expected = FALSE;
++   if (!__atomic_compare_exchange_n(&spl->automatic_barrier_submitting,
++                                    &expected,
++                                    TRUE,
++                                    FALSE,
++                                    __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE,
++                                    __ATOMIC_RELAXED))
++   {
++      return;
++   }
++   platform_status rc = core_durable_barrier_async_internal(spl, NULL, TRUE);
++   __atomic_store_n(
++      &spl->automatic_barrier_submitting, FALSE, __ATOMIC_RELEASE);
++   if (!SUCCESS(rc)) {
++      /* The insert is already visible. This best-effort policy cannot turn
++       * that successful update into a failed operation. A later threshold or
++       * explicit barrier retries the pending durable prefix. */
++      platform_error_log("WARNING: automatic durable barrier submission "
++                         "failed: %s; recent writes may not be durable.\n",
++                         platform_status_to_string(rc));
++   }
++}
++
+ /*
+  * Close (unmount) a database without destroying it.
+  * It can be re-opened later with core_mount().  See core.h for the contract.
+diff --git a/src/core.h b/src/core.h
+index 499b3360..2018777d 100644
+--- a/src/core.h
++++ b/src/core.h
+@@ -269,6 +269,9 @@ struct core_handle {
+    platform_mutex        checkpoint_state_lock;
+    core_checkpoint_state checkpoint;
+ 
++   /* Held only while submitting an automatic durability barrier. */
++   bool32 automatic_barrier_submitting;
++
+    /*
+     * Hint that the live log has reached checkpoint_log_size_bytes.  Set by
+     * core_log_insert() -- which already holds the shared insert lock, the same
+diff --git a/src/log.h b/src/log.h
+index 1c87177e..3689f62d 100644
+--- a/src/log.h
++++ b/src/log.h
+@@ -176,6 +176,7 @@ typedef struct log_ops {
+    log_head_fn                   head;
+    log_is_empty_fn               is_empty;
+    log_size_fn                   size;
++   bool32 (*group_size_reached)(log_handle *log);
+ } log_ops;
+ 
+ // to sub-class log, make a log_handle your first field
+@@ -236,6 +237,15 @@ log_write_finish(log_write_token *token,
+    platform_assert(token->log == NULL);
+ }
+ 
++/* Best-effort policy hint. The caller protects the log lifetime; no record
++ * reservation is needed. Raw log_write() only appends: the database schedules
++ * automatic durability after releasing its insert epoch. */
++static inline bool32
++log_group_size_reached(log_handle *log)
++{
++   return log->ops->group_size_reached(log);
++}
++
+ /* Convenience for callers whose three phases are adjacent. */
+ static inline int
+ log_write(log_handle *log,
+diff --git a/src/shard_log.c b/src/shard_log.c
+index 2729fd88..602bac67 100644
+--- a/src/shard_log.c
++++ b/src/shard_log.c
+@@ -809,8 +809,9 @@ shard_log_group_reset(shard_log *log, shard_log_group *group, uint64 id)
+    group->state        = SHARD_LOG_GROUP_OPEN;
+    group->close        = SHARD_LOG_CLOSE_NONE;
+    group->next_page_no = 0;
+-   group->next         = NULL;
+-   group->pool_next    = NULL;
++   __atomic_store_n(&group->estimated_pages, 0, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
++   group->next      = NULL;
++   group->pool_next = NULL;
+    __atomic_store_n(&group->ever_used, FALSE, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+    uint64 page_size = shard_log_page_size(log->cfg);
+    for (threadid thr_i = 0; thr_i < MAX_THREADS; thr_i++) {
+@@ -1179,6 +1180,7 @@ typedef struct shard_log_prepared_write {
+    message           msg;
+    merge_accumulator log_blob;
+    uint64            entry_size;
++   uint64            blob_pages;
+    threadid          owner_tid;
+    bool32            log_blob_inited;
+    bool32            reserved;
+@@ -1296,6 +1298,10 @@ shard_log_write_prepare(log_handle         *logh,
+       goto fail;
+    }
+ 
++   if (message_is_blob(msg)) {
++      uint64 bytes      = blob_length(message_slice(msg));
++      state->blob_pages = bytes / page_size + (bytes % page_size != 0);
++   }
+    state->tuple_key  = tuple_key;
+    state->msg        = msg;
+    state->entry_size = entry_size;
+@@ -1412,6 +1418,37 @@ shard_log_write_finish(log_write_token *token,
+ 
+    shard_log_atomic_bool_set_once(&log->has_records);
+ 
++   if (log->cfg->group_size_pages != UINT64_MAX) {
++      uint64 added =
++         state->blob_pages + (token->internal_offset == sizeof(shard_log_hdr));
++      if (added != 0) {
++         uint64 pages =
++            __atomic_load_n(&group->estimated_pages, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
++         uint64 next;
++         do {
++            next = added > UINT64_MAX - pages ? UINT64_MAX : pages + added;
++         } while (!__atomic_compare_exchange_n(&group->estimated_pages,
++                                               &pages,
++                                               next,
++                                               FALSE,
++                                               __ATOMIC_RELAXED,
++                                               __ATOMIC_RELAXED));
++         if (next >= log->cfg->group_size_pages) {
++            uint64 target =
++               __atomic_load_n(&log->automatic_target, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
++            while (target < ticket
++                   && !__atomic_compare_exchange_n(&log->automatic_target,
++                                                   &target,
++                                                   ticket,
++                                                   FALSE,
++                                                   __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST,
++                                                   __ATOMIC_RELAXED))
++            {
++            }
++         }
++      }
++   }
++
+    /* Consume the preparation and token before publishing the finished entry. */
+    shard_log_prepared_state_deinit(prepared);
+    token->log             = NULL;
+@@ -1778,7 +1815,6 @@ shard_log_wait_for_ticket_to_be_durable(shard_log         *log,
+    return result;
+ }
+ 
+-/* Install a fresh accepting group and return the closed group's ticket. */
+ static platform_status
+ shard_log_make_durable_begin(log_handle *logh, log_durable_ticket *ticket_out)
+ {
+@@ -2335,6 +2371,17 @@ shard_log_is_empty(log_handle *logh)
+    return !shard_log_atomic_bool_load(&log->has_records);
+ }
+ 
++/* Compare IDs instead of dereferencing the accepting group: durability may
++ * reclaim a group concurrently. Delayed writers can publish an older target,
++ * which must not trigger an unnecessary cut of the successor. */
++static bool32
++shard_log_group_size_reached(log_handle *logh)
++{
++   shard_log *log = (shard_log *)logh;
++   uint64 target  = __atomic_load_n(&log->automatic_target, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
++   return target >= __atomic_load_n(&log->accepting.id, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
++}
++
+ static log_ops shard_log_ops = {
+    .write_prepare          = shard_log_write_prepare,
+    .write_prepared_message = shard_log_write_prepared_message,
+@@ -2348,6 +2395,7 @@ static log_ops shard_log_ops = {
+    .deinit                 = shard_log_deinit,
+    .head                   = shard_log_get_head,
+    .is_empty               = shard_log_is_empty,
++   .group_size_reached     = shard_log_group_size_reached,
+    .size                   = shard_log_get_size,
+ };
+ 
+@@ -2573,15 +2621,16 @@ shard_log_config_init(shard_log_config *log_cfg,
+                       data_config      *data_cfg)
+ {
+    ZERO_CONTENTS(log_cfg);
+-   log_cfg->cache_cfg = cache_cfg;
+-   log_cfg->data_cfg  = data_cfg;
+-   log_cfg->seed      = HASH_SEED;
+-   log_cfg->blob_cfg  = (blob_build_config){
+-       .extent_batch             = 1,
+-       .page_batch               = 2,
+-       .subpage_batch            = 3,
+-       .alignment                = cache_config_page_size(cache_cfg),
+-       .blob_max_descriptor_size = BLOB_DEFAULT_MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SIZE,
++   log_cfg->cache_cfg        = cache_cfg;
++   log_cfg->data_cfg         = data_cfg;
++   log_cfg->seed             = HASH_SEED;
++   log_cfg->group_size_pages = MAX_THREADS;
++   log_cfg->blob_cfg         = (blob_build_config){
++              .extent_batch             = 1,
++              .page_batch               = 2,
++              .subpage_batch            = 3,
++              .alignment                = cache_config_page_size(cache_cfg),
++              .blob_max_descriptor_size = BLOB_DEFAULT_MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SIZE,
+    };
+ }
+ 
+diff --git a/src/shard_log.h b/src/shard_log.h
+index d3190341..7603e8e0 100644
+--- a/src/shard_log.h
++++ b/src/shard_log.h
+@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ typedef struct shard_log_config {
+    cache_config     *cache_cfg;
+    data_config      *data_cfg;
+    uint64            seed;
++   uint64            group_size_pages; // UINT64_MAX disables automatic cuts
+    blob_build_config blob_cfg;
+ } shard_log_config;
+ 
+@@ -134,6 +135,8 @@ struct shard_log_group {
+    shard_log_close_mode  close;
+    /* Next group-local on-disk page number, serialized by mini batch 0. */
+    uint64 next_page_no;
++   // Atomic admission estimate: staging pages plus page-rounded blob bytes.
++   uint64 estimated_pages;
+    /* Atomic, set once by the first reservation in this incarnation. */
+    bool32 ever_used;
+    bool32 emergency; // Is this group from the pool of emergency groups?
+@@ -197,6 +200,8 @@ typedef struct shard_log {
+    /* Includes one owner ref plus one per successful durability begin.
+     */
+    uint64 handle_refs;
++   // Highest group to cross the automatic durability threshold.
++   uint64 automatic_target;
+    /* Atomic diagnostic: the owner has consumed its handle reference. */
+ #if SPLINTER_DEBUG
+    bool32 owner_released;
+diff --git a/src/splinterdb.c b/src/splinterdb.c
+index a8197ae8..44f716dc 100644
+--- a/src/splinterdb.c
++++ b/src/splinterdb.c
+@@ -205,6 +205,9 @@ splinterdb_config_set_defaults(splinterdb_config *cfg)
+    if (!cfg->prefetch_budget) {
+       cfg->prefetch_budget = CORE_DEFAULT_PREFETCH_BUDGET;
+    }
++   if (!cfg->log_group_size_pages) {
++      cfg->log_group_size_pages = MAX_THREADS;
++   }
+    if (!cfg->checkpoint_log_size_bytes) {
+       /*
+        * Arm a checkpoint once the log has grown by a cache's worth: replaying
+@@ -404,6 +407,7 @@ splinterdb_init_config(const splinterdb_config *kvs_cfg, // IN
+       return STATUS_BAD_PARAM;
+    }
+    shard_log_config_init(&kvs->log_cfg, &kvs->cache_cfg.super, kvs->data_cfg);
++   kvs->log_cfg.group_size_pages = cfg.log_group_size_pages;
+    kvs->log_cfg.blob_cfg.blob_max_descriptor_size =
+       cfg.blob_max_descriptor_size;
+ 
+diff --git a/tests/config.c b/tests/config.c
+index f41a855a..e42843ca 100644
+--- a/tests/config.c
++++ b/tests/config.c
+@@ -160,6 +160,7 @@ config_usage()
+    platform_error_log("\t--no-stats\n");
+    platform_error_log("\t--log\n");
+    platform_error_log("\t--no-log\n");
++   platform_error_log("\t--log-group-size-pages (0 => MAX_THREADS)\n");
+    platform_error_log("\t--checkpoint-log-size-gib\n");
+    platform_error_log("\t--checkpoint-log-size-mib\n");
+    platform_error_log("\t--checkpoint-log-size-bytes (0 => cache capacity)\n");
+@@ -398,6 +399,7 @@ config_parse(master_config *cfg, const uint8 num_config, int argc, char *argv[])
+          config_set_mib("prefetch-budget", cfg, prefetch_budget) {}
+          config_set_gib("prefetch-budget", cfg, prefetch_budget) {}
+          config_set_uint64("prefetch-budget-bytes", cfg, prefetch_budget) {}
++         config_set_uint64("log-group-size-pages", cfg, log_group_size_pages) {}
+          config_set_uint64(
+             "blob-max-descriptor-size", cfg, blob_max_descriptor_size)
+          {
+diff --git a/tests/config.h b/tests/config.h
+index aeb15945..91452a6a 100644
+--- a/tests/config.h
++++ b/tests/config.h
+@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ typedef struct master_config {
+ 
+    // log
+    bool32 use_log;
++   uint64 log_group_size_pages;
+    /*
+     * Arm an automatic checkpoint once the live log has grown by this many
+     * bytes.  Zero means follow cache_capacity, matching the production default
+diff --git a/tests/functional/log_test.c b/tests/functional/log_test.c
+index cb24f74f..7a245fe9 100644
+--- a/tests/functional/log_test.c
++++ b/tests/functional/log_test.c
+@@ -2013,6 +2013,40 @@ test_log_blob_checksum_prefix(clockcache        *cc,
+    return 0;
+ }
+ 
++/* Reopen the I/O handle after external truncation, as crash recovery does.
++ * The live handle deliberately caches file size between its own writes; an
++ * external truncate is not one of those writes and cannot invalidate it. */
++static void
++test_log_expect_empty_recovery(clockcache_config *cache_cfg,
++                               allocator         *al,
++                               shard_log_config  *cfg,
++                               platform_heap_id   hid,
++                               log_head           head)
++{
++   io_config reopen_cfg = *cache_cfg->io_cfg;
++   reopen_cfg.flags &= ~(O_TRUNC | O_CREAT);
++   io_handle *reopen_io = io_handle_create(&reopen_cfg, hid);
++   platform_assert(reopen_io != NULL);
++   clockcache *reopen_cc = TYPED_MALLOC(hid, reopen_cc);
++   platform_assert(reopen_cc != NULL);
++   platform_assert_status_ok(clockcache_init(reopen_cc,
++                                             cache_cfg,
++                                             reopen_io,
++                                             al,
++                                             "log-eof-reopen",
++                                             hid,
++                                             platform_get_module_id()));
++   log_iterator *itor;
++   platform_assert_status_ok(
++      shard_log_iterator_create((cache *)reopen_cc, cfg, hid, head, 0, &itor));
++   platform_assert(!log_iterator_can_next(itor));
++   platform_assert(!log_iterator_stream_complete(itor));
++   log_iterator_deinit(itor);
++   clockcache_deinit(reopen_cc);
++   platform_free(hid, reopen_cc);
++   io_handle_destroy(reopen_io);
++}
++
+ /*
+  * Recovery must treat pages beyond a regular file's EOF as absent rather than
+  * relaxing all reads.  Cover both shapes that motivated the range query: a
+@@ -2034,18 +2068,27 @@ test_log_recovery_at_eof(clockcache        *cc,
+    platform_assert_status_ok(shard_log_create((cache *)cc, cfg, hid, &log));
+    log_head empty = log_get_head(log);
+ 
+-   /* No log page has been written: EOF is exactly the initial extent base. */
++   /* Prime a readable range beyond the eventual EOF, so this fixture cannot
++    * accidentally pass by relying on an unpopulated live size cache. These
++    * zeros are not a valid log page. Recovery must reopen the I/O handle. */
++   buffer_handle zeros;
++   uint64        empty_page_size = cache_page_size((cache *)cc);
++   platform_assert_status_ok(platform_buffer_init(&zeros, empty_page_size));
++   memset(platform_buffer_getaddr(&zeros), 0, empty_page_size);
++   platform_assert_status_ok(io_write(
++      io, platform_buffer_getaddr(&zeros), empty_page_size, empty.addr));
++   platform_buffer_deinit(&zeros);
++   bool32 readable;
++   platform_assert_status_ok(cache_range_is_readable(
++      (cache *)cc, empty.addr, empty_page_size, &readable));
++   platform_assert(readable);
++   /* No valid log page remains: EOF is exactly the initial extent base. */
+    io_wait_all(io);
+    int sys_rc = truncate(filename, empty.addr);
+    platform_assert(
+       sys_rc == 0, "truncate(%s) failed with errno %d", filename, errno);
+ 
+-   log_iterator *itor;
+-   platform_assert_status_ok(
+-      shard_log_iterator_create((cache *)cc, cfg, hid, empty, 0, &itor));
+-   platform_assert(!log_iterator_can_next(itor));
+-   platform_assert(!log_iterator_stream_complete(itor));
+-   log_iterator_deinit(itor);
++   test_log_expect_empty_recovery(cache_cfg, al, cfg, hid, empty);
+ 
+    log_deinit(log);
+    shard_log_dec_ref((cache *)cc, &empty);
+@@ -2095,11 +2138,7 @@ test_log_recovery_at_eof(clockcache        *cc,
+       cc, cache_cfg, io, al, "partial-log-eof", hid, platform_get_module_id());
+    platform_assert_status_ok(rc);
+ 
+-   platform_assert_status_ok(
+-      shard_log_iterator_create((cache *)cc, cfg, hid, partial, 0, &itor));
+-   platform_assert(!log_iterator_can_next(itor));
+-   platform_assert(!log_iterator_stream_complete(itor));
+-   log_iterator_deinit(itor);
++   test_log_expect_empty_recovery(cache_cfg, al, cfg, hid, partial);
+    shard_log_dec_ref((cache *)cc, &partial);
+ 
+    return 0;
+@@ -2669,6 +2708,90 @@ cleanup:
+ }
+ 
+ 
++/* The low-level log exposes a policy hint; only the core schedules automatic
++ * barriers. Blob bytes must trigger even when their descriptor fits one page.
++ */
++static void
++test_log_group_size_hint(cache *cc, shard_log_config *cfg, platform_heap_id hid)
++{
++   uint64 saved = cfg->group_size_pages;
++   for (uint64 threshold = 1; threshold <= 4; threshold *= 2) {
++      cfg->group_size_pages = threshold;
++      for (int large = 0; large < 2; large++) {
++         log_handle *logh;
++         platform_assert_status_ok(shard_log_create(cc, cfg, hid, &logh));
++         log_head   head       = log_get_head(logh);
++         shard_log *log        = (shard_log *)logh;
++         char       key_data[] = "automatic-durability";
++         key        k = key_create(FALSE, sizeof(key_data) - 1, key_data);
++         merge_accumulator value;
++         merge_accumulator_init(&value, hid);
++         uint64 bytes =
++            large ? 5 * cache_page_size(cc) + 1 : cache_page_size(cc) / 2;
++         platform_assert(merge_accumulator_resize(&value, bytes));
++         merge_accumulator_set_class(&value, MESSAGE_TYPE_INSERT);
++         memset(merge_accumulator_data(&value), 'A', bytes);
++         uint64 count = large ? 1 : 8;
++         for (uint64 i = 0; i < count; i++) {
++            platform_assert(
++               log_write(logh, k, merge_accumulator_to_message(&value), 0, i)
++               == 0);
++            if (log_group_size_reached(logh)) {
++               log_durable_ticket ticket;
++               platform_assert_status_ok(log_make_durable_begin(logh, &ticket));
++               platform_assert(!log_group_size_reached(logh));
++               platform_assert_status_ok(log_make_durable_wait(logh, ticket));
++            }
++         }
++         platform_assert(__atomic_load_n(&log->durable_ticket, __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE)
++                         != 0);
++         log_deinit(logh);
++         // The log's barrier has already completed. Flush the mini-allocator
++         // metadata so this live allocator can still release the test image;
++         // this is not an additional durability barrier or log seal.
++         platform_assert_status_ok(cache_writeback_dirty(cc));
++         platform_assert_status_ok(cache_evict(cc, FALSE));
++         log_iterator *itor;
++         platform_assert_status_ok(
++            shard_log_iterator_create(cc, cfg, hid, head, 0, &itor));
++         platform_assert(!log_iterator_stream_complete(itor));
++         uint64 recovered = 0;
++         while (log_iterator_can_next(itor)) {
++            key     actual_key;
++            message actual_value;
++            log_iterator_curr(itor, &actual_key, &actual_value);
++            platform_assert(data_key_compare(cfg->data_cfg, k, actual_key)
++                            == 0);
++            platform_assert(
++               message_lex_cmp(merge_accumulator_to_message(&value),
++                               actual_value)
++               == 0);
++            recovered++;
++            platform_assert_status_ok(log_iterator_next(itor));
++         }
++         platform_assert(recovered == count);
++         log_iterator_deinit(itor);
++         merge_accumulator_deinit(&value);
++         shard_log_dec_ref(cc, &head);
++      }
++   }
++   // The disabled option retains the previous unbounded-group behavior.
++   cfg->group_size_pages = UINT64_MAX;
++   log_handle *logh;
++   platform_assert_status_ok(shard_log_create(cc, cfg, hid, &logh));
++   log_head head = log_get_head(logh);
++   key      k    = key_create(FALSE, 1, "k");
++   message  msg =
++      message_create(MESSAGE_TYPE_INSERT, NULL, slice_create(1, "v"));
++   platform_assert(log_write(logh, k, msg, 0, 0) == 0);
++   platform_assert(((shard_log *)logh)->durable_ticket == 0);
++   platform_assert(!log_group_size_reached(logh));
++   log_deinit(logh);
++   shard_log_dec_ref(cc, &head);
++   cfg->group_size_pages = saved;
++}
++
++
+ static void
+ usage(const char *argv0)
+ {
+@@ -2781,6 +2904,21 @@ log_test(int argc, char *argv[])
+                             platform_get_module_id());
+    platform_assert_status_ok(status);
+ 
++   test_log_group_size_hint((cache *)cc, &system_cfg.log_cfg, hid);
++   system_cfg.log_cfg.group_size_pages = 1;
++   rc                                  = test_log_concurrent_durability(cc,
++                                       &system_cfg.cache_cfg,
++                                       io,
++                                       (allocator *)&al,
++                                       &system_cfg.log_cfg,
++                                       hid,
++                                       &gen,
++                                       workload_cfg.key_size);
++   platform_assert(rc == 0);
++
++   // The existing group-state tests control every durability cut explicitly.
++   system_cfg.log_cfg.group_size_pages = UINT64_MAX;
++
+    rc = test_log_recovery_at_eof(cc,
+                                  &system_cfg.cache_cfg,
+                                  io,
+diff --git a/tests/functional/test.h b/tests/functional/test.h
+index ea8cd6c6..201904cf 100644
+--- a/tests/functional/test.h
++++ b/tests/functional/test.h
+@@ -290,6 +290,9 @@ test_config_init(system_config *system_cfg, // OUT
+ 
+    shard_log_config_init(
+       &system_cfg->log_cfg, &system_cfg->cache_cfg.super, system_cfg->data_cfg);
++   if (master_cfg->log_group_size_pages != 0) {
++      system_cfg->log_cfg.group_size_pages = master_cfg->log_group_size_pages;
++   }
+    uint64 blob_limit = master_cfg->blob_max_descriptor_size;
+    if (blob_limit == 0) {
+       blob_limit = BLOB_DEFAULT_MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SIZE;
+diff --git a/tests/unit/splinter_test.c b/tests/unit/splinter_test.c
+index 6897de9f..13d92956 100644
+--- a/tests/unit/splinter_test.c
++++ b/tests/unit/splinter_test.c
+@@ -2133,6 +2133,8 @@ CTEST2(splinter, test_logged_large_insert_shares_blob_extents)
+    cache     *cc                          = (cache *)data->clock_cache;
+    data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg.use_log = TRUE;
+    data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg.checkpoint_log_size_bytes = UINT64_MAX;
++   // This test inspects both records in their mutable staging buffer.
++   data->system_cfg->log_cfg.group_size_pages = UINT64_MAX;
+ 
+    core_handle     spl;
+    platform_status rc = core_mkfs(&spl,
+@@ -5781,6 +5783,179 @@ test_lookup_by_range(void         *datap,
+    return rc;
+ }
+ 
++/* Automatic completion failures are logged without failing a visible insert.
++ * The next barrier still retries the undurable prefix. */
++CTEST2(splinter, test_automatic_log_barrier_reports_failure_and_retries)
++{
++   allocator *al                          = (allocator *)&data->al;
++   data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg.use_log = TRUE;
++   data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg.checkpoint_log_size_bytes = UINT64_MAX;
++   data->system_cfg->log_cfg.group_size_pages               = 1;
++   core_handle spl;
++   ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(core_mkfs(&spl,
++                                 &data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg,
++                                 al,
++                                 (cache *)data->clock_cache,
++                                 data->io,
++                                 &data->tasks,
++                                 test_generate_allocator_root_id(),
++                                 data->hid)));
++   DECLARE_AUTO_KEY_BUFFER(keybuf, data->hid);
++   merge_accumulator msg;
++   merge_accumulator_init(&msg, data->hid);
++   test_key(&keybuf, TEST_RANDOM, 1, 0, 0, data->workload_cfg->key_size, 0);
++   generate_test_message(&data->gen, 1, &msg);
++   checkpoint_barrier_fault fault = {0};
++   checkpoint_barrier_fault_install(&fault, data->io);
++   checkpoint_barrier_fault_arm(&fault, 0);
++   platform_status rc = core_insert(
++      &spl, key_buffer_key(&keybuf), merge_accumulator_to_message(&msg), NULL);
++   ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(rc));
++   ASSERT_EQUAL(1, fault.barriers);
++   ASSERT_EQUAL(0, ((shard_log *)spl.log)->durable_ticket);
++   checkpoint_barrier_fault_uninstall(&fault);
++   lookup_result result;
++   lookup_result_init(&result, data->system_cfg->data_cfg, 0, 0, NULL);
++   ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(core_lookup(&spl, key_buffer_key(&keybuf), &result)));
++   ASSERT_TRUE(lookup_result_found(&result));
++   lookup_result_deinit(&result);
++   rc = core_insert(
++      &spl, key_buffer_key(&keybuf), merge_accumulator_to_message(&msg), NULL);
++   ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(rc));
++   ASSERT_TRUE(((shard_log *)spl.log)->durable_ticket >= 2);
++   merge_accumulator_deinit(&msg);
++   core_destroy(&spl);
++}
++static platform_status
++automatic_barrier_reject_begin(log_handle *log, log_durable_ticket *ticket)
++{
++   *ticket = 0;
++   return STATUS_NO_MEMORY;
++}
++
++/* A rejected submission neither fails the visible insert nor leaks its insert
++ * epoch/guard. With the oversized group still current, the next insert retries.
++ */
++CTEST2(splinter, test_automatic_log_barrier_submission_failure_retries)
++{
++   data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg.use_log                   = TRUE;
++   data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg.checkpoint_log_size_bytes = UINT64_MAX;
++   data->system_cfg->log_cfg.group_size_pages               = 1;
++   core_handle spl;
++   ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(core_mkfs(&spl,
++                                 &data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg,
++                                 (allocator *)&data->al,
++                                 (cache *)data->clock_cache,
++                                 data->io,
++                                 &data->tasks,
++                                 test_generate_allocator_root_id(),
++                                 data->hid)));
++   DECLARE_AUTO_KEY_BUFFER(keybuf, data->hid);
++   merge_accumulator msg;
++   merge_accumulator_init(&msg, data->hid);
++   test_key(&keybuf, TEST_RANDOM, 1, 0, 0, data->workload_cfg->key_size, 0);
++   generate_test_message(&data->gen, 1, &msg);
++   const log_ops *saved_ops     = spl.log->ops;
++   log_ops        fault_ops     = *saved_ops;
++   fault_ops.make_durable_begin = automatic_barrier_reject_begin;
++   spl.log->ops                 = &fault_ops;
++   platform_status rejected     = core_insert(
++      &spl, key_buffer_key(&keybuf), merge_accumulator_to_message(&msg), NULL);
++   spl.log->ops = saved_ops;
++   ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(rejected));
++   ASSERT_FALSE(spl.automatic_barrier_submitting);
++   ASSERT_EQUAL(1, ((shard_log *)spl.log)->handle_refs);
++   ASSERT_EQUAL(0, ((shard_log *)spl.log)->durable_ticket);
++   ASSERT_TRUE(log_group_size_reached(spl.log));
++   ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(core_insert(&spl,
++                                   key_buffer_key(&keybuf),
++                                   merge_accumulator_to_message(&msg),
++                                   NULL)));
++   ASSERT_TRUE(((shard_log *)spl.log)->durable_ticket >= 1);
++   merge_accumulator_deinit(&msg);
++   core_destroy(&spl);
++}
++
++/* Hold the first automatic barrier in the device while two insert threads
++ * cross successive thresholds. Neither insert may wait for that completion.
++ * This also proves the short submission guard is released before durability. */
++CTEST2(splinter, test_automatic_log_barrier_insert_does_not_wait)
++{
++   data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg.use_log                   = TRUE;
++   data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg.checkpoint_log_size_bytes = UINT64_MAX;
++   data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg.queue_scale_percent       = UINT64_MAX;
++   data->system_cfg->log_cfg.group_size_pages               = 1;
++   task_system_config cfg                       = data->system_cfg->task_cfg;
++   cfg.num_background_threads[TASK_TYPE_NORMAL] = 1;
++   task_system tasks;
++   ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(test_init_task_system(&tasks, data->hid, &cfg)));
++   core_handle spl;
++   ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(core_mkfs(&spl,
++                                 &data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg,
++                                 (allocator *)&data->al,
++                                 (cache *)data->clock_cache,
++                                 data->io,
++                                 &tasks,
++                                 test_generate_allocator_root_id(),
++                                 data->hid)));
++   DECLARE_AUTO_KEY_BUFFER(keybuf, data->hid);
++   merge_accumulator msg;
++   merge_accumulator_init(&msg, data->hid);
++   test_key(&keybuf, TEST_RANDOM, 1, 0, 0, data->workload_cfg->key_size, 0);
++   generate_test_message(&data->gen, 1, &msg);
++   checkpoint_barrier_fault_install(&data->checkpoint_fault, data->io);
++   checkpoint_barrier_fault_block(&data->checkpoint_fault, 0);
++   core_durable_barrier_insert_args args[2] = {0};
++   platform_thread                  threads[2];
++   bool32                           completed[2] = {0};
++   bool32                           blocked      = FALSE;
++   splinterdb_notification          manual;
++   splinterdb_notification_init_polling(&manual, NULL);
++   for (uint64 i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(args); i++) {
++      args[i] = (core_durable_barrier_insert_args){
++         .spl       = &spl,
++         .tuple_key = key_buffer_key(&keybuf),
++         .msg       = merge_accumulator_to_message(&msg),
++      };
++      platform_assert_status_ok(
++         platform_thread_create(&threads[i],
++                                FALSE,
++                                core_durable_barrier_insert_thread,
++                                &args[i],
++                                data->hid));
++      completed[i] = core_durable_barrier_test_wait(&args[i].done);
++      if (i == 0) {
++         blocked = core_durable_barrier_test_wait(
++            &data->checkpoint_fault.block_entered);
++         platform_assert_status_ok(core_durable_barrier_async(&spl, &manual));
++      }
++   }
++   uint64 accepting =
++      __atomic_load_n(&((shard_log *)spl.log)->accepting.id, __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE);
++   checkpoint_barrier_fault_release(&data->checkpoint_fault);
++   for (uint64 i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(args); i++) {
++      platform_assert_status_ok(platform_thread_join(&threads[i]));
++   }
++   platform_assert_status_ok(task_perform_until_quiescent(&tasks));
++   checkpoint_barrier_fault_uninstall(&data->checkpoint_fault);
++   uint64 durable = __atomic_load_n(&((shard_log *)spl.log)->durable_ticket,
++                                    __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE);
++   merge_accumulator_deinit(&msg);
++   core_destroy(&spl);
++   task_system_deinit(&tasks);
++   int manual_status = -1;
++   ASSERT_TRUE(splinterdb_notification_poll(&manual, &manual_status));
++   ASSERT_EQUAL(0, manual_status);
++   splinterdb_notification_deinit(&manual);
++   ASSERT_TRUE(blocked);
++   for (uint64 i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(args); i++) {
++      ASSERT_TRUE(completed[i]);
++      ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(args[i].rc));
++   }
++   ASSERT_EQUAL(3, accepting);
++   ASSERT_EQUAL(2, durable);
++}
++
+ static const cache_ops *core_read_saved_ops;
+ static cache_ops        core_read_fault_ops;
+ static page_type        core_read_failed_type;
+diff --git a/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c b/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c
+index 5bc2130d..c2d715ec 100644
+--- a/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c
++++ b/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c
+@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
+  * functional usages in this multi-process configuration.
+  * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  */
++#include <fcntl.h>
++#include <stdlib.h>
+ #include <sys/wait.h>
+ 
+ #include "splinterdb/default_data_config.h"
+@@ -85,6 +87,87 @@ CTEST_SETUP(splinterdb_forked_child)
+ // Optional teardown function for suite, called after every test in suite
+ CTEST_TEARDOWN(splinterdb_forked_child) {}
+ 
++/* The child never closes, checkpoints, or explicitly makes the log durable.
++ * Only the configured automatic threshold can make these records replayable. */
++CTEST2(splinterdb_forked_child, automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit)
++{
++   data_config dcfg;
++   default_data_config_init(&dcfg);
++   for (unsigned variant = 0; variant < 3; variant++) {
++      splinterdb_config cfg = {
++         .filename                   = data->master_cfg.io_filename,
++         .cache_size                 = 64 * Mega,
++         .disk_size                  = 4 * Giga,
++         .data_cfg                   = &dcfg,
++         .use_log                    = TRUE,
++         .num_normal_bg_threads      = 1,
++         .queue_scale_percent        = UINT64_MAX,
++         .log_group_size_pages       = variant ? 0 : 1,
++         .blob_max_descriptor_size   = variant == 2 ? 128 : 0,
++         .checkpoint_log_size_bytes  = UINT64_MAX,
++         .checkpoint_log_grace_bytes = UINT64_MAX,
++      };
++      const uint64 count = variant ? 4 : 32;
++      /* The final case exceeds a 128-byte descriptor's direct extent array,
++       * so automatic durability must include blob pointer pages as well. */
++      const uint64 value_sizes[] = {128, 64 * 4096 + 1, 8 * Mega + 1};
++      const uint64 value_size    = value_sizes[variant];
++      char        *value         = malloc(value_size);
++      ASSERT_NOT_NULL(value);
++      pid_t child = fork();
++      ASSERT_TRUE(child >= 0);
++      if (child == 0) {
++         cfg.io_flags = O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC;
++         splinterdb *db;
++         if (splinterdb_create(&cfg, &db) != 0) {
++            _exit(1);
++         }
++         for (uint64 i = 0; i < count; i++) {
++            memset(value, i + 1, value_size);
++            if (splinterdb_insert(db,
++                                  slice_create(sizeof(i), &i),
++                                  slice_create(value_size, value),
++                                  NULL)
++                != 0)
++            {
++               _exit(2);
++            }
++         }
++         /* Wait only for already-enqueued work, without cutting a new group
++          * or performing a checkpoint. An arbitrary crash before completion
++          * is deliberately permitted to lose the queued suffix. */
++         if (!SUCCESS(task_perform_until_quiescent(
++                (task_system *)splinterdb_get_task_system_handle(db))))
++         {
++            _exit(3);
++         }
++         _exit(0);
++      }
++      int status;
++      ASSERT_EQUAL(child, waitpid(child, &status, 0));
++      ASSERT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(status));
++      ASSERT_EQUAL(0, WEXITSTATUS(status));
++      splinterdb *db;
++      ASSERT_EQUAL(0, splinterdb_open(&cfg, &db));
++      splinterdb_lookup_result result;
++      splinterdb_lookup_result_init(
++         db, &result, SPLINTERDB_LOOKUP_VALUE, 0, NULL);
++      for (uint64 i = 0; i < count; i++) {
++         ASSERT_EQUAL(
++            0, splinterdb_lookup(db, slice_create(sizeof(i), &i), &result));
++         ASSERT_TRUE(splinterdb_lookup_found(&result));
++         slice actual;
++         ASSERT_EQUAL(0, splinterdb_lookup_result_value(&result, &actual));
++         ASSERT_EQUAL(value_size, slice_length(actual));
++         memset(value, i + 1, value_size);
++         ASSERT_EQUAL(0, memcmp(value, slice_data(actual), value_size));
++      }
++      splinterdb_lookup_result_deinit(&result);
++      ASSERT_EQUAL(0, splinterdb_close(&db, FALSE));
++      free(value);
++   }
++}
++
+ /*
+  * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  * Elementary test case to validate data structures and various handles as seen
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/serialization-audit.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/serialization-audit.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d0cac44c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/serialization-audit.log
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "audited_at": 1791960857.0260842,
+  "completed_jobs": 702,
+  "completed_benchmark_jobs": 125,
+  "overlaps": []
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/summarize.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/summarize.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18cbd3c5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/summarize.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+"""Summarize the integration screen without treating few short samples as proof."""
+import csv
+import json
+import statistics as st
+from pathlib import Path
+
+HERE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+OUT = HERE.parent.parent / 'benchmarks/main-fc0bc8f7'
+
+def rows(path):
+    return list(csv.DictReader(path.open()))
+
+def stats(rr, field):
+    values = [float(r[field]) for r in rr]
+    return dict(n=len(values), mean=st.mean(values), minimum=min(values), maximum=max(values))
+
+summary = {'log': [], 'disabled_repeat': {}, 'branches': []}
+lines = ['Main fc0bc8f7 integration and asynchronous log policy',
+         'All database files use verified real ext4 disk and O_DIRECT; jobs are serialized.',
+         'These are short closed-loop samples; sample ranges are not confidence intervals.', '']
+p = OUT/'log-async/results.csv'
+if p.exists():
+    data = rows(p)
+    lines += ['Log insertion: 8 seconds/run, 3 rounds, 1/8 writers, one memtable and3 normal workers.',
+              '256MiB cache,16GiB logical disk,8MiB memtable,16-byte keys/values,CPU0-11.',
+              'Threshold0 means default64 pages; UINT64_MAX disables. No explicit periodic barriers.',
+              'Main has no automatic durability, so it supplies a throughput ceiling, not equal durability.',
+              'Sync and async policies are based on the same main. Shutdown drains accepted tasks.',
+              'API return/count/close checked; insertion readback is covered separately by recovery tests.', '']
+    for threads in [1, 8]:
+        group = [r for r in data if int(r['threads']) == threads]
+        main = [r for r in group if r['version'] == 'main']
+        if not main:
+            continue
+        base = st.mean(float(r['ops_s']) for r in main)
+        for name in ['main', 'disabled', 'sync64', 'async64', 'sync1024', 'async1024']:
+            rr = [r for r in group if r['version'] == name]
+            if not rr:
+                continue
+            rec = dict(threads=threads, version=name)
+            for field in ['ops_s', 'drain_ops_s', 'close_s', 'p99_us', 'p999_us', 'cpu_us_op', 'process_cpu_us_op', 'write_B_op', 'process_write_B_op']:
+                rec[field] = stats(rr, field)
+            rec['throughput_percent_vs_main'] = 100*(rec['ops_s']['mean']/base-1)
+            paired = []
+            for r in rr:
+                controls = [float(c['ops_s']) for c in main if c['rep'] == r['rep']]
+                paired.append(100*(float(r['ops_s'])/st.mean(controls)-1))
+            rec['round_normalized_percent_vs_main'] = paired
+            summary['log'].append(rec)
+            q = rec['ops_s']
+            lines.append(f"writers={threads} {name:10s} n={q['n']} mean={q['mean']:.0f}/s range=[{q['minimum']:.0f},{q['maximum']:.0f}] vsMain={rec['throughput_percent_vs_main']:+.2f}% drain={rec['drain_ops_s']['mean']:.0f}/s close={rec['close_s']['mean']:.3f}s p99={rec['p99_us']['mean']:.2f}us p999={rec['p999_us']['mean']:.2f}us fullCPU={rec['process_cpu_us_op']['mean']:.3f}us/op")
+        for pages in [64, 1024]:
+            sync = [r for r in group if r['version'] == 'sync'+str(pages)]
+            async_ = [r for r in group if r['version'] == 'async'+str(pages)]
+            if sync and async_:
+                delta = 100*(st.mean(float(r['ops_s']) for r in async_)/st.mean(float(r['ops_s']) for r in sync)-1)
+                lines.append(f'  async versus sync at {pages} pages: {delta:+.2f}% throughput')
+    lines += ['', 'CPU/I/O sampled-window totals end before joins/close; process_* counters include complete process lifetime.', '']
+
+p = OUT/'log-disabled-repeat/results.csv'
+if p.exists():
+    rr = rows(p)
+    lines += ['Disabled-policy follow-up: two ABBA rounds,12seconds/run,8writers.',
+              'Main controls drift sharply in the first round; preserve both rounds.']
+    for profile in ['main', 'disabled']:
+        selected = [r for r in rr if r['version'] == profile]
+        summary['disabled_repeat'][profile] = stats(selected, 'ops_s')
+    for rep in sorted({r['rep'] for r in rr}):
+        means = {v: st.mean(float(r['ops_s']) for r in rr if r['version'] == v and r['rep'] == rep) for v in ['main', 'disabled']}
+        delta = 100*(means['disabled']/means['main']-1)
+        summary['disabled_repeat']['round'+rep] = dict(means=means, percent_vs_main=delta)
+        lines.append(f'  round{rep}: disabled versus main {delta:+.2f}%')
+    lines += ['This does not establish an exact small overhead; the second, steadier round is effectively tied.', '']
+
+for pattern in ['ordinary', 'common', 'random']:
+    path = OUT/'branch-screen'/(pattern+'-results.csv')
+    if not path.exists():
+        continue
+    rr = rows(path)
+    lines += [f'Branch screen, {pattern}: resident200k records,3-second measured phases,8threads;2 candidate samples.',
+              'Prefix format uses separate images with identical logical tuples. Warm/point/range values validated.']
+    for phase in sorted({r['phase'] for r in rr if r['phase'] != 'warm'}):
+        group = [r for r in rr if r['phase'] == phase]
+        main = [r for r in group if r['version'] == 'main']
+        if not main:
+            continue
+        baseline = st.mean(float(r['ops_s']) for r in main)
+        for profile in sorted({r['version'] for r in group}):
+            selected = [r for r in group if r['version'] == profile]
+            rec = dict(pattern=pattern, phase=phase, profile=profile, ops_s=stats(selected, 'ops_s'), ops_per_cpu_s=stats(selected, 'ops_per_cpu_s'))
+            rec['throughput_percent_vs_main'] = 100*(rec['ops_s']['mean']/baseline-1)
+            summary['branches'].append(rec)
+            q = rec['ops_s']
+            lines.append(f"  {profile:24s} {phase:20s} mean={q['mean']:.0f}/s range=[{q['minimum']:.0f},{q['maximum']:.0f}] vsMain={rec['throughput_percent_vs_main']:+.2f}%")
+    lines += ['']
+(HERE/'summary.json').write_text(json.dumps(summary, indent=2)+'\n')
+(HERE/'report.txt').write_text('\n'.join(lines)+'\n')
+print('\n'.join(lines))
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/summary.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/summary.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a8de3638f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/summary.json
@@ -0,0 +1,806 @@
+{
+  "log": [
+    {
+      "threads": 1,
+      "version": "main",
+      "ops_s": {
+        "n": 6,
+        "mean": 857484.3448868333,
+        "minimum": 833229.607211,
+        "maximum": 913176.172051
+      },
+      "drain_ops_s": {
+        "n": 6,
+        "mean": 839244.9367897462,
+        "minimum": 814723.7065729037,
+        "maximum": 885014.1149226334
+      },
+      "close_s": {
+        "n": 6,
+        "mean": 0.17333333333333334,
+        "minimum": 0.145,
+        "maximum": 0.255
+      },
+      "p99_us": {
+        "n": 6,
+        "mean": 19.370666666666665,
+        "minimum": 17.663999999999998,
+        "maximum": 20.224
+      },
+      "p999_us": {
+        "n": 6,
+        "mean": 39.424,
+        "minimum": 36.352000000000004,
+        "maximum": 41.472
+      },
+      "cpu_us_op": {
+        "n": 6,
+        "mean": 1.262649705150137,
+        "minimum": 1.170983976986485,
+        "maximum": 1.332019510034588
+      },
+      "process_cpu_us_op": {
+        "n": 6,
+        "mean": 1.2842393480012018,
+        "minimum": 1.2280459925931158,
+        "maximum": 1.355312996344687
+      },
+      "write_B_op": {
+        "n": 6,
+        "mean": 104.14510113813057,
+        "minimum": 102.48423146446592,
+        "maximum": 104.89214947633619
+      },
+      "process_write_B_op": {
+        "n": 6,
+        "mean": 113.73215034196225,
+        "minimum": 112.74701035427573,
+        "maximum": 116.35542165958097
+      },
+      "throughput_percent_vs_main": 0.0,
+      "round_normalized_percent_vs_main": [
+        3.3889235441513677,
+        -3.38892354415139,
+        0.888215051175334,
+        -0.8882150511753228,
+        0.8524906430125823,
+        -0.8524906430125823
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "threads": 1,
+      "version": "disabled",
+      "ops_s": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 854067.8253146666,
+        "minimum": 778737.548172,
+        "maximum": 922013.368505
+      },
+      "drain_ops_s": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 831573.2306310412,
+        "minimum": 756640.2249696688,
+        "maximum": 891523.7480074422
+      },
+      "close_s": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 0.21633333333333335,
+        "minimum": 0.141,
+        "maximum": 0.274
+      },
+      "p99_us": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 19.029333333333334,
+        "minimum": 17.663999999999998,
+        "maximum": 20.224
+      },
+      "p999_us": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 38.74133333333334,
+        "minimum": 36.352000000000004,
+        "maximum": 41.472
+      },
+      "cpu_us_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 1.274364248818133,
+        "minimum": 1.170410830029338,
+        "maximum": 1.3967383684702463
+      },
+      "process_cpu_us_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 1.306306956094365,
+        "minimum": 1.2343321037885935,
+        "maximum": 1.4167052909869744
+      },
+      "write_B_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 102.00399473210211,
+        "minimum": 97.17401362647011,
+        "maximum": 104.85184273730789
+      },
+      "process_write_B_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 114.45176504727016,
+        "minimum": 112.74054856415016,
+        "maximum": 115.95863444725177
+      },
+      "throughput_percent_vs_main": -0.3984352125539492,
+      "round_normalized_percent_vs_main": [
+        4.3894623848387715,
+        1.4887958393058343,
+        -7.3366000489840655
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "threads": 1,
+      "version": "sync64",
+      "ops_s": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 596020.664762,
+        "minimum": 504918.825937,
+        "maximum": 769657.221201
+      },
+      "drain_ops_s": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 586250.0490888285,
+        "minimum": 496008.6312583118,
+        "maximum": 759982.3720336455
+      },
+      "close_s": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 0.139,
+        "minimum": 0.102,
+        "maximum": 0.171
+      },
+      "p99_us": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 19.029333333333334,
+        "minimum": 18.176000000000002,
+        "maximum": 19.712
+      },
+      "p999_us": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 59.221333333333334,
+        "minimum": 52.736,
+        "maximum": 62.976000000000006
+      },
+      "cpu_us_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 1.2736709334829273,
+        "minimum": 1.2284678612923914,
+        "maximum": 1.2986819211638638
+      },
+      "process_cpu_us_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 1.2938739143994342,
+        "minimum": 1.239705129982641,
+        "maximum": 1.322155936873377
+      },
+      "write_B_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 93.58730466443478,
+        "minimum": 91.08880104527539,
+        "maximum": 98.124758237249
+      },
+      "process_write_B_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 113.98788661963772,
+        "minimum": 113.26567934196929,
+        "maximum": 115.317013970813
+      },
+      "throughput_percent_vs_main": -30.491947950296407,
+      "round_normalized_percent_vs_main": [
+        -12.860153348909254,
+        -40.514886061114275,
+        -38.89937142302525
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "threads": 1,
+      "version": "async64",
+      "ops_s": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 833948.9984873333,
+        "minimum": 804149.785825,
+        "maximum": 866353.058114
+      },
+      "drain_ops_s": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 816628.988549005,
+        "minimum": 781422.527494321,
+        "maximum": 852100.4258050402
+      },
+      "close_s": {
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+        "mean": 0.17133333333333334,
+        "minimum": 0.134,
+        "maximum": 0.233
+      },
+      "p99_us": {
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+        "minimum": 18.688,
+        "maximum": 20.736
+      },
+      "p999_us": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 49.664,
+        "minimum": 46.592,
+        "maximum": 54.784
+      },
+      "cpu_us_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 1.2826515058049592,
+        "minimum": 1.2319192717510923,
+        "maximum": 1.3287097844359899
+      },
+      "process_cpu_us_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 1.2966470046823135,
+        "minimum": 1.2437892203462697,
+        "maximum": 1.3429586614448235
+      },
+      "write_B_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 101.63224684909586,
+        "minimum": 96.9948104251376,
+        "maximum": 105.73209721917216
+      },
+      "process_write_B_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 114.32676861936507,
+        "minimum": 113.79885929071777,
+        "maximum": 114.89987752574055
+      },
+      "throughput_percent_vs_main": -2.7446969195229043,
+      "round_normalized_percent_vs_main": [
+        -1.9123441576313738,
+        -2.058313068441109,
+        -4.312751581913476
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "threads": 1,
+      "version": "sync1024",
+      "ops_s": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 833077.3110626667,
+        "minimum": 802992.654605,
+        "maximum": 874121.189032
+      },
+      "drain_ops_s": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 813959.2471968816,
+        "minimum": 776256.784664201,
+        "maximum": 859005.2039009081
+      },
+      "close_s": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 0.19033333333333333,
+        "minimum": 0.141,
+        "maximum": 0.276
+      },
+      "p99_us": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 19.370666666666665,
+        "minimum": 18.688,
+        "maximum": 19.712
+      },
+      "p999_us": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 39.76533333333333,
+        "minimum": 38.4,
+        "maximum": 40.448
+      },
+      "cpu_us_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 1.2645307832231882,
+        "minimum": 1.2295682723013772,
+        "maximum": 1.3053205901390186
+      },
+      "process_cpu_us_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 1.2788104787913408,
+        "minimum": 1.2428089239060243,
+        "maximum": 1.321065837005447
+      },
+      "write_B_op": {
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+        "mean": 99.98101401386634,
+        "minimum": 95.36247007247087,
+        "maximum": 104.8441085951938
+      },
+      "process_write_B_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 113.3404705494634,
+        "minimum": 113.21618780413597,
+        "maximum": 113.53576756224597
+      },
+      "throughput_percent_vs_main": -2.8463532855970364,
+      "round_normalized_percent_vs_main": [
+        -1.0328438835953135,
+        -3.1452468871458916,
+        -4.45044073442239
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "threads": 1,
+      "version": "async1024",
+      "ops_s": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 846712.4867933333,
+        "minimum": 809315.749158,
+        "maximum": 875538.226911
+      },
+      "drain_ops_s": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 829206.0375158202,
+        "minimum": 786731.4736097661,
+        "maximum": 860290.3661943089
+      },
+      "close_s": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 0.17066666666666666,
+        "minimum": 0.14,
+        "maximum": 0.23
+      },
+      "p99_us": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 19.712,
+        "minimum": 19.2,
+        "maximum": 20.224
+      },
+      "p999_us": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 40.10666666666667,
+        "minimum": 39.424,
+        "maximum": 41.472
+      },
+      "cpu_us_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 1.2732157403479707,
+        "minimum": 1.2276094010552063,
+        "maximum": 1.3249775415709488
+      },
+      "process_cpu_us_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 1.2857609607007863,
+        "minimum": 1.2403688446006462,
+        "maximum": 1.3367569169765405
+      },
+      "write_B_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 102.65062399741193,
+        "minimum": 99.13779732021352,
+        "maximum": 104.5558543463078
+      },
+      "process_write_B_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 113.2952608468156,
+        "minimum": 112.6573967008304,
+        "maximum": 113.69411578918798
+      },
+      "throughput_percent_vs_main": -1.2562162980271796,
+      "round_normalized_percent_vs_main": [
+        -0.8724082246117426,
+        0.7620094574073644,
+        -3.698044190980887
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "threads": 8,
+      "version": "main",
+      "ops_s": {
+        "n": 6,
+        "mean": 1799079.0836271667,
+        "minimum": 1675278.387985,
+        "maximum": 2025598.834601
+      },
+      "drain_ops_s": {
+        "n": 6,
+        "mean": 1735669.9739803392,
+        "minimum": 1614338.7149202335,
+        "maximum": 1949235.0801385418
+      },
+      "close_s": {
+        "n": 6,
+        "mean": 0.3421666666666667,
+        "minimum": 0.277,
+        "maximum": 0.429
+      },
+      "p99_us": {
+        "n": 6,
+        "mean": 62.976,
+        "minimum": 59.903999999999996,
+        "maximum": 65.024
+      },
+      "p999_us": {
+        "n": 6,
+        "mean": 216.40533333333332,
+        "minimum": 210.944,
+        "maximum": 227.328
+      },
+      "cpu_us_op": {
+        "n": 6,
+        "mean": 2.5076327560671556,
+        "minimum": 2.363973081711112,
+        "maximum": 2.5797323890628956
+      },
+      "process_cpu_us_op": {
+        "n": 6,
+        "mean": 2.6638758155238813,
+        "minimum": 2.435493424991309,
+        "maximum": 2.741329979994554
+      },
+      "write_B_op": {
+        "n": 6,
+        "mean": 137.76542250185085,
+        "minimum": 128.68918517801043,
+        "maximum": 150.8859788429203
+      },
+      "process_write_B_op": {
+        "n": 6,
+        "mean": 168.0306324773905,
+        "minimum": 167.61170137464305,
+        "maximum": 168.45252980524535
+      },
+      "throughput_percent_vs_main": 0.0,
+      "round_normalized_percent_vs_main": [
+        6.785168607171199,
+        -6.785168607171199,
+        0.9213856864884962,
+        -0.9213856864884962,
+        0.6327564580740797,
+        -0.6327564580740908
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "threads": 8,
+      "version": "disabled",
+      "ops_s": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 1735876.051914,
+        "minimum": 1685303.608429,
+        "maximum": 1789367.523109
+      },
+      "drain_ops_s": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 1673366.0223762887,
+        "minimum": 1629314.2200105337,
+        "maximum": 1727647.8169542078
+      },
+      "close_s": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 0.3596666666666667,
+        "minimum": 0.334,
+        "maximum": 0.404
+      },
+      "p99_us": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 62.29333333333334,
+        "minimum": 59.903999999999996,
+        "maximum": 64.0
+      },
+      "p999_us": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 216.40533333333335,
+        "minimum": 215.04000000000002,
+        "maximum": 219.136
+      },
+      "cpu_us_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 2.4562040531826566,
+        "minimum": 2.310309098837397,
+        "maximum": 2.5352573832451557
+      },
+      "process_cpu_us_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 2.647750122572955,
+        "minimum": 2.503199789119253,
+        "maximum": 2.7289624093240135
+      },
+      "write_B_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 133.9841243711404,
+        "minimum": 132.90871419908666,
+        "maximum": 135.96331728744804
+      },
+      "process_write_B_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 168.06727104467362,
+        "minimum": 167.70492376143528,
+        "maximum": 168.50810746762974
+      },
+      "throughput_percent_vs_main": -3.513076900751999,
+      "round_normalized_percent_vs_main": [
+        -8.642271679101976,
+        -1.379622413901771,
+        -0.0381218417828566
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "threads": 8,
+      "version": "sync64",
+      "ops_s": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 1228616.1733163332,
+        "minimum": 1144109.462624,
+        "maximum": 1273104.693428
+      },
+      "drain_ops_s": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 1187307.7517701848,
+        "minimum": 1085352.5961697188,
+        "maximum": 1239570.9800675868
+      },
+      "close_s": {
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+      "throughput_percent_vs_main": -31.70860667006975,
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+    {
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+      "ops_s": {
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+      "drain_ops_s": {
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+      },
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+      "write_B_op": {
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+        "minimum": 119.17534298238269,
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+      },
+      "process_write_B_op": {
+        "n": 3,
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+        "minimum": 125.89811664599229,
+        "maximum": 127.68784674864341
+      },
+      "throughput_percent_vs_main": -9.433406800976652,
+      "round_normalized_percent_vs_main": [
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+        -6.249093370710012,
+        -6.679926009643411
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "threads": 8,
+      "version": "sync1024",
+      "ops_s": {
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+      "drain_ops_s": {
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+      },
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+      },
+      "p99_us": {
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+        "mean": 61.952,
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+        "maximum": 64.0
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+        "maximum": 227.328
+      },
+      "cpu_us_op": {
+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 2.527600689054509,
+        "minimum": 2.4759577705201257,
+        "maximum": 2.5620422913166703
+      },
+      "process_cpu_us_op": {
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+        "mean": 2.7093569120266547,
+        "minimum": 2.612979493973394,
+        "maximum": 2.770667975831074
+      },
+      "write_B_op": {
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+        "mean": 135.17599885024126,
+        "minimum": 128.0247050383935,
+        "maximum": 141.21510032569856
+      },
+      "process_write_B_op": {
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+        "mean": 167.83361481251396,
+        "minimum": 167.72334468905916,
+        "maximum": 167.94231623683493
+      },
+      "throughput_percent_vs_main": -1.5010309692661483,
+      "round_normalized_percent_vs_main": [
+        -1.8708869627226288,
+        -2.1786983717849706,
+        -0.35559946953774846
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "threads": 8,
+      "version": "async1024",
+      "ops_s": {
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+        "mean": 1809935.231223,
+        "minimum": 1634947.630924,
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+      },
+      "drain_ops_s": {
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+        "minimum": 1577384.0954015935,
+        "maximum": 1912145.2370198157
+      },
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+      },
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+      },
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+        "minimum": 124.33289377352759,
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+      },
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+        "n": 3,
+        "mean": 167.197606432104,
+        "minimum": 167.09996765982868,
+        "maximum": 167.3565795849187
+      },
+      "throughput_percent_vs_main": 0.6034280368568234,
+      "round_normalized_percent_vs_main": [
+        4.039722357339537,
+        0.38238451288012953,
+        -3.024929715875657
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "disabled_repeat": {
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+      },
+      "percent_vs_main": -6.951881730317222
+    },
+    "round1": {
+      "means": {
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+        "disabled": 1515900.2264415
+      },
+      "percent_vs_main": -0.049552794351193086
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-0-splinter_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-0-splinter_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c509d2e11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-0-splinter_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+Starting log-async-fc0-release-0-splinter_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinter', test case 'all'.
+TEST 1/44 splinter:test_inserts [OK]
+TEST 2/44 splinter:test_btree_pack_abort_releases_reserved_extents btree_pack error status: 5
+[OK]
+TEST 3/44 splinter:test_btree_pack_rejects_counter_overflow btree_pack: output statistics exceed the on-disk limit
+btree_pack error status: 28
+[OK]
+TEST 4/44 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_pivot_bundle [OK]
+TEST 5/44 splinter:test_invalid_branch_reference_rejected Unsupported branch format version 2 at 7471104; this build requires version 1.
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup: btree_lookup_and_merge failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup failed: 22
+Unsupported branch format version 2 at 7471104; this build requires version 1.
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async: btree_lookup_and_merge_async failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async failed: 22
+Unsupported branch format version 2 at 7471104; this build requires version 1.
+trunk_collect_branches: trunk_collect_bundle_branches failed: 22
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup: btree_lookup_and_merge failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup failed: 22
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async: btree_lookup_and_merge_async failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async failed: 22
+trunk_collect_branches: trunk_collect_bundle_branches failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 6/44 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_pivot_stats trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_node_find_pivot failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_node_find_pivot_async failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 7/44 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_child_height trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_node_handle_init_async failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 8/44 splinter:test_two_log_checkpoint [OK]
+TEST 9/44 splinter:test_reopen_with_changed_filter_config [OK]
+TEST 10/44 splinter:test_logged_large_insert_shares_blob_extents [OK]
+TEST 11/44 splinter:test_durable_barrier_waits_for_visible_insert_log_write [OK]
+TEST 12/44 splinter:test_durable_barrier_packs_concurrent_small_tails [OK]
+TEST 13/44 splinter:test_shard_log_first_fit_decreasing_packing [OK]
+TEST 14/44 splinter:test_shard_log_page_alloc_failure_retries_open_buffer shard_log_graduate_buffer: out of log space
+shard_log_graduate_group: failed to terminate group 1: No space left on device
+[OK]
+TEST 15/44 splinter:test_async_durable_barrier_reports_device_failure [OK]
+TEST 16/44 splinter:test_async_durable_barrier_defers_nested_wait [OK]
+TEST 17/44 splinter:test_async_durable_barrier_launches_with_blocked_device [OK]
+TEST 18/44 splinter:test_durable_barrier_without_log_publishes_root [OK]
+TEST 19/44 splinter:test_checkpoint_reports_terminal_incorporation_failure trunk_node_serialize():2802: cache_alloc() failedserialize_nodes():2986: node_serialize() failedserialize_nodes_and_save_contingent_compactions: serialize_nodes failed: 12
+restore_balance_leaf():6155: serialize_nodes() failed: Cannot allocate memorytrunk_flush_prepare: flush_then_compact failed: 12
+trunk_incorporate_prepare failed: Cannot allocate memory
+Memtable incorporation failed: generation=0 state=INCORPORATION_ASSIGNED status=Cannot allocate memory memtable_root=1179648
+memtable flush failed: Cannot allocate memory
+Shutdown found memtable from failed incorporation: generation=0 state=INCORPORATION_FAILED status=Cannot allocate memory memtable_root=1179648 compacted_root=0
+[OK]
+TEST 20/44 splinter:test_durable_barrier_reopens_writers_before_device_barrier [OK]
+TEST 21/44 splinter:test_concurrent_durable_barriers_coalesce [OK]
+TEST 22/44 splinter:test_durable_barrier_waits_for_checkpoint_publication [OK]
+TEST 23/44 splinter:test_log_prepare_failure_leaves_update_unapplied core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_unmount: failed to publish the unmount root: Input/output error
+core_unmount: shutdown retained recovery state; the next mount must recover
+[OK]
+TEST 24/44 splinter:test_checkpoint_advance_retries_cut_publish_failure core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+[OK]
+TEST 25/44 splinter:test_checkpoint_advance_retries_completion_failure core_checkpoint_advance: completion publish failed: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: completion publish failed: Input/output error
+[OK]
+TEST 26/44 splinter:test_self_managed_checkpoints_reclaim_log_space [OK]
+TEST 27/44 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint [OK]
+TEST 28/44 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_grace_allows_natural_rotation [OK]
+TEST 29/44 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_grace_forces_overwrite_rotation [OK]
+TEST 30/44 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_on_overwrites [OK]
+TEST 31/44 splinter:test_recover_allocations_reproduces_persisted_map [OK]
+TEST 32/44 splinter:test_unmount_skips_allocator_map_that_needs_rebuild core_unmount: allocator reference accounting is incomplete; leaving allocation state invalid for rebuild on the next mount
+[OK]
+TEST 33/44 splinter:test_late_reclamation_failure_requires_recovery WARNING: abandoned reclamation of mini allocator at 7471104 (type misc): Connection timed out. Remaining space is unavailable until reopen; clean allocation state will not be written. Recovery is required.
+WARNING: core_unmount: reclamation failed (Connection timed out); remaining space was retained. Shutdown requires recovery and the next open will rebuild allocation state.
+core_unmount: allocator reference accounting is incomplete; leaving allocation state invalid for rebuild on the next mount
+[OK]
+TEST 34/44 splinter:test_mount_active_checkpoint_stays_mountable [OK]
+TEST 35/44 splinter:test_lookups [OK]
+TEST 36/44 splinter:test_splinter_print_diags [OK]
+TEST 37/44 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_reports_failure_and_retries WARNING: fire-and-forget durable barrier failed: Input/output error; recent writes may not be durable. A later barrier can retry.
+[OK]
+TEST 38/44 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_submission_failure_retries WARNING: automatic durable barrier submission failed: Cannot allocate memory; recent writes may not be durable.
+[OK]
+TEST 39/44 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_insert_does_not_wait [OK]
+TEST 40/44 splinter:test_cache_read_errors_reach_core_operations ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup: btree_lookup_and_merge failed: 110
+trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup failed: 110
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async: btree_lookup_and_merge_async failed: 110
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async failed: 110
+[OK]
+TEST 41/44 splinter:test_blob_descriptor_sizes [OK]
+TEST 42/44 splinter:test_blob_trees [OK]
+TEST 43/44 splinter:test_blob_height_three_and_large_stats [OK]
+TEST 44/44 splinter:test_blob_checksums [OK]
+RESULTS: 44 tests (44 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 45458 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..552b8e58a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+Starting log-async-fc0-release-1-splinterdb_quick_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'all'.
+TEST 1/56 splinterdb_quick:test_get_cost_stats [OK]
+TEST 2/56 splinterdb_quick:test_checkpoint_log_grace_default [OK]
+TEST 3/56 splinterdb_quick:test_durable_barrier [OK]
+TEST 4/56 splinterdb_quick:test_async_durable_barrier_notifications [OK]
+TEST 5/56 splinterdb_quick:test_logged_large_value_replaces_old_value [OK]
+TEST 6/56 splinterdb_quick:test_basic_flow [OK]
+TEST 7/56 splinterdb_quick:test_pthread_auto_registration [OK]
+TEST 8/56 splinterdb_quick:test_result_auto_registration_with_stats [OK]
+TEST 9/56 splinterdb_quick:test_stats_reset_clears_cache_io [OK]
+TEST 10/56 splinterdb_quick:test_final_merge_error_propagation [OK]
+TEST 11/56 splinterdb_quick:test_fetch_and_update_catches_up_after_rotation [OK]
+TEST 12/56 splinterdb_quick:test_fetch_and_update_rejects_incorporated_boundary [OK]
+TEST 13/56 splinterdb_quick:test_range_init_error_cleanup_preserves_branches setup_ordered_iterators: exception: Cannot allocate memory
+core_apply_to_range: range iterator init failed: Cannot allocate memory
+[OK]
+TEST 14/56 splinterdb_quick:stats_reset_excludes_active_operations [OK]
+TEST 15/56 splinterdb_quick:test_apis_for_large_key [OK]
+TEST 16/56 splinterdb_quick:test_key_size_gt_max_inline_key_size [OK]
+TEST 17/56 splinterdb_quick:test_value_size_gt_max_value_size [OK]
+TEST 18/56 splinterdb_quick:test_large_lookup_survives_memtable_recycle [OK]
+TEST 19/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_survives_memtable_recycle [OK]
+TEST 20/56 splinterdb_quick:test_variable_length_values [OK]
+TEST 21/56 splinterdb_quick:test_basic_iterator [OK]
+TEST 22/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_delete_current [OK]
+TEST 23/56 splinterdb_quick:test_empty_iterator [OK]
+TEST 24/56 splinterdb_quick:test_bounded_iterator [OK]
+TEST 25/56 splinterdb_quick:test_bounded_iterator_start_normalization [OK]
+TEST 26/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_startkey [OK]
+TEST 27/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_non_existent_startkey [OK]
+TEST 28/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_missing_startkey_in_sequence [OK]
+TEST 29/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_prev_and_next [OK]
+TEST 30/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_reversal_on_key_in_two_branches [OK]
+TEST 31/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_reversal_with_three_branches [OK]
+TEST 32/56 splinterdb_quick:test_rewriting_keys_does_not_grow_trunk [OK]
+TEST 33/56 splinterdb_quick:test_close_and_reopen [OK]
+TEST 34/56 splinterdb_quick:test_logged_close_and_reopen [OK]
+TEST 35/56 splinterdb_quick:test_repeated_insert_close_reopen [OK]
+TEST 36/56 splinterdb_quick:test_custom_data_config [OK]
+TEST 37/56 splinterdb_quick:test_existence_only_memtable_lookup [OK]
+TEST 38/56 splinterdb_quick:test_existence_only_trunk_lookup_skips_branches [OK]
+TEST 39/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_returns_old_value [OK]
+TEST 40/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_existence_only [OK]
+TEST 41/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_custom_merge_semantics [OK]
+TEST 42/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_merges_memtable_and_trunk [OK]
+TEST 43/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_respects_trunk_delete_shadow [OK]
+TEST 44/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_custom_comparator [OK]
+TEST 45/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_init_bug [OK]
+TEST 46/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_create_w_background_threads [OK]
+TEST 47/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_create_w_all_background_threads [OK]
+TEST 48/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_merges_only_matching_keys [OK]
+TEST 49/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_crosses_empty_trunk_leaves [OK]
+TEST 50/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_persisted_mixed_seeds [OK]
+TEST 51/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_predicate_only_and_bounds [OK]
+TEST 52/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_propagates_matching_merge_errors setup_ordered_iterators: exception: Cannot allocate memory
+[OK]
+TEST 53/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_context_survives_thread_handoff [OK]
+TEST 54/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_thread_handoff [OK]
+TEST 55/56 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'test_blob_tree_crash_recovery'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'test_blob_tree_crash_recovery'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery [OK]
+TEST 56/56 splinterdb_quick:test_get_config_returns_effective_config [OK]
+RESULTS: 56 tests (56 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 11961 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86797b31c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting log-async-fc0-release-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_forked_child', test case 'automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_forked_child:automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit [OK]
+RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 625 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-3-driver_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-3-driver_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..865d1e943
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-3-driver_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Starting log-async-fc0-release-3-driver_test test
+/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/driver_test: splinterdb_build_version 9bc5ebf4-dirty
+Dispatch test log_test
+
+Started log_test!!
+Malformed log page sequence at page 9052160: group=3 page=0 follows group=1 page=0 (terminated).
+Unsupported log format version 2; this build requires version 1.
+Unsupported log format version 2; this build requires version 1.
+shard_log_iterator_init: record validation failed in group 1 at log page 146800640: Invalid argument; discarding this group and the rest
+Malformed log page sequence at page 147587072: group=1 page=0 follows group=1 page=0.
+shard_log_iterator_init: record validation failed in group 2 at log page 148377600: Input/output error; discarding this group and the rest
+log returned 500000 of 500000 entries
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-validation.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-validation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..52138b81e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-validation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+[
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-async-fc0-release-0-splinter_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/splinter_test"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-async-fc0/scratch/release-0-splinter_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "seconds": 45.542808055877686,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 44 tests (44 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 45458 ms"
+    ],
+    "binary_sha256": "82b0d732580790953a8017635cbca76a2d30da847abb171d87fcd2177fc43f9e"
+  },
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-async-fc0-release-1-splinterdb_quick_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_quick_test"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-async-fc0/scratch/release-1-splinterdb_quick_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "seconds": 11.993514776229858,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 56 tests (56 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 11961 ms"
+    ],
+    "binary_sha256": "75ac2362c93b220964d24f7b74d43d04a4b64fdfe4e4a10574c017ea6fff6064"
+  },
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-async-fc0-release-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-async-fc0/scratch/release-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "seconds": 0.6659643650054932,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 625 ms"
+    ],
+    "binary_sha256": "84e5b096290a188a5a296d6abfc8c9f217f366ebdacf65353f2b74f1712335ed"
+  },
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-async-fc0-release-3-driver_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/driver_test",
+      "log_test",
+      "--db-location",
+      "log.db",
+      "--cache-capacity-mib",
+      "64",
+      "--db-capacity-gib",
+      "4"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-async-fc0/scratch/release-3-driver_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "seconds": 0.8662576675415039,
+    "results": [],
+    "binary_sha256": "fff7820769492260620187afdf8ba53e2bd65e46f4c89b9f2e05029cb8ddfb84"
+  }
+]
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-verified-splinter_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-verified-splinter_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..02a0913a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-verified-splinter_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting log-async-fc0-release-verified-splinter_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinter', test case 'test_automatic_log_barrier_insert_does_not_wait'.
+TEST 1/1 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_insert_does_not_wait [OK]
+RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 98 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-verified-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-verified-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..64f1f1aee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/release-verified-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting log-async-fc0-release-verified-splinterdb_forked_child_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_forked_child', test case 'automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_forked_child:automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit [OK]
+RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 562 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/run_validation.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/run_validation.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..295a993c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/run_validation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+import subprocess,json,hashlib,re,sys,time
+root=Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+wt=Path('/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit')
+mode=sys.argv[1]
+jobs=[('unit/splinter_test',[]),('unit/splinterdb_quick_test',[]),('unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test',['automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit']),('driver_test',['log_test','--db-location','log.db','--cache-capacity-mib','64','--db-capacity-gib','4'])]
+records=[]
+for i,(suite,args) in enumerate(jobs):
+ name=f'{mode}-{i}-{Path(suite).name}'
+ scratch=root/'scratch'/name;scratch.mkdir(parents=True,exist_ok=True)
+ for bn in ['build-main-fc0bc8f7','build']:
+  link=scratch/bn
+  if not link.exists():link.symlink_to(wt/'build-main-fc0bc8f7',target_is_directory=True)
+ binary=wt/'build-main-fc0bc8f7'/mode/'bin'/suite
+ cmd=[sys.executable,str(root.parent/'run_job.py'),'--name','log-async-fc0-'+name,'test','--',str(binary),*args]
+ start=time.time()
+ with (root/(name+'.log')).open('w') as f:r=subprocess.run(cmd,cwd=scratch,stdout=f,stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,timeout=900)
+ log=(root/(name+'.log')).read_text();results=re.findall(r'RESULTS:.*',log)
+ records.append(dict(command=cmd,cwd=str(scratch),returncode=r.returncode,seconds=time.time()-start,results=results,binary_sha256=hashlib.sha256(binary.read_bytes()).hexdigest()))
+ (root/(mode+'-validation.json')).write_text(json.dumps(records,indent=2)+'\n')
+ print(name,r.returncode,results,flush=True)
+ if r.returncode:sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/source-sha256.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/source-sha256.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d458e273a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/source-sha256.json
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+{
+  "benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c": "da57ae18e97c88352479be897eedee0ecc9b54bb2b968c579421738dadd8d8b4",
+  "include/splinterdb/data.h": "57be61933a057f52f679dfcf21755a8645e6228cd1a7cdee983f5d57768923ab",
+  "include/splinterdb/default_data_config.h": "179386f3e224d322a9d7ac97afd929292994a1d890a3254705f9ebea525bce32",
+  "include/splinterdb/platform_linux/public_platform.h": "c5ded82c5b5bb5bbcedf06a66951eb98dc8892f7b3c4f8ce07c474db98ac68a0",
+  "include/splinterdb/public_platform.h": "4ce9da3fea9a54fb7bb613ec1458f11f043525efb7d0bc55182f7183dd4a4f6e",
+  "include/splinterdb/public_util.h": "4e8f6b30408fb4174894d4ba809acff4e96f559370c7749b65bb3724a853603f",
+  "include/splinterdb/splinterdb.h": "1e6bcdbedef94cd67f7b29a198e9d1d1a3fc4855ccfdddf2affa3aec0ee9c4e7",
+  "src/PackedArray.c": "97b64eb0a4f550e55f3385d39d729a878fbc581909ea16ec3b8987a7f46604cc",
+  "src/PackedArray.h": "e46f854b487a8b130f0613efcab11836012d27c8aacf9ca9e76a2de1a7eb6874",
+  "src/allocator.c": "96c7f0a5e0808719cf114d267c84da1f057b5eed748b0672d60686d7f130b96f",
+  "src/allocator.h": "06da1d6a491a15ef5229e8e2e4b4ad6468cb3c9ba620e0d956032dc0a1b6aec1",
+  "src/batch_rwlock.c": "c043d9e5ead75cd9e1266a6f51fb555012269f3822d7f0233dc2abbd962c3aae",
+  "src/batch_rwlock.h": "0ff5f0bd7fdf5f9a63ca2f77c387d574d8009ad726b47283c93566cf06bc0927",
+  "src/blob.c": "75e01e92c06d775b1cb36ea63a7cddf191b5179b94c3e9cd6b5b23ab0480485b",
+  "src/blob.h": "8f68d2f67de8a9d81a422b28d47aa636cc7234fccc3dbabe59f2355bc361e93c",
+  "src/blob_build.c": "e484e9c14fd8a9b3c1d211485c35931c944fc66ac4ee78ea20ffc5b3f074b10b",
+  "src/blob_build.h": "38176881cf9159247e6f578bbc7abb725cfa969c493715df7d1388cb7cbfd119",
+  "src/btree.c": "8b059dfa240564a7fca21379b467afc7635b9128d2ca72555300333ae06dbc97",
+  "src/btree.h": "2dc405429d4d84f606412d3a16dc07dd2aee2877524d658e946cb1a8bf1d865e",
+  "src/btree_private.h": "43693dd3048ae050b3358ccfc9b91371a3d9dff4f3d6d5c8b07445897dee09f6",
+  "src/cache.h": "d4c1e133d6423fff324d0ebcf5c95e13647c0022a3458935156746b90d816d6d",
+  "src/clockcache.c": "e0ef2e19a8280849df4ee80d9b8a54a0faaf56a13faefe7a91d54f5b7269f933",
+  "src/clockcache.h": "68f4e7b019d0440f85929bfc0da1891ce941318ee7dfd14a3d4d923e3d4e72d8",
+  "src/core.c": "7f4c49cc68de619c588abd65df69583b0c1cb4634da5e2096cd7538f96cc0025",
+  "src/core.h": "c820a39abdcf0e69bb7aba1f8f9741d72e77609df4b85dbd2233b693559869ec",
+  "src/data_blob_build.c": "13475faa56bba94ee26ef7fec4e4da8a5045e0efe510a63291fd5e2697cb5d22",
+  "src/data_blob_build.h": "dd7f263a0b1138325b211c561ba7289183a2cc8472978cba3ca430295e11e5f3",
+  "src/data_internal.c": "0a42dd477aaa6ad6c4910841045c4c768ad8d248c0126c64c51035f53e769cde",
+  "src/data_internal.h": "98b4ebe77576c4cbb7dd9984ca5e297851175494062073f1a4c137c5afb8b587",
+  "src/default_data_config.c": "161352f5247978f3d57033818d05a79d0a1a0d0ffac2bc9f25f4f33eabca2227",
+  "src/histogram.c": "24e09dfabd6085021d8a06ef9b10f6e85b24914d95831be359df09f8a9729aff",
+  "src/histogram.h": "7ccfde6d3ada7ead18fe477c06a6b021db83ca8c041ab0998ca023b945a3c1c7",
+  "src/iterator.h": "2fcddeb9fa6bd49f4e3da933224219bdb830f9e2f11638ea1ed13eba534fa27f",
+  "src/log.h": "da650095ba27154c029a2ef10c5fcac963002e294ad65688b80b5805786b8a45",
+  "src/log_data.h": "8b9198c49c95367f5c66cfa23ec1a3b6cab2abd875fe74c4afb4dafb5a5c44fe",
+  "src/lookup_result.h": "7528b988a28ef91b6bd7a4fa10dfa51b9ce2475e801b3b6a8bf30adf88f1ef16",
+  "src/memtable.c": "7db3b4754497c73b4071c7e7e591cc76fc226197fb70d98fb46caf139b3953f4",
+  "src/memtable.h": "244cac7cf304df85a25c8bede2df106d6f840d65bbd1a3551b3d9f2ed9129fc1",
+  "src/merge.c": "0b9547090a291b88f957689d8786fbaab35a2e2a18a4ae72b532c11415f5a9a7",
+  "src/merge.h": "771c1c2b5c581901c67aefa07d9e8c9d4f730e1137633b5b5efe35d14a6bd0d1",
+  "src/mini_allocator.c": "d620cbdff9867ce64c752992ede58783010fb09366220ad3bd6d8518911205ca",
+  "src/mini_allocator.h": "39d245b58914d28b26dfe230b9de15582382cec1c2a90fa14db19f5f2c203632",
+  "src/notification.c": "54af1fe6af2e5fc84fbee21a74ff55069a8aa7e4ec7f9d8c9485e85e91669b58",
+  "src/notification.h": "f4df33131f407e6a957602a05c72f4bca7efed98b1a39134f94bf889a6ca5f29",
+  "src/ondisk_ref.c": "2ace8cbbce3f80a54ff7762ad03a79a564665fa660394f1d3446235a3e40ed7b",
+  "src/ondisk_ref.h": "643325c8b4f16fab41d8c884c97bdfcf6c86e5178398508fa0f81b6b0606926d",
+  "src/pcq.h": "862cd346b0097014ccae797dc1463e7b3fc387f409319d5adcef7613b6f82f84",
+  "src/platform_linux/async.h": "41383b57e21f0f51d737749a4ce7c2c5330ac9363e742330625c9aedd4f13a52",
+  "src/platform_linux/laio.c": "0ce628806e6896070359a9e39d069f326f460ab697c6c17ff17d171614290881",
+  "src/platform_linux/laio.h": "f3987e22f1fd7a9d6b46c79f84e75559aec5410239a13d52a7a5343ba792b28e",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform.h": "f1c3d7c5bcd089ed7a7df129d3b8d00d7617de9a7aa6f9d1f7deeb739281e768",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_assert.c": "112e803b6db03dd8c14a3bfc3f1139bbcc4b81f1d5e24a232b7b99ce89146c2d",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_assert.h": "751dccceac9ce4a97d25d441b5216ced5ee5f079a13c9ccd43551b0994aa7cc2",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_backtrace.h": "ef13ccbf4ae4747b0de244a37c026ad8769018d84f9fc4d6493db43d9714358c",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_buffer.c": "b790d645b3dc5f638da871bf9611865dc700927f3b594a1d645b0350bd1bd027",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_buffer.h": "72e016dbb19b8250378b3a5c79fbebf9c3d72a31d07a232f36431e04f0e4afa6",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_condvar.c": "e595f69194accb3f3460d6fc9a4a9144bd7f495dbeb77f11bf3616dc0e9b03ec",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_condvar.h": "a4ee02ae5069637bce4cae07f3ed9869925f17a9e6e1b04d69baedfc148fd493",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_hash.h": "f69f5ed6218bfe62c62718b387e1c110e9fca46c07603d4d51ccc4fc782b09ab",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_heap.c": "72bb2753f525e56f8c398988a787feb38f02efaa749e5d57cb476f967269c479",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_heap.h": "921f3113d20b44c36817c284702e965e01769596ff012edd6ceaa70cbdbbd10a",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_io.c": "875a7331f8bfa46e9a6961f50acb40b107d40883839c94def52a289a521c66be",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_io.h": "69ae9556daf1c7a69e007abd494bf9c86ec81c08bca1e032663009cef95b2fac",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_log.c": "318bd17c858475a3a91c5e9641b52808f7c4194e1c6fc9a7d801392b04c49538",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_log.h": "569484386150fcfbf5dde722c5b8e34d67d65be3454e3e009cb9df41f11efea6",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_machine.h": "c02745313c7268dbe99efa2b93dd4d37640b5a7aa2e88c78fd5b73742f252c7d",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_mutex.c": "7ec1dd6a5397217d28fd85c10648d29a70bf66649f59f76d7387236031b15bf3",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_mutex.h": "688991d6a7dc57a7a88f565541561344cdfbb1733ca6073f1655d6c436ed6544",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_random.h": "184ac9da9c38a6c10275891be61ccb91beaf2234ebb9ce046d059cb16824d68f",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_semaphore.h": "9fdb7cfeaf36c8bf9aa346a16466ed6bc50bea76fdb5722c86001563d55bedfe",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_sleep.h": "34aeaea35133bf33e47eb1d9ace429297644e13bc100d90ebbd205bceb58d3ab",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_sort.h": "d374788510f94a8c3b86ff6bfa1f6a3ff8ac33168eb26f6f7774984252f6d01e",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_spinlock.h": "7b3f0409109f3341f2287fe7cd8fb69faac4a74b009a44c1eb83220f71e94de0",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_status.h": "2749285ea1322e5c1639019b728fde4b87b0cae6f71a7fc16e420bd592d38c00",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_string.h": "fa41faf9c6661c62ece783740250232709656b0a8677f542e390a5f3b0d834a6",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_threads.c": "789465a2c6ac7ac501e5878f429cc0dd9b163145a522e247a4833e3de7af8f2a",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_threads.h": "653e070115131756e6aaffc3c2764a6437fb39ff96df4afc8a01e6e751c9d622",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_time.h": "f212a08cf8432693711cecfd389f9ed3d0a70e0c056dc062321bd11c4a8cbec7",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_trace.c": "4a68e89f214920dd2762d072a0ad8e7c80d9b1733a64e4a7e3dd4bb04b91c352",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_trace.h": "345f7283b01e5a9b4d5da7bea66ad44ff61f53155417c97990e23bb8fedadf33",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_typed_alloc.h": "42c1d2bbd56c183d11768a5f43d440cf3c1bfe329c4352afa6acd3bc2b191a8e",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_units.h": "1cb22a07b33ec8b58f9381438f480f561d12b838f315a117cc1f979e95b1ef65",
+  "src/platform_linux/platform_util.h": "4fa2702b3919eb1a7efcf29457f5ee9a3d7a7b4c38fed4606264562022fa2638",
+  "src/platform_linux/poison.h": "a32dfa445439eb08913e519117e7b11f72b2c3550577a74769ed935a792c42c5",
+  "src/platform_linux/shmalloc.c": "e4631d63a9db1ad58472ad3d034d081f2bb9a97f34c5898f7c848dda923727f8",
+  "src/platform_linux/shmalloc.h": "081a82473f6021f8ed628e79f8ae5dc7104988981f8c3b25749ea42c8158113d",
+  "src/prefetch.h": "9d55d9dad64e3795c81856bc38688936e4e74e488dfe2d29a1f5438ad000df42",
+  "src/rc_allocator.c": "23ef0da6fb2d5114fe403403c8e535bf8ba19ed2c8bef4397212933cedfc8b9e",
+  "src/rc_allocator.h": "5f1fae7e32207a4e0cd5c4f799c9b802ce116dd381ee5c074c21d64a229dc3ad",
+  "src/routing_filter.c": "b367f375536ad2119515ee450235ffd27a588a8a73e3495250abd44ac48f453a",
+  "src/routing_filter.h": "66a6f52a7773857e52b1440f32c46f492210d9dd54c0e3145cbed553fa959f3d",
+  "src/shard_log.c": "60d90eb75eb504e33ff589fb86bedc130b0939310ad7c6a818b5364e9534ac2d",
+  "src/shard_log.h": "c6e13b991af5be285b3ad52440f3a51e296604590111a171d0de49293481a729",
+  "src/splinterdb.c": "70c88c0c09caecd6d9adbb0b6e98c1b7cc928c2f6539595f0e99f1a96cfeac6e",
+  "src/splinterdb_tests_private.h": "579031767b8869f49cf1e3fc94caeec13a1362dfd047782538df40b281c93414",
+  "src/superblock.c": "e3fbe387ac4fef197c11977e35e3aecf0d31c27c9d4932e4ec54b1bfc391620a",
+  "src/superblock.h": "cec63cb28426e2d23140b3ac310a86ae9635d6b3ec429abe7c469bc0de06aa73",
+  "src/task.c": "470418c0da14795c4697c51ef7b22e128b691c1c24a704791eea09a10b9373a4",
+  "src/task.h": "ebcc3bd29cef9ee8718c6ff0186863fff0dad03bcfaa43e5eacaf83c1933d01d",
+  "src/trunk.c": "013d25adbdc62c98935e8043ce0afba76565ce1971b664d7ce1eec2aab2167c3",
+  "src/trunk.h": "3c5081230d6fdfcf2e8aa2bbcff093c7694154b465d7e77cb28d48cb0412c855",
+  "src/util.c": "969df408c4c393f73feb05dfa37ebe1ed8be627cef630061830e4992c4c1fd9c",
+  "src/util.h": "9fa455f5a6268fa4a6864d444849b0872391af00512932c1587363cfd38304ef",
+  "src/vector.h": "6855dd0430f1a868d098797cbd4f3453ab542b5f6fbe716c79871124bee200a9",
+  "src/writeback_set.c": "cb485716f57a3183ce82543848edaf61f6568c9ff0445ea5ff989f95c00848ff",
+  "src/writeback_set.h": "68d6f589d24719a09e2680b05a1eb7e36c22b1fab978768f5b54f958f667aec9",
+  "tests/config.c": "d40d6a2e7cd1698daafbd8c7e0ba9060c9591eac98d2ba8ffc1d2310d556a9f1",
+  "tests/config.h": "754d9e0aca8f9d0359b73a5d6e470e80a2ac48ac43eb46d43aa1a5104fd89065",
+  "tests/functional/README.md": "c95907cfe5f4aaebc303d0d94cdcbd51e78d717ec11e4c5ecea6b8efaf723be0",
+  "tests/functional/avlTree.c": "5c24865aa50a21c626dacb2bd6172ff182a25e3532f5aee73a25aeb47c6bb043",
+  "tests/functional/avlTree.h": "39d82dc2b4c99a635c095800efcd060e7c95822a1194de0f03524a970040ac86",
+  "tests/functional/btree_test.c": "c011e72c204cc7640d1d259c791ba7ead40ef2a2c01fcfff3140d988d6666547",
+  "tests/functional/cache_test.c": "549f326d035fbb81cf9f272a66948f34f30313495624c6320e4a75b47c042e48",
+  "tests/functional/driver_test.c": "aef8d611eae488b287a796007c2a4e2a5f2e7f3f3190dce51be0e2be78ecb765",
+  "tests/functional/filter_test.c": "d58945f7c783584c65963381068c0225ed34dcb8d7dad7b2dfe865692a452853",
+  "tests/functional/io_apis_test.c": "be9b36b3af71975782f42ecc8087a922dea828d82049844d0833845cc1698ec5",
+  "tests/functional/log_test.c": "5464ef364dddffcb9aa5d80c1ee47994fb2ef6c451da25ac69b80c330f69d28c",
+  "tests/functional/random.h": "8b6567f2e066099fc21d9f6548b561169ffadb0da07150be7bf940c86d146082",
+  "tests/functional/scan_benchmark.c": "cb06609cf0134f1952a8742d19ef850ff4c80d86a6ffca85607998a2c921b17a",
+  "tests/functional/splinter_test.c": "b6c2e683dd48e23bc5d035e5d00142012f64085a21cff563b44d54fbaf2c7b9c",
+  "tests/functional/splinter_test.h": "9eb16fb6c779b27df477213c341031421d383c1c72051f2f42abec4c3c5b0f79",
+  "tests/functional/test.h": "fc47bbf44ca520c6ebcbc8843871e394a2de4521cb3c679c55a01a4b8c278d21",
+  "tests/functional/test_async.c": "258f7c56c6c500c783e659b69b157d3c9a06812fcbc31a8fb165b6c66f213acd",
+  "tests/functional/test_async.h": "c3530305b730c3d9a2c3c73ed438ee7ccd6c5c45cd26e0e02e6a821350b1d778",
+  "tests/functional/test_dispatcher.c": "60eaa54ce5ffd0d50095722ecd488b448e875fa07a44acc4ba560534c16d67b9",
+  "tests/functional/test_functionality.c": "d7b71e53f78b88257a10d8cc4fddd3daa48d704a89f6b4c5590af507da4637cd",
+  "tests/functional/test_functionality.h": "d065e9b63d00f37a88ee9cf962a1280040d7ee4684a1141a506e393fa38913b0",
+  "tests/functional/test_splinter_shadow.c": "4b856d30739b5ae544b65f514a55cc9d91cbc550044c498bedc51e8d5da26bd5",
+  "tests/functional/test_splinter_shadow.h": "a1b23c891db62785db9c4f80035ea1060de68c79aa0230dd6dbc03a8fe0b118d",
+  "tests/functional/ycsb_test.c": "5b1be412e93cfe56b8578051583fa231c138e2acee1afe4b3d1dfb925e0ad26f",
+  "tests/test_common.c": "fd1d18926096852a7dcfb54622d534d76a8ec62437ce72143c261f402587e493",
+  "tests/test_common.h": "3691f4e6bdaedb246dc9edea3d62a5cc69b456240492ba6cca8a2320c27cd595",
+  "tests/test_data.c": "48433bcf29a2e5ce1540a7b479bf0ddf85278e3d2a3c5ca6d8e4538cd1f0012f",
+  "tests/test_data.h": "61af4814f5d37200fa2393fc40abc7aa19acf4af322ca159390da3332af2952a",
+  "tests/unit/README.md": "9d4dc976f63738ebe5b73d446e2d6de088f29b26e2683f3c3c552c964949de2d",
+  "tests/unit/btree_stress_test.c": "1aa7a844349a1070f497f8ded0be9a36a5cf492d8731b49d626a771664f3ba79",
+  "tests/unit/btree_test.c": "526b3cedc42ed434440cfbe2af832688a9610fa559c625aee5034db0f5f040ba",
+  "tests/unit/btree_test_common.c": "3fa17ff41ec7afa5e7204aeb68767a7fcb7e1c7cf81695ef9506876a2af324bf",
+  "tests/unit/btree_test_common.h": "b7b30bdc02449e81d2fe263c0ef74a4a28c728f717d1ea20d16e3f1acb10a6a2",
+  "tests/unit/config_parse_test.c": "700a56f940237508e1ce647cc011f2f42c503aab262f930fd1baf0f265a9a112",
+  "tests/unit/ctest.h": "db9f53f9da859ff1d72be00efb993ca551720e0acaf747236e34e031368c7a16",
+  "tests/unit/large_inserts_stress_test.c": "df90d2de303f72829779f23cad3881cc65465d5d1a22fcdaf10000b23430b7ae",
+  "tests/unit/limitations_test.c": "e851344911b8c835578ccd9ae777b79369d339a375cca1468a12c70f03a9efe3",
+  "tests/unit/main.c": "a4a3ca6e237e3f40f07682c6528b1ef6f32105afc6071810e15411ad297b7a38",
+  "tests/unit/merge_test.c": "8c916b53e14f3a1f03b314f33d6d67975d7c60909a06c5c5b41b62ef02dc94f4",
+  "tests/unit/misc_test.c": "4ec5cf57c933275ccdf532a529ae79909840f7d41d36b842a4cb9d9a291ea05b",
+  "tests/unit/notification_test.c": "b9dcf332b319cf1ff0c1f9c3aa7fc32a35c9f19b81f8122d55c6ed7f6e02e84b",
+  "tests/unit/platform_apis_test.c": "c3623021ae04b4305b0971cfb2760f895c5b6908310a6e4c192f65769262c860",
+  "tests/unit/platform_threads_test.c": "bd8e8bb58926344add7b38357c15237687165da8995b052f02612967b6bd8af5",
+  "tests/unit/splinter_test.c": "297752b1102d3d85ef8cd4be54c0fa15d9a6aeb7e03ce092d14a967ccff42244",
+  "tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c": "5c5e868744c9c264572cd84615f583bfb89894a6c008c398ae8f1e350f960411",
+  "tests/unit/splinterdb_heap_id_mgmt_test.c": "43729def7a6d91cf66f5bc1fe2e6f0a4a45d63ebbb55887ed10a5eafcdc8235e",
+  "tests/unit/splinterdb_optimize_test.c": "719af1e83c60df31e63dfd782ace852605edbc355dfb487608e9c77a8f33ebae",
+  "tests/unit/splinterdb_quick_test.c": "1e16a72c548c05507729c6051aee200a172d07c92063bf5062e604482e7ee480",
+  "tests/unit/splinterdb_stress_test.c": "21a7f8725c82e4d8ec780131eff514294304aba322d8a2650ae893efaaf66f3a",
+  "tests/unit/superblock_test.c": "d448fbb284ee9e93061a66426f03f7440eced487fff611f11988fb4717276a70",
+  "tests/unit/task_system_test.c": "bd8ad9ca2632f17a6353f3c1e4d0849d98604e6b3a30f9c0c0b7ee13904a3024",
+  "tests/unit/trunk_async_test.c": "00c51d4302a48e09bdfacf217d45fc3c935f59bac130ded3f3164cc64ec5713b",
+  "tests/unit/trunk_gc_test.c": "00d6134ad82ed061cbc16d4b19fc21f41432c4b7c5a4b7ade80c3bed3b2dfdca",
+  "tests/unit/trunk_split_test.c": "4237641a463b28b7be333ed5d4f80a4830c3b0ef75335b196da34318a9f58b18",
+  "tests/unit/unit_test_template_dot_c": "ffb5e31229ca59caaece995122fcefe11f360ae45953caae0b5d4a72b2a6bcf7",
+  "tests/unit/unit_tests.h": "4e15f58455d8d759e9fad8432a02b1ec70f3a47a3e74eb39ea11b6a2ad44af42",
+  "tests/unit/unit_tests_common.c": "7a47eb40fadea397842e2f56932083d7e8840f08834788d6774b1f688288e735",
+  "tests/unit/util_test.c": "e992dff255d18e84673ea3954eb2da314de0815e64d55fd1980018b22444508b",
+  "tests/unit/vector_test.c": "463c0ae5b0c7525844f198c6859988a1bc33274d26cace87b9229673bc7c5186",
+  "tests/unit/writable_buffer_test.c": "3418d6ae29c5bc09dda485c1c1fe1768a1a3fc66b9b6bfdd05aa50e52516241e",
+  "tests/unit/writeback_set_test.c": "7bef6ea2a4a9d13fe0d83549cadd8e9497018068ac397ac8c31edea6909ee398"
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/.gitattributes b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b56614d96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+*.csv whitespace=cr-at-eol
+*.patch -whitespace
+*.log -whitespace
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/README.md b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..60524fb6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# log-group-limit: main integration evidence
+
+Source merge: `b4bc273a1beda264aa1220b32978ba9d66ba4050`; main: `7bb5fab305b9c6179e31f75998dabea833537a08`.
+
+[Correctness checks](tests/README.md) include exact commands, hashes and retained initial failures. [Benchmark report](benchmarks/report.md), [project summary](benchmarks/summary.csv), and [verification status](benchmarks/status.json) describe the fresh real-disk screening.
+
+The default 64-page threshold reduced short-run WAL insertion throughput by 42.70% versus main without automatic barriers. This is the cost of added durability. With the threshold disabled, throughput changed -1.34% and sample ranges overlapped main. The merge also validates automatic durability of multilevel-blob pointer pages.
+
+The campaign ran 133 comparison processes, 12 fixture creators and one recorded warmup through 11 exclusive jobs. These compare each updated feature with main; they do not isolate merge cost. Main controls drifted; sample-range overlap is descriptive, not a statistical confidence interval. Query/hash/barrier runs validate data, while insert-only runs check API returns, positive counts and successful close without readback. All benchmark databases were on ext4 `/dev/mapper/snafu-root_crypt` with O_DIRECT and fsynced fixture copies.
+
+`tests/archive-manifest.json` and `benchmarks/inventory.json` verify the small archived files. No database images, executables or core dumps are committed. Archived scripts retain original paths and must be adapted before replay outside the original campaign.
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/audit.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/audit.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..188de621f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/audit.json
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+{
+  "complete": true,
+  "scope": "new main versus updated feature; merge cost not isolated",
+  "counts": {
+    "fixtures": {
+      "runs": 12,
+      "runner": "run_matrix-fixtures.py",
+      "verified": true
+    },
+    "resident": {
+      "runs": 23,
+      "runner": "run_matrix.py",
+      "verified": true
+    },
+    "disk": {
+      "runs": 23,
+      "runner": "run_matrix.py",
+      "verified": true
+    },
+    "prefix-resident-common": {
+      "runs": 4,
+      "runner": "run_matrix.py",
+      "verified": true
+    },
+    "prefix-resident-random": {
+      "runs": 4,
+      "runner": "run_matrix.py",
+      "verified": true
+    },
+    "prefix-disk-common": {
+      "runs": 4,
+      "runner": "run_matrix.py",
+      "verified": true
+    },
+    "prefix-disk-random": {
+      "runs": 4,
+      "runner": "run_matrix.py",
+      "verified": true
+    },
+    "insert": {
+      "runs": 31,
+      "runner": "run_matrix.py",
+      "verified": true
+    },
+    "hash": {
+      "runs": 4,
+      "runner": "run_matrix.py",
+      "verified": true
+    },
+    "barrier": {
+      "runs": 24,
+      "runner": "run_matrix.py",
+      "verified": true
+    },
+    "repeat-warmup": {
+      "runs": 1,
+      "runner": "repeat.py",
+      "verified": true
+    },
+    "repeat-cache-invalid-addresses": {
+      "runs": 4,
+      "runner": "repeat.py",
+      "verified": true
+    },
+    "repeat-directory-bucket-atomic": {
+      "runs": 4,
+      "runner": "repeat.py",
+      "verified": true
+    },
+    "repeat-async-durable-barrier": {
+      "runs": 4,
+      "runner": "repeat.py",
+      "verified": true
+    }
+  },
+  "total_processes": 146,
+  "comparison_processes": 133,
+  "fixture_processes": 12,
+  "recorded_warmup_processes": 1,
+  "exclusive_benchmark_jobs": 11,
+  "source_and_binary_hashes_verified": true,
+  "runner_hashes_verified": true,
+  "all_processes_serial": true,
+  "no_overlapping_build_test_jobs": true,
+  "resident_physical_read_bytes": 0,
+  "errors": 0,
+  "violations": 0,
+  "insert_verification": "API return, positive insert count and successful close; no readback",
+  "storage": "ext4 /dev/mapper/snafu-root_crypt; O_DIRECT; fsynced fixture copies"
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/audit.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/audit.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad764439d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/audit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+"""Validate final matrix coverage, provenance, row counts and exclusive scheduling."""
+import csv,hashlib,json
+from pathlib import Path
+C=Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+P=C.parents[2]
+O=P/'benchmarks/main-7bb5fab'
+def sha(p):return hashlib.sha256(p.read_bytes()).hexdigest()
+def readcsv(p):return list(csv.DictReader(p.open()))
+expected={'fixtures':12,'resident':23,'disk':23,'prefix-resident-common':4,'prefix-resident-random':4,'prefix-disk-common':4,'prefix-disk-random':4,'insert':31,'hash':4,'barrier':24,'repeat-warmup':1,'repeat-cache-invalid-addresses':4,'repeat-directory-bucket-atomic':4,'repeat-async-durable-barrier':4}
+known_runner_hashes={sha(C/n):n for n in ['run_matrix.py','run_matrix-fixtures.py','repeat.py']}
+builds={p.name.removesuffix('-build.json'):json.loads(p.read_text()) for p in C.glob('*-build.json')}
+for profile,b in builds.items():
+ assert sha(Path(b['library']))==b['library_sha256'],profile
+ for f,h in b['source_files_sha256'].items():assert sha(Path(b['tree'])/f)==h,(profile,f)
+ for exe,v in b['binaries'].items():
+  assert sha(Path(v['binary']))==v['binary_sha256']
+  assert sha(Path(v['source']))==v['source_sha256']
+runs=[];counts={}
+for mode,count in expected.items():
+ folder=O/mode;m=json.loads((folder/'manifest.json').read_text())
+ assert m['complete'] and len(m['runs'])==count,mode
+ assert m['runner_sha256'] in known_runner_hashes,mode
+ if 'shared_runner_sha256' in m:assert m['shared_runner_sha256']==sha(C/'run_matrix.py')
+ for r in m['runs']:
+  assert r['verified'] and r['returncode']==0,(mode,r['label'])
+  log=folder/(r['label']+'.log');assert sha(log)==r['log_sha256']
+  assert 'FINDING: splinterdb_close' not in log.read_text(errors='replace')
+  b=builds[r['profile']];assert r['source_head']==b['head'] and r['library_sha256']==b['library_sha256']
+  assert r['binary_sha256'] in {v['binary_sha256'] for v in b['binaries'].values()}
+  assert r['finished']>=r['started'] and r['process_cpu_s']>0
+  runs.append(dict(mode=mode,label=r['label'],started=r['started'],finished=r['finished']))
+ counts[mode]=dict(runs=count,runner=known_runner_hashes[m['runner_sha256']],verified=True)
+ if (folder/'results.csv').exists():
+  rows=readcsv(folder/'results.csv')
+  if 'phase' in rows[0]:
+   for r in rows:
+    assert int(r['errors'])==0 and int(r['violations'])==0 and int(r['ops'])>0
+    if r['phase']=='warm':assert int(r['ops'])==int(r['n'])
+    elif mode=='resident' or mode.startswith('repeat-'):assert int(r['rd_bytes'])==0
+  if mode=='barrier':assert len(rows)==count and all(int(r['verified'])==1 for r in rows)
+  if mode=='insert':assert len(rows)==count and all(int(r['errors'])==0 and int(r['violations'])==0 and int(r['inserted'])>0 for r in rows)
+ if mode=='fixtures':
+  for r in m['runs']:
+   rows=readcsv(folder/(r['label']+'.csv'));assert len(rows)==1 and int(rows[0]['ops'])==int(rows[0]['n']) and int(rows[0]['errors'])==int(rows[0]['violations'])==0
+ if mode=='hash':
+  for r in m['runs']:assert [int(x['limit']) for x in r['rows']]==[1,2,10,100] and all(int(x['queries'])==1000 for x in r['rows'])
+  for i in range(4):assert len({r['rows'][i]['checksum'] for r in m['runs']})==1
+runs.sort(key=lambda r:r['started'])
+assert all(a['finished']<=b['started'] for a,b in zip(runs,runs[1:])), 'Benchmark subprocesses overlap'
+jobs=[json.loads(line) for line in (P/'coordination/jobs.jsonl').read_text().splitlines()]
+ours=[j for j in jobs if j['mode']=='benchmark' and j['name'].startswith('main-7bb5fab-benchmark-')]
+assert len(ours)==11 and all(j['mode']=='benchmark' and j['returncode']==0 for j in ours)
+for j in ours:
+ for k in jobs:
+  if j is k:continue
+  assert min(j['finished'],k['finished'])<=max(j['started'],k['started']),(j['name'],k['name'])
+for r in runs:assert sum(j['started']<=r['started'] and j['finished']>=r['finished'] for j in ours)==1
+(C/'run_job.py').write_bytes((P/'coordination/run_job.py').read_bytes())
+(C/'benchmark-jobs.json').write_text(json.dumps(ours,indent=2)+'\n')
+result=dict(complete=True,scope='new main versus updated feature; merge cost not isolated',counts=counts,total_processes=len(runs),comparison_processes=len(runs)-13,fixture_processes=12,recorded_warmup_processes=1,exclusive_benchmark_jobs=len(ours),source_and_binary_hashes_verified=True,runner_hashes_verified=True,all_processes_serial=True,no_overlapping_build_test_jobs=True,resident_physical_read_bytes=0,errors=0,violations=0,insert_verification='API return, positive insert count and successful close; no readback',storage='ext4 /dev/mapper/snafu-root_crypt; O_DIRECT; fsynced fixture copies')
+(C/'audit.json').write_text(json.dumps(result,indent=2)+'\n')
+print(json.dumps(result,indent=2))
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/benchmark-jobs.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/benchmark-jobs.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..079868d9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/benchmark-jobs.json
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+[
+  {
+    "name": "main-7bb5fab-benchmark-fixtures",
+    "mode": "benchmark",
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb",
+    "command": [
+      "python3",
+      ".cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/run_matrix.py",
+      "fixtures"
+    ],
+    "started": 1791905953.791713,
+    "pid": 3,
+    "db_dir": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "finished": 1791905996.8644083
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "main-7bb5fab-benchmark-resident",
+    "mode": "benchmark",
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb",
+    "command": [
+      "python3",
+      ".cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/run_matrix.py",
+      "resident"
+    ],
+    "started": 1791906087.9268048,
+    "pid": 5,
+    "db_dir": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "finished": 1791906898.088736
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "main-7bb5fab-benchmark-disk",
+    "mode": "benchmark",
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb",
+    "command": [
+      "python3",
+      ".cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/run_matrix.py",
+      "disk"
+    ],
+    "started": 1791906929.7655535,
+    "pid": 3,
+    "db_dir": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "finished": 1791907361.8222167
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "main-7bb5fab-benchmark-prefix",
+    "mode": "benchmark",
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb",
+    "command": [
+      "python3",
+      ".cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/run_matrix.py",
+      "prefix"
+    ],
+    "started": 1791907361.8244245,
+    "pid": 3,
+    "db_dir": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "finished": 1791907746.3817344
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "main-7bb5fab-benchmark-insert",
+    "mode": "benchmark",
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb",
+    "command": [
+      "python3",
+      ".cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/run_matrix.py",
+      "insert"
+    ],
+    "started": 1791907746.3838046,
+    "pid": 3,
+    "db_dir": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "finished": 1791907918.6362858
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "main-7bb5fab-benchmark-hash",
+    "mode": "benchmark",
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb",
+    "command": [
+      "python3",
+      ".cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/run_matrix.py",
+      "hash"
+    ],
+    "started": 1791907918.6382897,
+    "pid": 3,
+    "db_dir": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "finished": 1791907922.146424
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "main-7bb5fab-benchmark-barrier",
+    "mode": "benchmark",
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb",
+    "command": [
+      "python3",
+      ".cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/run_matrix.py",
+      "barrier"
+    ],
+    "started": 1791908012.5013723,
+    "pid": 3,
+    "db_dir": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "finished": 1791908144.8841226
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "main-7bb5fab-benchmark-repeat-warmup",
+    "mode": "benchmark",
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb",
+    "command": [
+      "python3",
+      ".cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/repeat.py",
+      "warmup"
+    ],
+    "started": 1791908144.8859186,
+    "pid": 3,
+    "db_dir": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "finished": 1791908167.146525
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "main-7bb5fab-benchmark-repeat-invalid",
+    "mode": "benchmark",
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb",
+    "command": [
+      "python3",
+      ".cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/repeat.py",
+      "cache-invalid-addresses"
+    ],
+    "started": 1791908236.5269575,
+    "pid": 3,
+    "db_dir": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "finished": 1791908369.5229552
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "main-7bb5fab-benchmark-repeat-atomic",
+    "mode": "benchmark",
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb",
+    "command": [
+      "python3",
+      ".cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/repeat.py",
+      "directory-bucket-atomic"
+    ],
+    "started": 1791908442.7619998,
+    "pid": 3,
+    "db_dir": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "finished": 1791908531.8354392
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "main-7bb5fab-benchmark-repeat-async",
+    "mode": "benchmark",
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb",
+    "command": [
+      "python3",
+      ".cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/repeat.py",
+      "async-durable-barrier"
+    ],
+    "started": 1791908542.3013017,
+    "pid": 3,
+    "db_dir": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "finished": 1791908631.2491326
+  }
+]
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/build_all.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/build_all.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3e172154
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/build_all.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import hashlib,json,subprocess,sys
+from pathlib import Path
+ROOT=Path('/home/rob/projects/splinterdb')
+CAMP=ROOT/'.cache/projects-20261011'
+OUT=Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+SOURCES=OUT/'sources'
+def sha(p):return hashlib.sha256(Path(p).read_bytes()).hexdigest()
+profiles={'main':(ROOT,'build-main-7bb5fab')}
+for name in ['disk-format','filtered-ranges','log-group-limit','branch-prefix','lazy-merge','async-durable-barrier','cache-invalid-addresses']:
+ profiles[name]=(CAMP/'worktrees'/name,'build-main-7bb5fab')
+for opt in ['direct','bucket','bucket-simd','bucket-atomic']:
+ profiles['directory-'+opt]=(CAMP/'worktrees/cache-directory',f'build-main-7bb5fab/{opt}')
+flags=['cc','-D_GNU_SOURCE','-ggdb','-Wall','-pthread','-Werror','-DXXH_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY','-fPIC','-DSPLINTERDB_PLATFORM_DIR=platform_linux','-O3','-ffast-math','-flto','-march=native']
+manifest={}
+for name,(tree,buildroot) in profiles.items():
+ if len(sys.argv)>1 and name not in sys.argv[1:]:continue
+ head=subprocess.check_output(['git','rev-parse','HEAD'],cwd=tree,text=True).strip()
+ subprocess.run(['git','merge-base','--is-ancestor','7bb5fab',head],cwd=tree,check=True)
+ lib=tree/buildroot/'release/lib/libsplinterdb.a'
+ header=(tree/'include/splinterdb/splinterdb.h').read_text()
+ record=dict(tree=str(tree),head=head,library=str(lib),library_sha256=sha(lib),binaries={},source_files_sha256={})
+ for filename in subprocess.check_output(['git','ls-files','src','include'],cwd=tree,text=True).splitlines():
+  if (tree/filename).is_file():record['source_files_sha256'][filename]=sha(tree/filename)
+ bins=['kvbench','insert_benchmark']
+ if name in ['main','branch-prefix']:bins+=['prefix_kvbench']
+ if name in ['main','filtered-ranges']:bins+=['hash_range_benchmark']
+ if name in ['main','async-durable-barrier']:bins+=['barrier_bench']
+ for binaryname in bins:
+  source=SOURCES/(binaryname+'.c');binary=OUT/'bin'/name/binaryname;binary.parent.mkdir(parents=True,exist_ok=True)
+  macros=[]
+  if binaryname in ['kvbench','prefix_kvbench']:macros+=['-DKVBENCH_CLOSE_HAS_FORCE']
+  if binaryname=='prefix_kvbench':
+   macros+=['-DKVBENCH_SPACE_MODE']
+   if name=='branch-prefix':macros+=['-DKVBENCH_PREFIX_SUPPORT']
+  if binaryname=='hash_range_benchmark' and name=='filtered-ranges':macros+=['-DHASH_RANGE_FILTER_API']
+  if binaryname=='insert_benchmark' and name!='log-group-limit':macros+=['-DKVBENCH_NO_LOG_GROUP_LIMIT']
+  if '#define SPLINTERDB_NOTIFICATION_BLOCKING' in header:macros+=['-DHAVE_SENTINEL_NOTIFICATION','-DHAVE_ASYNC_BARRIER']
+  command=flags+macros+['-I',str(tree/'include'),'-I',str(tree/'src'),'-I',str(tree/'src/platform_linux'),str(source),str(lib),'-laio','-lxxhash','-lm','-lpthread','-o',str(binary)]
+  print('build',name,binaryname,flush=True)
+  subprocess.run(command,check=True)
+  record['binaries'][binaryname]=dict(command=command,binary=str(binary),binary_sha256=sha(binary),source=str(source),source_sha256=sha(source))
+ (OUT/(name+'-build.json')).write_text(json.dumps(record,indent=2)+'\n')
+ manifest[name]=record
+(OUT/'builds-last.json').write_text(json.dumps(manifest,indent=2)+'\n')
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/control-drift.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/control-drift.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cfb613d57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/control-drift.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+workload,phase,order,ops_s,change_from_first_pct,cpu_us_op,read_bytes
+repeat-warmup,point:uniform@8,0,5725282.1,0.0,1.397020051521282,0
+repeat-warmup,range:uniform:1@8,0,531558.3,0.0,15.047298523902287,0
+repeat-directory-bucket-atomic,point:uniform@8,0,6058373.4,0.0,1.320094818123589,0
+repeat-directory-bucket-atomic,point:uniform@8,3,5103421.5,-15.762513086433405,1.5670903540638217,0
+repeat-directory-bucket-atomic,range:uniform:1@8,0,566747.0,0.0,14.112342596291334,0
+repeat-directory-bucket-atomic,range:uniform:1@8,3,498451.0,-12.050526954708186,16.044938184918625,0
+disk,point:uniform@8,0,153061.5,0.0,5.361065052728681,2471006208
+disk,point:uniform@8,11,162899.9,6.427743096729088,6.005865909099279,2630258688
+disk,point:uniform@8,22,168110.0,9.831668969662521,6.042270913585652,2714718208
+disk,range:uniform:1@8,0,63458.1,0.0,132.9297233243934,6286577664
+disk,range:uniform:1@8,11,63625.4,0.2636385268389718,133.28995634011335,6302711808
+disk,range:uniform:1@8,22,64975.4,2.391026519861139,130.54799748839613,6439641088
+disk,range:uniform:10000@8,0,841.4,0.0,3017.1143332541005,9990152192
+disk,range:uniform:10000@8,11,835.2,-0.7368671262181992,3448.754789272031,9911496704
+disk,range:uniform:10000@8,22,840.0,-0.16638935108153063,3655.0,9932713984
+repeat-async-durable-barrier,point:uniform@8,0,5568429.8,0.0,1.4363332788847318,0
+repeat-async-durable-barrier,point:uniform@8,3,4940084.1,-11.284073294773334,1.6189229334750765,0
+repeat-async-durable-barrier,range:uniform:1@8,0,506930.4,0.0,15.778718800936517,0
+repeat-async-durable-barrier,range:uniform:1@8,3,489239.4,-3.4898281894319205,16.345419991652534,0
+prefix-resident-common,point:uniform@8,0,3798858.3,0.0,2.105459146011521,0
+prefix-resident-common,point:uniform@8,3,3979950.2,4.767008550963858,2.009371623828547,0
+prefix-resident-common,range:uniform:1@8,0,992358.5,0.0,8.06011032205677,0
+prefix-resident-common,range:uniform:1@8,3,996704.2,0.43791633769447724,8.02499213268852,0
+prefix-resident-common,range:uniform:10000@8,0,3472.3,0.0,2305.0155987521,0
+prefix-resident-common,range:uniform:10000@8,3,3609.2,3.9426316850502463,2216.3834503140006,0
+prefix-resident-common,ow:uniform@8,0,2274316.9,0.0,3.0310520336583586,2005544960
+prefix-resident-common,ow:uniform@8,3,2304559.8,1.3297575197194433,3.037911263890554,2003456000
+resident,point:uniform@1,0,1261757.3,0.0,0.79252082249396,0
+resident,point:uniform@1,11,1152531.0,-8.656680646904125,0.8676282687172,0
+resident,point:uniform@1,22,1148133.5,-9.005202506060407,0.8709404196916726,0
+resident,point:uniform@8,0,6445634.1,0.0,1.2407480739199983,0
+resident,point:uniform@8,11,5270841.2,-18.22618041567081,1.5171993153252339,0
+resident,point:uniform@8,22,5463995.8,-15.229507055015734,1.4638320892600838,0
+resident,range:uniform:1@1,0,114690.1,0.0,8.718775883865906,0
+resident,range:uniform:1@1,11,105447.5,-8.058760084785,9.481407022468359,0
+resident,range:uniform:1@1,22,105112.6,-8.350764364143027,9.519536136660204,0
+resident,range:uniform:1@8,0,600376.6,0.0,13.32092671033598,0
+resident,range:uniform:1@8,11,532530.7,-11.300557017045643,15.020171795914191,0
+resident,range:uniform:1@8,22,549552.3,-8.465403215248546,14.554061799643964,0
+resident,range:uniform:10000@8,0,4305.3,0.0,1857.8562304029729,0
+resident,range:uniform:10000@8,11,3785.8,-12.06652265811906,2112.651875330164,0
+resident,range:uniform:10000@8,22,3929.7,-8.724130722597733,2035.4552780016115,0
+repeat-cache-invalid-addresses,point:uniform@1,0,1237297.9,0.0,0.8081970578394306,0
+repeat-cache-invalid-addresses,point:uniform@1,3,1167884.0,-5.610120246708572,0.8562318264794829,0
+repeat-cache-invalid-addresses,point:uniform@8,0,6207307.6,0.0,1.2885781245675567,0
+repeat-cache-invalid-addresses,point:uniform@8,3,5328062.8,-14.164672619091723,1.5011880792761536,0
+repeat-cache-invalid-addresses,range:uniform:1@8,0,546650.2,0.0,14.631325678521693,0
+repeat-cache-invalid-addresses,range:uniform:1@8,3,516913.3,-5.439840687884134,15.472656757810807,0
+prefix-disk-random,point:uniform@8,0,135623.0,0.0,6.979415663796549,2392637440
+prefix-disk-random,point:uniform@8,3,173077.1,27.616333512752256,6.5078303110978615,3054764032
+prefix-disk-random,range:uniform:1@8,0,56431.4,0.0,148.08803203742426,3998134272
+prefix-disk-random,range:uniform:1@8,3,70766.5,25.402701332945842,118.96633582781307,5010862080
+prefix-disk-random,range:uniform:10000@8,0,813.8,0.0,3910.2973703612683,10312994816
+prefix-disk-random,range:uniform:10000@8,3,912.4,12.11599901695748,3859.710653222271,11551866880
+prefix-disk-common,point:uniform@8,0,166767.1,0.0,6.629322760954632,2942513152
+prefix-disk-common,point:uniform@8,3,137171.0,-17.74696567848215,6.595905989385899,2419056640
+prefix-disk-common,range:uniform:1@8,0,67364.5,0.0,124.38620345685463,4767051776
+prefix-disk-common,range:uniform:1@8,3,56813.9,-15.661958449925406,147.16173499200934,4020363264
+prefix-disk-common,range:uniform:10000@8,0,899.2,0.0,3836.7437722419927,11408752640
+prefix-disk-common,range:uniform:10000@8,3,812.8,-9.608540925266917,3834.399606299213,10284527616
+prefix-resident-random,point:uniform@8,0,4089596.1,0.0,1.955655773286237,0
+prefix-resident-random,point:uniform@8,3,3861855.4,-5.568782208101187,2.0713343968861757,0
+prefix-resident-random,range:uniform:1@8,0,987903.4,0.0,8.096649643019639,0
+prefix-resident-random,range:uniform:1@8,3,1027722.4,4.0306572484718695,7.782304346965907,0
+prefix-resident-random,range:uniform:10000@8,0,4617.6,0.0,1732.1976395856643,0
+prefix-resident-random,range:uniform:10000@8,3,4063.2,-12.006237006237019,1968.7448728465956,0
+prefix-resident-random,ow:uniform@8,0,2181154.0,0.0,3.049805026119027,1722953728
+prefix-resident-random,ow:uniform@8,3,2346979.3,7.602640620515544,3.0134031679362994,2000707584
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/00-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/00-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d44e58a68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/00-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+kvbench version=main splinter=splinterdb_build_version 7bb5fab3 db=/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/disk/scratch.db mode=open n=2000000 cache_mib=64 disk_gib=8 log=0 threads=8 mt_bg=0 normal_bg=0 memtable_mib=4 secs=5.0 warmup=1.0 rep=0 sabotage=0
+open took 0.006 s
+phase warm: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed count)
+== warm                   T=8  ops=2000000    secs=   0.11 ops/s=   18349899  lat us p50=nan p99=nan p99.9=nan max=0.0 mean=nan
+   cpu=0.43s ops/cpu-s=4662168 rd=146.1 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=1
+phase point:uniform@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+   found=765333 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@8        T=8  ops=765333     secs=   5.00 ops/s=     153061  lat us p50=60.93 p99=105.47 p99.9=161.79 max=3031.5 mean=52.23
+   cpu=4.10s ops/cpu-s=186512 rd=3228.7 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase range:uniform:1@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:1@8] progress 310411 ops (+31039 ops/s)
+== range:uniform:1@8      T=8  ops=317303     secs=   5.00 ops/s=      63458  lat us p50=123.90 p99=251.90 p99.9=331.78 max=2166.9 mean=126.01
+   cpu=42.18s ops/cpu-s=7523 rd=19812.5 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=121.86 p99=251.90 mean=125.27  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.70 us  tuples/s=63458
+phase range:uniform:10000@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+close took 0.076 s
+== range:uniform:10000@8  T=8  ops=4207       secs=   5.00 ops/s=        841  lat us p50=9830.40 p99=23330.82 p99.9=28049.41 max=32120.6 mean=9504.55
+   cpu=12.69s ops/cpu-s=331 rd=2374649.9 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=274.43 p99=909.31 mean=318.56  per-tuple=920.2 ns  deinit mean=1.09 us  tuples/s=8399365
+   insert/run=5.00s drain(close)=0.08s total=5.08s drain_cpu=0.01s drain_rd=0 drain_wr=274432 wamp=nan db_apparent=2513178624 db_alloc=472989696
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/03-log-group-limit.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/03-log-group-limit.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..598073ad9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/03-log-group-limit.log
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+kvbench version=log-group-limit splinter=splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty db=/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/disk/scratch.db mode=open n=2000000 cache_mib=64 disk_gib=8 log=0 threads=8 mt_bg=0 normal_bg=0 memtable_mib=4 secs=5.0 warmup=1.0 rep=3 sabotage=0
+open took 0.006 s
+phase warm: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed count)
+== warm                   T=8  ops=2000000    secs=   0.12 ops/s=   17347475  lat us p50=nan p99=nan p99.9=nan max=0.0 mean=nan
+   cpu=0.49s ops/cpu-s=4040959 rd=146.5 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase point:uniform@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+   found=855293 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@8        T=8  ops=855293     secs=   5.00 ops/s=     171052  lat us p50=50.69 p99=97.28 p99.9=125.95 max=2687.5 mean=46.73
+   cpu=4.98s ops/cpu-s=171628 rd=3229.2 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase range:uniform:1@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:1@8] progress 326700 ops (+32668 ops/s)
+== range:uniform:1@8      T=8  ops=335507     secs=   5.00 ops/s=      67098  lat us p50=115.71 p99=231.42 p99.9=290.82 max=1555.5 mean=119.16
+   cpu=42.41s ops/cpu-s=7911 rd=19796.5 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=115.71 p99=231.42 mean=118.29  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.82 us  tuples/s=67098
+phase range:uniform:10000@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+close took 0.086 s
+== range:uniform:10000@8  T=8  ops=4371       secs=   5.00 ops/s=        874  lat us p50=9568.26 p99=21757.95 p99.9=24903.68 max=25633.6 mean=9150.37
+   cpu=14.38s ops/cpu-s=304 rd=2373969.8 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=251.90 p99=843.78 mean=290.35  per-tuple=887.3 ns  deinit mean=1.23 us  tuples/s=8727359
+   insert/run=5.00s drain(close)=0.09s total=5.09s drain_cpu=0.01s drain_rd=0 drain_wr=274432 wamp=nan db_apparent=2513178624 db_alloc=472989696
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/11-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/11-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5198b3d27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/11-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+kvbench version=main splinter=splinterdb_build_version 7bb5fab3 db=/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/disk/scratch.db mode=open n=2000000 cache_mib=64 disk_gib=8 log=0 threads=8 mt_bg=0 normal_bg=0 memtable_mib=4 secs=5.0 warmup=1.0 rep=11 sabotage=0
+open took 0.007 s
+phase warm: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed count)
+== warm                   T=8  ops=2000000    secs=   0.13 ops/s=   15684927  lat us p50=nan p99=nan p99.9=nan max=0.0 mean=nan
+   cpu=0.52s ops/cpu-s=3869834 rd=146.6 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase point:uniform@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+   found=814537 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@8        T=8  ops=814537     secs=   5.00 ops/s=     162900  lat us p50=59.90 p99=99.33 p99.9=128.00 max=1609.7 mean=49.07
+   cpu=4.89s ops/cpu-s=166490 rd=3229.1 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase range:uniform:1@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:1@8] progress 308561 ops (+30854 ops/s)
+== range:uniform:1@8      T=8  ops=318141     secs=   5.00 ops/s=      63625  lat us p50=121.86 p99=243.71 p99.9=315.39 max=2542.9 mean=125.66
+   cpu=42.41s ops/cpu-s=7502 rd=19811.1 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=121.86 p99=243.71 mean=124.77  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.84 us  tuples/s=63625
+phase range:uniform:10000@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+close took 0.077 s
+== range:uniform:10000@8  T=8  ops=4176       secs=   5.00 ops/s=        835  lat us p50=10092.54 p99=22806.53 p99.9=26476.54 max=27125.7 mean=9579.22
+   cpu=14.40s ops/cpu-s=290 rd=2373442.7 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=260.10 p99=909.31 mean=305.46  per-tuple=928.6 ns  deinit mean=1.29 us  tuples/s=8336860
+   insert/run=5.00s drain(close)=0.08s total=5.08s drain_cpu=0.01s drain_rd=0 drain_wr=274432 wamp=nan db_apparent=2513178624 db_alloc=472989696
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/19-log-group-limit.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/19-log-group-limit.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e6b47728
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/19-log-group-limit.log
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+kvbench version=log-group-limit splinter=splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty db=/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/disk/scratch.db mode=open n=2000000 cache_mib=64 disk_gib=8 log=0 threads=8 mt_bg=0 normal_bg=0 memtable_mib=4 secs=5.0 warmup=1.0 rep=19 sabotage=0
+open took 0.007 s
+phase warm: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed count)
+== warm                   T=8  ops=2000000    secs=   0.13 ops/s=   15701946  lat us p50=nan p99=nan p99.9=nan max=0.0 mean=nan
+   cpu=0.52s ops/cpu-s=3842415 rd=146.5 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=2
+phase point:uniform@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+   found=754359 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@8        T=8  ops=754359     secs=   5.00 ops/s=     150867  lat us p50=61.95 p99=103.42 p99.9=133.12 max=3790.2 mean=52.99
+   cpu=4.35s ops/cpu-s=173391 rd=3228.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase range:uniform:1@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:1@8] progress 293739 ops (+29372 ops/s)
+== range:uniform:1@8      T=8  ops=300962     secs=   5.00 ops/s=      60189  lat us p50=130.05 p99=260.10 p99.9=331.78 max=2373.6 mean=132.84
+   cpu=42.35s ops/cpu-s=7107 rd=19803.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=128.00 p99=260.10 mean=131.91  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.88 us  tuples/s=60189
+phase range:uniform:10000@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+close took 0.051 s
+== range:uniform:10000@8  T=8  ops=4027       secs=   5.00 ops/s=        805  lat us p50=10354.69 p99=24379.39 p99.9=28573.70 max=32413.5 mean=9927.38
+   cpu=13.90s ops/cpu-s=290 rd=2357818.1 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=266.24 p99=909.31 mean=310.60  per-tuple=963.1 ns  deinit mean=1.27 us  tuples/s=8038851
+   insert/run=5.00s drain(close)=0.05s total=5.05s drain_cpu=0.01s drain_rd=0 drain_wr=274432 wamp=nan db_apparent=2513178624 db_alloc=472985600
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/22-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/22-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46f35d5fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/22-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+kvbench version=main splinter=splinterdb_build_version 7bb5fab3 db=/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/disk/scratch.db mode=open n=2000000 cache_mib=64 disk_gib=8 log=0 threads=8 mt_bg=0 normal_bg=0 memtable_mib=4 secs=5.0 warmup=1.0 rep=22 sabotage=0
+open took 0.006 s
+phase warm: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed count)
+== warm                   T=8  ops=2000000    secs=   0.13 ops/s=   15968853  lat us p50=nan p99=nan p99.9=nan max=0.0 mean=nan
+   cpu=0.55s ops/cpu-s=3624521 rd=146.6 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase point:uniform@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+   found=840578 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@8        T=8  ops=840578     secs=   5.00 ops/s=     168110  lat us p50=51.71 p99=99.33 p99.9=130.05 max=2039.3 mean=47.55
+   cpu=5.08s ops/cpu-s=165502 rd=3229.6 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase range:uniform:1@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:1@8] progress 315837 ops (+31582 ops/s)
+== range:uniform:1@8      T=8  ops=324892     secs=   5.00 ops/s=      64975  lat us p50=119.81 p99=239.62 p99.9=348.16 max=2233.5 mean=123.05
+   cpu=42.41s ops/cpu-s=7660 rd=19820.9 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=117.76 p99=239.62 mean=122.13  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.87 us  tuples/s=64975
+phase range:uniform:10000@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+close took 0.083 s
+== range:uniform:10000@8  T=8  ops=4200       secs=   5.00 ops/s=        840  lat us p50=9830.40 p99=21757.95 p99.9=27000.83 max=28803.9 mean=9525.33
+   cpu=15.35s ops/cpu-s=274 rd=2364931.9 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=256.00 p99=892.93 mean=301.69  per-tuple=923.9 ns  deinit mean=1.41 us  tuples/s=8385217
+   insert/run=5.00s drain(close)=0.08s total=5.08s drain_cpu=0.01s drain_rd=0 drain_wr=274432 wamp=nan db_apparent=2513178624 db_alloc=472985600
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/manifest.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b49c3075
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+{
+  "mode": "disk",
+  "storage": "ext4 /dev/mapper/snafu-root_crypt[/home/rob/projects/splinterdb]",
+  "io": "O_DIRECT",
+  "cpu_affinity": "0-11",
+  "scope": "Updated feature branches versus fresh main; not an isolation of merge cost",
+  "runner_sha256": "536f10a1a7fd4b1e8e0250ea01cfe36793c7d6e2345f141092616ec06f64ee50",
+  "runs": [
+    {
+      "label": "00-main",
+      "profile": "main",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/bin/main/kvbench",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/disk/scratch.db",
+        "--open",
+        "--n",
+        "2000000",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "64",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "8",
+        "--log",
+        "0",
+        "--threads",
+        "8",
+        "--mt-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "4",
+        "--secs",
+        "5",
+        "--warmup",
+        "1",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/disk/results.csv",
+        "--vtag",
+        "main",
+        "--stag",
+        "disk",
+        "--otag",
+        "0",
+        "--rep",
+        "0",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--hang-secs",
+        "60",
+        "--hang-dir",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/disk",
+        "warm",
+        "point:uniform@8",
+        "range:uniform:1@8",
+        "range:uniform:10000@8"
+      ],
+      "started": 1791906930.3914676,
+      "binary_sha256": "f9a3dbd472dd5a6773abbd986dee047aec294108779eb731f678943aaeb89c5e",
+      "library_sha256": "20944ac1b2f8420bd8f868d20894e462f9c3c240e4380e9c1242287cbb394f9a",
+      "source_head": "7bb5fab305b9c6179e31f75998dabea833537a08",
+      "verified": true,
+      "returncode": 0,
+      "finished": 1791906948.6450965,
+      "log_sha256": "31d7f4877605590f45d53a31f1da36cfd3464ed056f9aea89f6083b962487883",
+      "process_cpu_s": 71.248714,
+      "process_read_bytes": 22774968320,
+      "process_write_bytes": 319488,
+      "verification_kind": "query key/value/range validation and successful close",
+      "errors": 0,
+      "violations": 0,
+      "fixture": {
+        "fixture": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/fixtures/disk-main-ordinary.db",
+        "fixture_sha256": "b074d0238b42f37eb1be4ea4994e5b4dc0252e2c4a840727193f3c9629ba142a",
+        "allocated_bytes": 473116672,
+        "apparent_bytes": 2513178624
+      },
+      "fixture_copy_fsynced": true,
+      "db_allocated_bytes": 472989696
+    },
+    {
+      "label": "03-log-group-limit",
+      "profile": "log-group-limit",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/bin/log-group-limit/kvbench",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/disk/scratch.db",
+        "--open",
+        "--n",
+        "2000000",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "64",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "8",
+        "--log",
+        "0",
+        "--threads",
+        "8",
+        "--mt-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "4",
+        "--secs",
+        "5",
+        "--warmup",
+        "1",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/disk/results.csv",
+        "--vtag",
+        "log-group-limit",
+        "--stag",
+        "disk",
+        "--otag",
+        "3",
+        "--rep",
+        "3",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--hang-secs",
+        "60",
+        "--hang-dir",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/disk",
+        "warm",
+        "point:uniform@8",
+        "range:uniform:1@8",
+        "range:uniform:10000@8"
+      ],
+      "started": 1791906986.5126617,
+      "binary_sha256": "d43c64a0faed0fb18cd58c5fea5ad2a8809278e780653048041372c6c9ac3bf9",
+      "library_sha256": "545aa62cd6603e733928a2a350d43e237fbcc84d66c863062aac10eec75fc1a9",
+      "source_head": "b4bc273a1beda264aa1220b32978ba9d66ba4050",
+      "verified": true,
+      "returncode": 0,
+      "finished": 1791907004.7631578,
+      "log_sha256": "36b51bfe6b7c5a33368c2bae9385fc943e40bea7f3db90617398e12c485981a0",
+      "process_cpu_s": 74.75174900000002,
+      "process_read_bytes": 23993589760,
+      "process_write_bytes": 323584,
+      "verification_kind": "query key/value/range validation and successful close",
+      "errors": 0,
+      "violations": 0,
+      "fixture": {
+        "fixture": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/fixtures/disk-main-ordinary.db",
+        "fixture_sha256": "b074d0238b42f37eb1be4ea4994e5b4dc0252e2c4a840727193f3c9629ba142a",
+        "allocated_bytes": 473116672,
+        "apparent_bytes": 2513178624
+      },
+      "fixture_copy_fsynced": true,
+      "db_allocated_bytes": 472989696
+    },
+    {
+      "label": "11-main",
+      "profile": "main",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/bin/main/kvbench",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/disk/scratch.db",
+        "--open",
+        "--n",
+        "2000000",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "64",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "8",
+        "--log",
+        "0",
+        "--threads",
+        "8",
+        "--mt-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "4",
+        "--secs",
+        "5",
+        "--warmup",
+        "1",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/disk/results.csv",
+        "--vtag",
+        "main",
+        "--stag",
+        "disk",
+        "--otag",
+        "11",
+        "--rep",
+        "11",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--hang-secs",
+        "60",
+        "--hang-dir",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/disk",
+        "warm",
+        "point:uniform@8",
+        "range:uniform:1@8",
+        "range:uniform:10000@8"
+      ],
+      "started": 1791907136.6043751,
+      "binary_sha256": "f9a3dbd472dd5a6773abbd986dee047aec294108779eb731f678943aaeb89c5e",
+      "library_sha256": "20944ac1b2f8420bd8f868d20894e462f9c3c240e4380e9c1242287cbb394f9a",
+      "source_head": "7bb5fab305b9c6179e31f75998dabea833537a08",
+      "verified": true,
+      "returncode": 0,
+      "finished": 1791907154.9016702,
+      "log_sha256": "7c21a91723c434998d5c9b8a8dd15c86bbea62e8b787cc23f4ed16acea5a5edf",
+      "process_cpu_s": 74.70139499999988,
+      "process_read_bytes": 22838931456,
+      "process_write_bytes": 323584,
+      "verification_kind": "query key/value/range validation and successful close",
+      "errors": 0,
+      "violations": 0,
+      "fixture": {
+        "fixture": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/fixtures/disk-main-ordinary.db",
+        "fixture_sha256": "b074d0238b42f37eb1be4ea4994e5b4dc0252e2c4a840727193f3c9629ba142a",
+        "allocated_bytes": 473116672,
+        "apparent_bytes": 2513178624
+      },
+      "fixture_copy_fsynced": true,
+      "db_allocated_bytes": 472989696
+    },
+    {
+      "label": "19-log-group-limit",
+      "profile": "log-group-limit",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/bin/log-group-limit/kvbench",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/disk/scratch.db",
+        "--open",
+        "--n",
+        "2000000",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "64",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "8",
+        "--log",
+        "0",
+        "--threads",
+        "8",
+        "--mt-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "4",
+        "--secs",
+        "5",
+        "--warmup",
+        "1",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/disk/results.csv",
+        "--vtag",
+        "log-group-limit",
+        "--stag",
+        "disk",
+        "--otag",
+        "19",
+        "--rep",
+        "19",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--hang-secs",
+        "60",
+        "--hang-dir",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/disk",
+        "warm",
+        "point:uniform@8",
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+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/results.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/results.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fd52ae554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/disk/results.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/feature-summaries.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/feature-summaries.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d9a23e69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/feature-summaries.json
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
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+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/fixtures/disk-main-ordinary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/fixtures/disk-main-ordinary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d85a97f5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/fixtures/disk-main-ordinary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+version,size,order,log,phase,threads,rep,n,ops,secs,ops_s,p50_us,p99_us,p999_us,max_us,mean_us,cpu_s,ops_per_cpu_s,rd_bytes,wr_bytes,rd_B_op,wr_B_op,startup_p50_us,startup_p99_us,startup_mean_us,per_tuple_ns,deinit_mean_us,tuples,tuples_s,insert_s,drain_s,total_s,drain_cpu_s,drain_rd,drain_wr,wamp,db_apparent,db_alloc,open_s,violations,errors,swapin,swapout,majflt
+main,disk,0,0,load:random,1,0,2000000,2000000,2.631,760037.0,0.508,1.488,5.696,60421.601,1.266,2.151,929612.1,146448384,434933760,73.22,217.47,nan,nan,nan,nan,nan,0,0.0,2.631,0.111,2.743,0.014,28672,37990400,1.9070,2513178624,473116672,0.009,0,0,0,0,0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/fixtures/disk-main-ordinary.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/fixtures/disk-main-ordinary.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c8965f88c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/fixtures/disk-main-ordinary.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+kvbench version=main splinter=splinterdb_build_version 7bb5fab3 db=/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/fixtures/disk-main-ordinary.db mode=create n=2000000 cache_mib=64 disk_gib=8 log=0 threads=1 mt_bg=0 normal_bg=0 memtable_mib=4 secs=1.0 warmup=1.0 rep=0 sabotage=0
+create took 0.009 s
+phase load:random: T=1 dist=random (fixed count)
+close took 0.111 s
+== load:random            T=1  ops=2000000    secs=   2.63 ops/s=     760037  lat us p50=0.51 p99=1.49 p99.9=5.70 max=60421.6 mean=1.27
+   cpu=2.15s ops/cpu-s=929612 rd=73.2 B/op wr=217.5 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   insert/run=2.63s drain(close)=0.11s total=2.74s drain_cpu=0.01s drain_rd=28672 drain_wr=37990400 wamp=1.907 db_apparent=2513178624 db_alloc=473116672
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/fixtures/manifest.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/fixtures/manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe7b83994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/fixtures/manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+{
+  "mode": "fixtures",
+  "storage": "ext4 /dev/mapper/snafu-root_crypt[/home/rob/projects/splinterdb]",
+  "io": "O_DIRECT",
+  "cpu_affinity": "0-11",
+  "scope": "Updated feature branches versus fresh main; not an isolation of merge cost",
+  "runner_sha256": "776d2ee23705f3a60a54f4e78b4f305a24d4a124eeecfe75dfacf5a90e4329c5",
+  "runs": [
+    {
+      "label": "resident-main-ordinary",
+      "profile": "main",
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+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/bin/main/kvbench",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/fixtures/resident-main-ordinary.db",
+        "--create",
+        "--n",
+        "200000",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "128",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "8",
+        "--log",
+        "0",
+        "--threads",
+        "1",
+        "--mt-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "4",
+        "--secs",
+        "1",
+        "--warmup",
+        "1",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/fixtures/resident-main-ordinary.csv",
+        "--vtag",
+        "main",
+        "--stag",
+        "resident",
+        "--otag",
+        "0",
+        "--rep",
+        "0",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--hang-secs",
+        "60",
+        "--hang-dir",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/fixtures",
+        "load:random"
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+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/fixtures/disk-main-ordinary.db",
+        "--create",
+        "--n",
+        "2000000",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "64",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "8",
+        "--log",
+        "0",
+        "--threads",
+        "1",
+        "--mt-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "4",
+        "--secs",
+        "1",
+        "--warmup",
+        "1",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/fixtures/disk-main-ordinary.csv",
+        "--vtag",
+        "main",
+        "--stag",
+        "disk",
+        "--otag",
+        "0",
+        "--rep",
+        "0",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--hang-secs",
+        "60",
+        "--hang-dir",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/fixtures",
+        "load:random"
+      ],
+      "started": 1791905957.5532956,
+      "binary_sha256": "f9a3dbd472dd5a6773abbd986dee047aec294108779eb731f678943aaeb89c5e",
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+      "source_head": "7bb5fab305b9c6179e31f75998dabea833537a08",
+      "verified": true,
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+      "process_cpu_s": 2.188361,
+      "process_read_bytes": 146481152,
+      "process_write_bytes": 472977408,
+      "fixture": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/fixtures/disk-main-ordinary.db",
+      "fixture_sha256": "b074d0238b42f37eb1be4ea4994e5b4dc0252e2c4a840727193f3c9629ba142a",
+      "allocated_bytes": 473116672,
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+  "complete": true
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/fixtures/resident-main-ordinary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/fixtures/resident-main-ordinary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f98a0ab0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/fixtures/resident-main-ordinary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+version,size,order,log,phase,threads,rep,n,ops,secs,ops_s,p50_us,p99_us,p999_us,max_us,mean_us,cpu_s,ops_per_cpu_s,rd_bytes,wr_bytes,rd_B_op,wr_B_op,startup_p50_us,startup_p99_us,startup_mean_us,per_tuple_ns,deinit_mean_us,tuples,tuples_s,insert_s,drain_s,total_s,drain_cpu_s,drain_rd,drain_wr,wamp,db_apparent,db_alloc,open_s,violations,errors,swapin,swapout,majflt
+main,resident,0,0,load:random,1,0,200000,200000,0.172,1162108.8,0.492,2.400,4.928,2951.309,0.827,0.172,1162756.9,0,0,0.00,0.00,nan,nan,nan,nan,nan,0,0.0,0.172,0.123,0.295,0.019,20480,28749824,1.1593,162664448,28905472,0.009,0,0,0,0,0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/fixtures/resident-main-ordinary.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/fixtures/resident-main-ordinary.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..833416902
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/fixtures/resident-main-ordinary.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+kvbench version=main splinter=splinterdb_build_version 7bb5fab3 db=/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/fixtures/resident-main-ordinary.db mode=create n=200000 cache_mib=128 disk_gib=8 log=0 threads=1 mt_bg=0 normal_bg=0 memtable_mib=4 secs=1.0 warmup=1.0 rep=0 sabotage=0
+create took 0.009 s
+phase load:random: T=1 dist=random (fixed count)
+close took 0.123 s
+== load:random            T=1  ops=200000     secs=   0.17 ops/s=    1162109  lat us p50=0.49 p99=2.40 p99.9=4.93 max=2951.3 mean=0.83
+   cpu=0.17s ops/cpu-s=1162757 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   insert/run=0.17s drain(close)=0.12s total=0.30s drain_cpu=0.02s drain_rd=20480 drain_wr=28749824 wamp=1.159 db_apparent=162664448 db_alloc=28905472
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/host.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/host.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..989b69784
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/host.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "cpu": "{\n   \"lscpu\": [\n      {\n         \"field\": \"Architecture:\",\n         \"data\": \"x86_64\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"CPU op-mode(s):\",\n         \"data\": \"32-bit, 64-bit\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Address sizes:\",\n         \"data\": \"46 bits physical, 48 bits virtual\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Byte Order:\",\n         \"data\": \"Little Endian\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"CPU(s):\",\n         \"data\": \"20\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"On-line CPU(s) list:\",\n         \"data\": \"0-19\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vendor ID:\",\n         \"data\": \"GenuineIntel\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Model name:\",\n         \"data\": \"12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-12800H\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"CPU family:\",\n         \"data\": \"6\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Model:\",\n         \"data\": \"154\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Thread(s) per core:\",\n         \"data\": \"2\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Core(s) per socket:\",\n         \"data\": \"14\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Socket(s):\",\n         \"data\": \"1\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Stepping:\",\n         \"data\": \"3\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"CPU(s) scaling MHz:\",\n         \"data\": \"31%\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"CPU max MHz:\",\n         \"data\": \"4800.0000\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"CPU min MHz:\",\n         \"data\": \"400.0000\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"BogoMIPS:\",\n         \"data\": \"5606.40\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Flags:\",\n         \"data\": \"fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc art arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid aperfmperf tsc_known_freq pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx smx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch cpuid_fault epb ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced tpr_shadow flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb intel_pt sha_ni xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves split_lock_detect user_shstk avx_vnni dtherm ida arat pln pts hwp hwp_notify hwp_act_window hwp_epp hwp_pkg_req hfi vnmi umip pku ospke waitpkg gfni vaes vpclmulqdq rdpid movdiri movdir64b fsrm md_clear serialize pconfig arch_lbr ibt flush_l1d arch_capabilities\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Virtualization:\",\n         \"data\": \"VT-x\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"L1d cache:\",\n         \"data\": \"544 KiB (14 instances)\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"L1i cache:\",\n         \"data\": \"704 KiB (14 instances)\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"L2 cache:\",\n         \"data\": \"11.5 MiB (8 instances)\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"L3 cache:\",\n         \"data\": \"24 MiB (1 instance)\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"NUMA node(s):\",\n         \"data\": \"1\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"NUMA node0 CPU(s):\",\n         \"data\": \"0-19\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Gather data sampling:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Indirect target selection:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Itlb multihit:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability L1tf:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Mds:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Meltdown:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Mmio stale data:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:\",\n         \"data\": \"Mitigation; Clear Register File\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Retbleed:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Spec store bypass:\",\n         \"data\": \"Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Spectre v1:\",\n         \"data\": \"Mitigation; usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Spectre v2:\",\n         \"data\": \"Mitigation; Enhanced / Automatic IBRS; IBPB conditional; PBRSB-eIBRS SW sequence; BHI BHI_DIS_S\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Srbds:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Tsa:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Tsx async abort:\",\n         \"data\": \"Not affected\"\n      },{\n         \"field\": \"Vulnerability Vmscape:\",\n         \"data\": \"Mitigation; IBPB before exit to userspace\"\n      }\n   ]\n}",
+  "kernel": "Linux snafu 6.12.107+deb13-amd64 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Debian 6.12.107-1 (2026-08-29) x86_64 GNU/Linux",
+  "compiler": "cc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0\nCopyright (C) 2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.\nThis is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO\nwarranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.",
+  "storage": "ext4 /dev/mapper/snafu-root_crypt[/home/rob/projects/splinterdb]",
+  "space": "Filesystem                      1B-blocks         Used   Available Use% Mounted on\n/dev/mapper/snafu-root_crypt 830432124928 706181464064 81991790592  90% /home/rob/projects/splinterdb"
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/manifest.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..848318dcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,552 @@
+{
+  "mode": "insert",
+  "storage": "ext4 /dev/mapper/snafu-root_crypt[/home/rob/projects/splinterdb]",
+  "io": "O_DIRECT",
+  "cpu_affinity": "0-11",
+  "scope": "Updated feature branches versus fresh main; not an isolation of merge cost",
+  "runner_sha256": "536f10a1a7fd4b1e8e0250ea01cfe36793c7d6e2345f141092616ec06f64ee50",
+  "runs": [
+    {
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+      "profile": "main",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/bin/main/insert_benchmark",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/insert/scratch.db",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/insert/wal1-00-main.csv",
+        "--summary",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/insert/wal1-00-main.summary.csv",
+        "--records",
+        "100000000",
+        "--seconds",
+        "5",
+        "--report-ms",
+        "100",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "256",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "16",
+        "--direct",
+        "--inserters",
+        "8",
+        "--readers",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-bg",
+        "1",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "3",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "8",
+        "--key-size",
+        "16",
+        "--value-size",
+        "16",
+        "--min-free-gib",
+        "12",
+        "--seed",
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+      "source_head": "7bb5fab305b9c6179e31f75998dabea833537a08",
+      "verified": true,
+      "returncode": 0,
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+      "log_sha256": "d2d2e8354ebcb144c19981057836ad942f500f144aac30bc60c6975892496363",
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+      "errors": 0,
+      "verification_kind": "API return, positive insert count, successful close; no readback",
+      "allocated_bytes": 1466564608
+    },
+    {
+      "label": "wal1-10-log-disabled",
+      "profile": "log-group-limit",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/bin/log-group-limit/insert_benchmark",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/insert/scratch.db",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.csv",
+        "--summary",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.summary.csv",
+        "--records",
+        "100000000",
+        "--seconds",
+        "5",
+        "--report-ms",
+        "100",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "256",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "16",
+        "--direct",
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+        "8",
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+    {
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+        "-c",
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+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/insert/scratch.db",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/insert/wal1-11-log-default.csv",
+        "--summary",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/insert/wal1-11-log-default.summary.csv",
+        "--records",
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+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/insert/scratch.db",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/insert/wal1-12-main.csv",
+        "--summary",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/insert/wal1-12-main.summary.csv",
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+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/insert/scratch.db",
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+        "--summary",
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+        "--records",
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+        "100",
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+      "command": [
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+        "0-11",
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+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/insert/scratch.db",
+        "--csv",
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+        "--summary",
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+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/results.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/results.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e2dbfc6cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/results.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+wal,version,index,errors,violations,verification_kind,ops_s,inserted,close_s,drain_ops_s,cpu_us_op,p99_us,max_ms,read_B_op,write_B_op
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal0-00-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal0-00-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c2a767fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal0-00-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal0-00-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal0-00-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b7e4532c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal0-00-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 7bb5fab3 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=0 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=367
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=368
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=370
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=369
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=363
+start_monotonic_ns=1819390647997410 main_address=0x55c006f5ca80
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=366
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=365
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=364
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=17209225 elapsed_s=6.292 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.316 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal0-00-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal0-00-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04bc43c52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal0-00-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal0-05-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal0-05-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ba3d8e14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal0-05-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal0-05-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal0-05-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b08808cc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal0-05-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 7bb5fab3 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=0 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=437
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=435
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=440
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=433
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=439
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=434
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=438
+start_monotonic_ns=1819422407558688 main_address=0x564ba1439a80
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=436
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=17244009 elapsed_s=6.195 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.297 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal0-05-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal0-05-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c8682a6bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal0-05-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
+0,2783453.909562,6.195184,17244009,0.002604,0.001392,0.004288,0.011136,1776.242964,0.002604,0.001392,0.004288,0.011136,1776.242964,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-00-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-00-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f7caa0f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-00-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+elapsed_s,interval_s,inserted,logical_gib,insert_ops_s,query_ops_s,hit_pct,insert_max_ms,query_max_ms,active_max_ms,cpu_cores,max_rss_mib,read_mib_s,write_mib_s,image_gib,free_gib,inserters_running,barrier_ops_s,barrier_avg_ms,barrier_max_ms,target_insert_ops_s,offered_insert_ops_s,insert_backlog,response_max_ms,i0_ops_s,i1_ops_s,i2_ops_s,i3_ops_s,i4_ops_s,i5_ops_s,i6_ops_s,i7_ops_s
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-00-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-00-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb1b4f4a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-00-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 7bb5fab3 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=18
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=20
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=14
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=19
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=13
+start_monotonic_ns=1819256838842837 main_address=0x55bae9f4fa80
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=15
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=17
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=16
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=11482220 elapsed_s=5.008 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.141 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-00-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-00-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..42dd6e34d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-00-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5d9b43e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+elapsed_s,interval_s,inserted,logical_gib,insert_ops_s,query_ops_s,hit_pct,insert_max_ms,query_max_ms,active_max_ms,cpu_cores,max_rss_mib,read_mib_s,write_mib_s,image_gib,free_gib,inserters_running,barrier_ops_s,barrier_avg_ms,barrier_max_ms,target_insert_ops_s,offered_insert_ops_s,insert_backlog,response_max_ms,i0_ops_s,i1_ops_s,i2_ops_s,i3_ops_s,i4_ops_s,i5_ops_s,i6_ops_s,i7_ops_s
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..873df9d04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=154
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=153
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=155
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=158
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=160
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=156
+start_monotonic_ns=1819310321403324 main_address=0x55ae49bcfa80
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=157
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=159
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=11214430 elapsed_s=5.064 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.214 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c04324ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
+0,2214433.401581,5.064244,11214430,0.003527,0.001392,0.064000,0.202752,174.352391,0.003527,0.001392,0.064000,0.202752,174.352391,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-11-log-default.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-11-log-default.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b646b132
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-11-log-default.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+elapsed_s,interval_s,inserted,logical_gib,insert_ops_s,query_ops_s,hit_pct,insert_max_ms,query_max_ms,active_max_ms,cpu_cores,max_rss_mib,read_mib_s,write_mib_s,image_gib,free_gib,inserters_running,barrier_ops_s,barrier_avg_ms,barrier_max_ms,target_insert_ops_s,offered_insert_ops_s,insert_backlog,response_max_ms,i0_ops_s,i1_ops_s,i2_ops_s,i3_ops_s,i4_ops_s,i5_ops_s,i6_ops_s,i7_ops_s
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-11-log-default.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-11-log-default.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ab853d9d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-11-log-default.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=171
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=172
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=174
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=173
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=167
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=168
+start_monotonic_ns=1819315673468183 main_address=0x5589a4276a80
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=169
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=170
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=6386198 elapsed_s=5.014 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.197 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-11-log-default.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-11-log-default.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb9eeceef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-11-log-default.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
+0,1273764.846434,5.013640,6386198,0.006235,0.001040,0.026368,0.111616,106.628388,0.006235,0.001040,0.026368,0.111616,106.628388,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-12-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-12-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..208050aa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-12-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+elapsed_s,interval_s,inserted,logical_gib,insert_ops_s,query_ops_s,hit_pct,insert_max_ms,query_max_ms,active_max_ms,cpu_cores,max_rss_mib,read_mib_s,write_mib_s,image_gib,free_gib,inserters_running,barrier_ops_s,barrier_avg_ms,barrier_max_ms,target_insert_ops_s,offered_insert_ops_s,insert_backlog,response_max_ms,i0_ops_s,i1_ops_s,i2_ops_s,i3_ops_s,i4_ops_s,i5_ops_s,i6_ops_s,i7_ops_s
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-12-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-12-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e978539d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-12-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 7bb5fab3 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=186
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=181
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=185
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=182
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=183
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=187
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=184
+start_monotonic_ns=1819320977826794 main_address=0x562444fe3a80
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=188
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=11326742 elapsed_s=5.009 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.218 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-12-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-12-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b791b6e94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-12-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
+0,2261423.232769,5.008679,11326742,0.003481,0.001392,0.064000,0.206848,106.089198,0.003481,0.001392,0.064000,0.206848,106.089198,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-13-log-default.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-13-log-default.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..072715895
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-13-log-default.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-13-log-default.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-13-log-default.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17abb5813
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-13-log-default.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=198
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=195
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=196
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=197
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=199
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=202
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=201
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=200
+start_monotonic_ns=1819326283246380 main_address=0x560e22223a80
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=6731538 elapsed_s=5.012 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.181 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-13-log-default.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-13-log-default.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc015bd0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-13-log-default.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..109043505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4fb5a2277
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=213
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=216
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=215
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=209
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=212
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=214
+start_monotonic_ns=1819331581927555 main_address=0x562a240bfa80
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=211
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=210
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=11475367 elapsed_s=5.008 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.194 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..28620527e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
+0,2291450.962496,5.007904,11475367,0.003434,0.001392,0.062976,0.198656,146.006544,0.003434,0.001392,0.062976,0.198656,146.006544,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-24-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-24-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ca591c0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-24-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
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+4.806949,0.100147,11143742,0.332109,2055814.971,0.000,0.000,15.820,0.000,56.376,6.684,307.660,60.302,186.717,3.798325,69.838,8,0.000,0.000,0.000,0,0.000,0,15.820,320698.109,149420.136,160104.414,330833.195,330353.901,330293.989,103038.384,331072.843
+4.907116,0.100168,11279463,0.336154,1354938.865,0.000,0.000,84.918,0.000,38.887,8.386,308.582,173.225,150.529,3.899437,69.824,8,0.000,0.000,0.000,0,0.000,0,84.918,138877.215,121725.964,195632.083,205305.868,132238.343,216267.495,197249.373,147642.523
+5.007264,0.100147,11499655,0.342716,2198678.862,0.000,0.000,93.918,0.000,0.202,6.461,308.738,65.450,190.656,3.977310,69.805,8,0.000,0.000,0.000,0,0.000,0,93.918,304431.229,276302.694,318820.018,121450.965,305170.140,261025.215,304920.508,306558.094
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-24-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-24-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d2960ec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-24-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version 7bb5fab3 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=353
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=354
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=349
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=356
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=355
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=351
+start_monotonic_ns=1819385337434145 main_address=0x558b032b8a80
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=352
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=350
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=11499824 elapsed_s=5.008 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.179 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-24-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-24-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de9393521
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert/wal1-24-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
+0,2296488.128709,5.007570,11499824,0.003426,0.001392,0.064000,0.202752,117.313900,0.003426,0.001392,0.064000,0.202752,117.313900,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7da615cbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1002 @@
+// Copyright 2026 VMware, Inc.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+/* Concurrent random insertion and point queries, sampled independently. */
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdatomic.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/statvfs.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "splinterdb/default_data_config.h"
+#include "splinterdb/splinterdb.h"
+#ifndef KVBENCH_NO_TRACE
+#   include "platform_trace.h"
+#endif
+#include "platform_threads.h"
+
+#define GIB             (UINT64_C(1) << 30)
+#define MAX_WORKERS     64
+#define MAX_RECORD_PART 1024
+#define HIST_SUB_BITS   5
+#define HIST_SUB        (1u << HIST_SUB_BITS)
+#define HIST_BUCKETS    (64 * HIST_SUB)
+
+typedef struct latency_histogram {
+   uint64_t buckets[HIST_BUCKETS];
+   uint64_t count;
+   uint64_t sum_ns;
+   uint64_t max_ns;
+} latency_histogram;
+
+typedef struct options {
+   const char *filename;
+   const char *csv;
+   const char *summary;
+   const char *trace;
+   uint64_t    records, data_gib, cache_mib, disk_gib, seed, id_base;
+   uint64_t    inserts, queries, memtable_bg, normal_bg, memtable_mib;
+   uint64_t    key_size, value_size, report_ms, seconds, min_free_gib;
+   uint64_t    queue_scale, barrier_ms, target_insert_ops_s;
+   uint64_t    log_group_size_pages;
+   bool        full_query_range, direct, use_log, open_existing;
+} options;
+
+typedef struct benchmark benchmark;
+typedef struct worker {
+   _Alignas(64) atomic_uint_fast64_t completed;
+   atomic_uint_fast64_t hits, max_ns, response_max_ns, active_since_ns;
+   atomic_bool          done;
+   pthread_t            thread;
+   benchmark           *bench;
+   uint64_t             index;
+   bool                 query;
+   latency_histogram    service_latency;
+   latency_histogram    response_latency;
+} worker;
+
+struct benchmark {
+   options              opt;
+   splinterdb          *db;
+   atomic_bool          start, stop;
+   uint64_t             start_ns;
+   atomic_uint_fast64_t arrival_sequence;
+   atomic_int           error;
+   worker               workers[MAX_WORKERS];
+   pthread_t            barrier_thread;
+   atomic_bool          barrier_started, barrier_done;
+   atomic_uint_fast64_t barrier_count, barrier_sum_ns, barrier_max_ns;
+};
+
+static volatile sig_atomic_t interrupted;
+
+static void
+handle_signal(int signo)
+{
+   interrupted = signo;
+}
+
+static uint64_t
+now_ns(void)
+{
+   struct timespec ts;
+   clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
+   return (uint64_t)ts.tv_sec * 1000000000 + ts.tv_nsec;
+}
+
+/* A bijection on 64-bit integers, so the random insertion keys are unique. */
+static uint64_t
+mix(uint64_t x)
+{
+   x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * UINT64_C(0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9);
+   x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * UINT64_C(0x94d049bb133111eb);
+   return x ^ (x >> 31);
+}
+
+static uint64_t
+next_random(uint64_t *state)
+{
+   *state += UINT64_C(0x9e3779b97f4a7c15);
+   return mix(*state);
+}
+
+static void
+make_key(const options *opt, uint64_t id, char *key)
+{
+   uint64_t x = mix(id + opt->seed);
+   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < opt->key_size; i++) {
+      key[i] = (char)(x >> (56 - 8 * (i % 8)));
+   }
+}
+
+static void
+record_max(atomic_uint_fast64_t *slot, uint64_t ns)
+{
+   uint64_t old = atomic_load_explicit(slot, memory_order_relaxed);
+   while (old < ns
+          && !atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(
+             slot, &old, ns, memory_order_relaxed, memory_order_relaxed))
+   {
+   }
+}
+
+static void
+record_latency(worker *w, uint64_t ns)
+{
+   record_max(&w->max_ns, ns);
+}
+
+static unsigned
+histogram_index(uint64_t value)
+{
+   if (value < HIST_SUB) {
+      return (unsigned)value;
+   }
+   unsigned exponent = 63 - __builtin_clzll(value);
+   unsigned sub =
+      (unsigned)((value >> (exponent - HIST_SUB_BITS)) & (HIST_SUB - 1));
+   return (exponent - HIST_SUB_BITS + 1) * HIST_SUB + sub;
+}
+
+static uint64_t
+histogram_value(unsigned index)
+{
+   if (index < HIST_SUB) {
+      return index;
+   }
+   unsigned exponent = index / HIST_SUB + HIST_SUB_BITS - 1;
+   unsigned sub      = index % HIST_SUB;
+   uint64_t low =
+      (UINT64_C(1) << exponent) | ((uint64_t)sub << (exponent - HIST_SUB_BITS));
+   uint64_t width = UINT64_C(1) << (exponent - HIST_SUB_BITS);
+   return low + width / 2;
+}
+
+static void
+histogram_add(latency_histogram *histogram, uint64_t value)
+{
+   histogram->buckets[histogram_index(value)]++;
+   histogram->count++;
+   histogram->sum_ns += value;
+   histogram->max_ns = MAX(histogram->max_ns, value);
+}
+
+static void
+histogram_merge(latency_histogram *result, const latency_histogram *source)
+{
+   for (unsigned i = 0; i < HIST_BUCKETS; i++) {
+      result->buckets[i] += source->buckets[i];
+   }
+   result->count += source->count;
+   result->sum_ns += source->sum_ns;
+   result->max_ns = MAX(result->max_ns, source->max_ns);
+}
+
+static double
+histogram_percentile_ms(const latency_histogram *histogram, double percentile)
+{
+   if (histogram->count == 0) {
+      return 0;
+   }
+   uint64_t target = (uint64_t)(percentile * histogram->count);
+   if (target == 0) {
+      target = 1;
+   }
+   uint64_t cumulative = 0;
+   for (unsigned i = 0; i < HIST_BUCKETS; i++) {
+      cumulative += histogram->buckets[i];
+      if (cumulative >= target) {
+         return histogram_value(i) / 1e6;
+      }
+   }
+   return histogram->max_ns / 1e6;
+}
+
+static void
+wait_until(benchmark *b, uint64_t deadline)
+{
+   while (!atomic_load_explicit(&b->stop, memory_order_relaxed)) {
+      uint64_t now = now_ns();
+      if (now >= deadline) {
+         return;
+      }
+      uint64_t remaining = deadline - now;
+      if (remaining > UINT64_C(10000000)) {
+         remaining = UINT64_C(10000000);
+      }
+      struct timespec delay = {.tv_sec  = remaining / UINT64_C(1000000000),
+                               .tv_nsec = remaining % UINT64_C(1000000000)};
+      nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
+   }
+}
+
+static void *
+run_worker(void *arg)
+{
+   worker        *w = arg;
+   benchmark     *b = w->bench;
+   const options *o = &b->opt;
+   char           key[MAX_RECORD_PART], value[MAX_RECORD_PART];
+   memset(value, 'v', o->value_size);
+   int rc = platform_register_thread();
+   if (rc) {
+      atomic_store(&b->error, rc);
+      atomic_store(&b->stop, true);
+      atomic_store(&w->done, true);
+      return NULL;
+   }
+   splinterdb_lookup_result result;
+   fprintf(stderr,
+           "worker=%lu kind=%s tid=%lu os_tid=%d\n",
+           w->index,
+           w->query ? "query" : "insert",
+           platform_get_tid(),
+           gettid());
+   if (w->query) {
+      splinterdb_lookup_result_init(
+         b->db, &result, SPLINTERDB_LOOKUP_VALUE, sizeof(value), value);
+   }
+   while (!atomic_load_explicit(&b->start, memory_order_acquire)) {
+      struct timespec delay = {.tv_nsec = 1000000};
+      nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
+   }
+   uint64_t completed = 0, hits = 0;
+   uint64_t random = o->seed + w->index + 1;
+   while (!atomic_load_explicit(&b->stop, memory_order_relaxed)) {
+      uint64_t scheduled = 0;
+      uint64_t arrival   = UINT64_MAX;
+      if (!w->query && o->target_insert_ops_s != 0) {
+         arrival = atomic_fetch_add_explicit(
+            &b->arrival_sequence, 1, memory_order_relaxed);
+         if (arrival >= o->records) {
+            break;
+         }
+         scheduled = b->start_ns
+                     + (uint64_t)((__uint128_t)arrival * UINT64_C(1000000000)
+                                  / o->target_insert_ops_s);
+         wait_until(b, scheduled);
+         if (atomic_load_explicit(&b->stop, memory_order_relaxed)) {
+            break;
+         }
+      }
+      uint64_t id;
+      if (!w->query) {
+         uint64_t offset = o->target_insert_ops_s != 0
+                              ? arrival
+                              : completed * o->inserts + w->index;
+         if (offset >= o->records) {
+            break;
+         }
+         id = o->id_base + offset;
+      } else if (o->full_query_range) {
+         id = o->id_base + next_random(&random) % o->records;
+      } else {
+         uint64_t source    = next_random(&random) % o->inserts;
+         uint64_t available = atomic_load_explicit(
+            &b->workers[source].completed, memory_order_acquire);
+         if (!available) {
+            struct timespec delay = {.tv_nsec = 100000};
+            nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
+            continue;
+         }
+         id = o->id_base + (next_random(&random) % available) * o->inserts
+              + source;
+      }
+      make_key(o, id, key);
+      uint64_t start = now_ns();
+      atomic_store_explicit(&w->active_since_ns, start, memory_order_relaxed);
+      if (w->query) {
+         rc = splinterdb_lookup(b->db, slice_create(o->key_size, key), &result);
+         if (!rc && splinterdb_lookup_found(&result)) {
+            hits++;
+         }
+      } else {
+         rc = splinterdb_insert(b->db,
+                                slice_create(o->key_size, key),
+                                slice_create(o->value_size, value),
+                                NULL);
+      }
+      uint64_t end = now_ns();
+      record_latency(w, end - start);
+      histogram_add(&w->service_latency, end - start);
+      if (!w->query) {
+         uint64_t response = scheduled == 0 ? end - start : end - scheduled;
+         histogram_add(&w->response_latency, response);
+         record_max(&w->response_max_ns, response);
+      }
+      atomic_store_explicit(&w->active_since_ns, 0, memory_order_relaxed);
+      if (rc) {
+         fprintf(stderr, "worker %lu: operation failed: %d\n", w->index, rc);
+         atomic_store(&b->error, rc);
+         atomic_store(&b->stop, true);
+         break;
+      }
+      completed++;
+      atomic_store_explicit(&w->hits, hits, memory_order_relaxed);
+      atomic_store_explicit(&w->completed, completed, memory_order_release);
+   }
+   if (w->query) {
+      splinterdb_lookup_result_deinit(&result);
+   }
+   platform_deregister_thread();
+   atomic_store(&w->done, true);
+   return NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Dedicated thread that calls splinterdb_durable_barrier() on a fixed period,
+ * independent of insert/query progress. If a barrier call takes longer than
+ * the period, the next call follows immediately (no attempt to catch up on
+ * skipped slots).
+ */
+static void *
+run_barrier(void *arg)
+{
+   benchmark     *b  = arg;
+   const options *o  = &b->opt;
+   int            rc = platform_register_thread();
+   if (rc) {
+      atomic_store(&b->error, rc);
+      atomic_store(&b->stop, true);
+      atomic_store(&b->barrier_done, true);
+      return NULL;
+   }
+   while (!atomic_load_explicit(&b->start, memory_order_acquire)) {
+      struct timespec delay = {.tv_nsec = 1000000};
+      nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
+   }
+   uint64_t period_ns = o->barrier_ms * UINT64_C(1000000);
+   uint64_t next      = now_ns() + period_ns;
+   while (!atomic_load_explicit(&b->stop, memory_order_relaxed)) {
+      uint64_t now = now_ns();
+      if (now < next) {
+         uint64_t        remaining = next - now;
+         struct timespec delay     = {.tv_sec  = remaining / 1000000000,
+                                      .tv_nsec = remaining % 1000000000};
+         nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
+         continue;
+      }
+      uint64_t start = now_ns();
+#ifdef KVBENCH_NO_DURABLE_BARRIER
+      rc = ENOTSUP;
+#else
+      #ifdef HAVE_SENTINEL_NOTIFICATION
+      rc = splinterdb_durable_barrier(b->db, NULL);
+#else
+      rc = splinterdb_durable_barrier(b->db);
+#endif
+#endif
+      uint64_t elapsed = now_ns() - start;
+      if (rc) {
+         fprintf(stderr, "barrier: durable_barrier failed: %d\n", rc);
+         atomic_store(&b->error, rc);
+         atomic_store(&b->stop, true);
+         break;
+      }
+      atomic_fetch_add_explicit(&b->barrier_count, 1, memory_order_relaxed);
+      atomic_fetch_add_explicit(
+         &b->barrier_sum_ns, elapsed, memory_order_relaxed);
+      record_max(&b->barrier_max_ns, elapsed);
+      next += period_ns;
+   }
+   platform_deregister_thread();
+   atomic_store(&b->barrier_done, true);
+   return NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+usage(const char *name)
+{
+   fprintf(
+      stderr,
+      "Usage: %s --db NEW_IMAGE --csv NEW_CSV [options]\n"
+      "  --open             open an existing image instead of creating one\n"
+      "  --id-base N        first logical id inserted (default 0)\n"
+      "  --data-gib N       logical key+value GiB (default 60)\n"
+      "  --records N        override logical data target\n"
+      "  --cache-mib N      default 3072\n"
+      "  --disk-gib N       image capacity (default 512; grows lazily)\n"
+      "  --inserters N      default 8\n"
+      "  --readers N        default 8\n"
+      "  --memtable-bg N    default 1\n"
+      "  --normal-bg N      default 4\n"
+      "  --memtable-mib N   default 24\n"
+      "  --key-size N       default 16, minimum 8\n"
+      "  --value-size N     default 16\n"
+      "  --query-range inserted|all (default inserted)\n"
+      "  --queue-scale N    foreground task threshold (default 100)\n"
+      "  --report-ms N      default 1000\n"
+      "  --seconds N        optional time limit (0 = no limit)\n"
+      "  --target-insert-ops-s N  aggregate open-loop arrival rate; "
+      "requires --seconds (default 0 = closed loop)\n"
+      "  --summary NEW_CSV  write aggregate latency percentiles\n"
+      "  --min-free-gib N   stop before filesystem fills (default 8)\n"
+      "  --seed N           default 1\n"
+      "  --barrier-ms N     call splinterdb_durable_barrier from a "
+      "dedicated thread every N ms (default 0 = disabled)\n"
+      "  --log-group-size-pages N  automatic durability threshold "
+      "(0 = default, UINT64_MAX = disabled)\n"
+      "  --trace NEW_CSV    trace internal tasks and waits (optional)\n"
+      "  --direct          use O_DIRECT (default buffered I/O)\n"
+      "  --no-log          disable WAL (default enabled)\n"
+      "Automatic checkpoints are disabled. Existing files are refused.\n"
+      "Load measurements exclude create, final drain and close.\n",
+      name);
+}
+
+static bool
+parse_number(const char *s, uint64_t *out)
+{
+   char *end;
+   errno                    = 0;
+   unsigned long long value = strtoull(s, &end, 10);
+   if (errno || s == end || *end || *s == '-') {
+      return false;
+   }
+   *out = value;
+   return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+parse_options(int argc, char **argv, options *o)
+{
+   *o = (options){.data_gib     = 60,
+                  .cache_mib    = 3072,
+                  .disk_gib     = 512,
+                  .seed         = 1,
+                  .inserts      = 8,
+                  .queries      = 8,
+                  .memtable_bg  = 1,
+                  .normal_bg    = 4,
+                  .memtable_mib = 24,
+                  .key_size     = 16,
+                  .value_size   = 16,
+                  .report_ms    = 1000,
+                  .min_free_gib = 8,
+                  .queue_scale  = 100,
+                  .use_log      = true};
+   for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+      if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--direct")) {
+         o->direct = true;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--no-log")) {
+         o->use_log = false;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--open")) {
+         o->open_existing = true;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (i + 1 >= argc) {
+         return false;
+      }
+      const char *name = argv[i++], *value = argv[i];
+      if (!strcmp(name, "--db")) {
+         o->filename = value;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(name, "--csv")) {
+         o->csv = value;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(name, "--summary")) {
+         o->summary = value;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(name, "--trace")) {
+         o->trace = value;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(name, "--query-range")) {
+         if (strcmp(value, "inserted") && strcmp(value, "all")) {
+            return false;
+         }
+         o->full_query_range = !strcmp(value, "all");
+         continue;
+      }
+      struct {
+         const char *name;
+         uint64_t   *value;
+      } numbers[] = {
+         {"--data-gib", &o->data_gib},
+         {"--records", &o->records},
+         {"--cache-mib", &o->cache_mib},
+         {"--disk-gib", &o->disk_gib},
+         {"--inserters", &o->inserts},
+         {"--readers", &o->queries},
+         {"--memtable-bg", &o->memtable_bg},
+         {"--normal-bg", &o->normal_bg},
+         {"--memtable-mib", &o->memtable_mib},
+         {"--key-size", &o->key_size},
+         {"--value-size", &o->value_size},
+         {"--report-ms", &o->report_ms},
+         {"--seconds", &o->seconds},
+         {"--min-free-gib", &o->min_free_gib},
+         {"--seed", &o->seed},
+         {"--id-base", &o->id_base},
+         {"--queue-scale", &o->queue_scale},
+         {"--barrier-ms", &o->barrier_ms},
+         {"--log-group-size-pages", &o->log_group_size_pages},
+         {"--target-insert-ops-s", &o->target_insert_ops_s},
+      };
+      bool found = false;
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < sizeof(numbers) / sizeof(numbers[0]); j++) {
+         if (!strcmp(name, numbers[j].name)) {
+            if (!parse_number(value, numbers[j].value)) {
+               return false;
+            }
+            found = true;
+            break;
+         }
+      }
+      if (!found) {
+         return false;
+      }
+   }
+   if (!o->filename || !o->csv || !o->inserts || o->inserts > MAX_WORKERS
+       || o->queries > MAX_WORKERS - o->inserts || o->key_size < 8
+       || o->key_size > MAX_RECORD_PART || o->value_size > MAX_RECORD_PART
+       || !o->report_ms || o->report_ms > 60000 || !o->cache_mib
+       || o->cache_mib > UINT64_MAX / (1 << 20) || !o->disk_gib
+       || o->disk_gib > INT64_MAX / GIB || o->data_gib > UINT64_MAX / GIB
+       || o->min_free_gib > UINT64_MAX / GIB || !o->memtable_mib
+       || o->memtable_mib > UINT64_MAX / (1 << 20) || o->memtable_bg > 32
+       || o->normal_bg > 32
+       || o->inserts + o->queries + o->memtable_bg + o->normal_bg + 1
+             > MAX_WORKERS
+       || o->seconds > UINT64_MAX / 1000000000
+       || o->barrier_ms > UINT64_MAX / 1000000
+       || (o->target_insert_ops_s != 0 && (o->seconds == 0 || o->queries != 0)))
+   {
+      return false;
+   }
+#ifdef KVBENCH_NO_DURABLE_BARRIER
+   if (o->barrier_ms != 0) {
+      return false;
+   }
+#endif
+#ifdef KVBENCH_NO_TRACE
+   if (o->trace != NULL) {
+      return false;
+   }
+#endif
+   if (!o->records) {
+      o->records = o->data_gib * GIB / (o->key_size + o->value_size);
+   }
+   return o->records > 0 && o->records <= UINT64_MAX / MAX_WORKERS
+          && o->records <= UINT64_MAX / (o->key_size + o->value_size)
+          && o->id_base <= UINT64_MAX - o->records;
+}
+
+static void
+process_io(uint64_t *reads, uint64_t *writes)
+{
+   *reads = *writes = 0;
+   FILE *file       = fopen("/proc/self/io", "r");
+   if (!file) {
+      return;
+   }
+   char     name[64];
+   uint64_t value;
+   while (fscanf(file, "%63s %" SCNu64, name, &value) == 2) {
+      if (!strcmp(name, "read_bytes:")) {
+         *reads = value;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(name, "write_bytes:")) {
+         *writes = value;
+      }
+   }
+   fclose(file);
+}
+
+static int
+write_summary(const benchmark *b, uint64_t inserted, double elapsed_s)
+{
+   const options *o = &b->opt;
+   if (o->summary == NULL) {
+      return 0;
+   }
+
+   latency_histogram insert_service = {0}, insert_response = {0};
+   latency_histogram query_service = {0};
+   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < o->inserts + o->queries; i++) {
+      if (b->workers[i].query) {
+         histogram_merge(&query_service, &b->workers[i].service_latency);
+      } else {
+         histogram_merge(&insert_service, &b->workers[i].service_latency);
+         histogram_merge(&insert_response, &b->workers[i].response_latency);
+      }
+   }
+
+   FILE *summary = fopen(o->summary, "wx");
+   if (summary == NULL) {
+      return errno;
+   }
+   fprintf(summary,
+           "target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,"
+           "insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,"
+           "insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,"
+           "insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,"
+           "insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,"
+           "insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,"
+           "query_service_max_ms\n");
+   fprintf(
+      summary,
+      "%lu,%.6f,%.6f,%lu,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,"
+      "%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f\n",
+      o->target_insert_ops_s,
+      elapsed_s == 0 ? 0 : inserted / elapsed_s,
+      elapsed_s,
+      inserted,
+      insert_service.count ? insert_service.sum_ns / 1e6 / insert_service.count
+                           : 0,
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&insert_service, 0.50),
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&insert_service, 0.99),
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&insert_service, 0.999),
+      insert_service.max_ns / 1e6,
+      insert_response.count
+         ? insert_response.sum_ns / 1e6 / insert_response.count
+         : 0,
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&insert_response, 0.50),
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&insert_response, 0.99),
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&insert_response, 0.999),
+      insert_response.max_ns / 1e6,
+      query_service.count ? query_service.sum_ns / 1e6 / query_service.count
+                          : 0,
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&query_service, 0.99),
+      query_service.max_ns / 1e6);
+   int rc = ferror(summary) ? EIO : 0;
+   if (fclose(summary) != 0 && rc == 0) {
+      rc = errno;
+   }
+   return rc;
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+   benchmark b = {0};
+   if (argc == 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "--help")) {
+      usage(argv[0]);
+      return 0;
+   }
+   if (!parse_options(argc, argv, &b.opt)) {
+      usage(argv[0]);
+      return 2;
+   }
+   const options *o = &b.opt;
+   if (o->trace) {
+#ifdef KVBENCH_NO_TRACE
+      return 2;
+#else
+      int trace_rc = platform_trace_open(o->trace);
+      if (trace_rc) {
+         fprintf(stderr, "trace open failed: %s\n", strerror(trace_rc));
+         return 1;
+      }
+#endif
+   }
+   FILE *csv = fopen(o->csv, "wx");
+   if (!csv) {
+      perror(o->csv);
+      return 1;
+   }
+   int fd = open(o->filename,
+                 O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC | (o->open_existing ? 0 : O_CREAT | O_EXCL),
+                 0600);
+   if (fd < 0) {
+      perror(o->filename);
+      fclose(csv);
+      return 1;
+   }
+   struct statvfs space;
+   if (fstatvfs(fd, &space) != 0
+       || (uint64_t)space.f_bavail * space.f_frsize < o->min_free_gib * GIB)
+   {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Insufficient free space\n");
+      close(fd);
+      fclose(csv);
+      return 1;
+   }
+
+   data_config data_cfg;
+   default_data_config_init(&data_cfg);
+   splinterdb_config cfg = {.filename   = o->filename,
+                            .disk_size  = o->disk_gib * GIB,
+                            .cache_size = o->cache_mib * (1 << 20),
+                            .data_cfg   = &data_cfg,
+                            .io_flags   = O_RDWR | (o->direct ? O_DIRECT : 0),
+                            .num_memtable_bg_threads = o->memtable_bg,
+                            .num_normal_bg_threads   = o->normal_bg,
+                            .memtable_capacity   = o->memtable_mib * (1 << 20),
+                            .queue_scale_percent = o->queue_scale,
+                            .use_log             = o->use_log,
+                            .checkpoint_log_size_bytes = UINT64_MAX,
+                            .use_stats                 = true};
+#ifndef KVBENCH_NO_LOG_GROUP_LIMIT
+   cfg.log_group_size_pages = o->log_group_size_pages;
+#else
+   if (o->log_group_size_pages != 0) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "This build has no automatic log-group limit\n");
+      return 1;
+   }
+#endif
+   platform_set_log_streams(stderr, stderr);
+   fprintf(
+      stderr,
+      "version=%s records=%lu key=%lu value=%lu cache_mib=%lu "
+      "disk_gib=%lu inserters=%lu readers=%lu memtable_bg=%lu normal_bg=%lu "
+      "memtable_mib=%lu queue_scale=%lu log=%d checkpoints=disabled "
+      "direct=%d query_range=%s seed=%lu report_ms=%lu barrier_ms=%lu "
+      "target_insert_ops_s=%lu id_base=%lu mode=%s\n",
+      splinterdb_get_version(),
+      o->records,
+      o->key_size,
+      o->value_size,
+      o->cache_mib,
+      o->disk_gib,
+      o->inserts,
+      o->queries,
+      o->memtable_bg,
+      o->normal_bg,
+      o->memtable_mib,
+      o->queue_scale,
+      o->use_log,
+      o->direct,
+      o->full_query_range ? "all" : "inserted",
+      o->seed,
+      o->report_ms,
+      o->barrier_ms,
+      o->target_insert_ops_s,
+      o->id_base,
+      o->open_existing ? "open" : "create");
+   int rc = o->open_existing ? splinterdb_open(&cfg, &b.db)
+                             : splinterdb_create(&cfg, &b.db);
+   if (rc) {
+      fprintf(
+         stderr, "%s failed: %d\n", o->open_existing ? "open" : "create", rc);
+      close(fd);
+      fclose(csv);
+      return 1;
+   }
+
+   signal(SIGINT, handle_signal);
+   signal(SIGTERM, handle_signal);
+   uint64_t started = 0;
+   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < o->inserts + o->queries; i++) {
+      worker *w = &b.workers[i];
+      w->bench  = &b;
+      w->index  = i;
+      w->query  = i >= o->inserts;
+      rc        = pthread_create(&w->thread, NULL, run_worker, w);
+      if (rc) {
+         atomic_store(&b.error, rc);
+         atomic_store(&b.stop, true);
+         break;
+      }
+      started++;
+   }
+   if (o->barrier_ms && !atomic_load(&b.stop)) {
+      rc = pthread_create(&b.barrier_thread, NULL, run_barrier, &b);
+      if (rc) {
+         atomic_store(&b.error, rc);
+         atomic_store(&b.stop, true);
+      } else {
+         atomic_store(&b.barrier_started, true);
+      }
+   }
+   fprintf(
+      csv,
+      "elapsed_s,interval_s,inserted,logical_gib,insert_ops_s,query_ops_s,"
+      "hit_pct,insert_max_ms,query_max_ms,active_max_ms,cpu_cores,max_rss_mib,"
+      "read_mib_s,write_mib_s,image_gib,free_gib,inserters_running,"
+      "barrier_ops_s,barrier_avg_ms,barrier_max_ms,target_insert_ops_s,"
+      "offered_insert_ops_s,insert_backlog,response_max_ms");
+   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < started; i++) {
+      fprintf(csv, ",%s%lu_ops_s", b.workers[i].query ? "q" : "i", i);
+   }
+   fputc('\n', csv);
+   fflush(csv);
+   uint64_t prev_completed[MAX_WORKERS] = {0}, prev_hits = 0;
+   uint64_t prev_barrier_count = 0, prev_barrier_sum_ns = 0;
+   uint64_t prev_read, prev_write;
+   process_io(&prev_read, &prev_write);
+   struct rusage usage_now;
+   getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &usage_now);
+   double prev_cpu =
+      usage_now.ru_utime.tv_sec + usage_now.ru_utime.tv_usec / 1e6
+      + usage_now.ru_stime.tv_sec + usage_now.ru_stime.tv_usec / 1e6;
+   uint64_t start = now_ns(), previous = start;
+   b.start_ns = start;
+   fprintf(
+      stderr, "start_monotonic_ns=%lu main_address=%p\n", start, (void *)main);
+   atomic_store_explicit(&b.start, true, memory_order_release);
+   const char *reason   = "complete";
+   uint64_t    inserted = 0;
+   while (true) {
+      struct timespec delay = {.tv_sec  = o->report_ms / 1000,
+                               .tv_nsec = (o->report_ms % 1000) * 1000000};
+      nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
+      uint64_t now = now_ns(), delta_insert = 0, delta_query = 0, hits = 0;
+      uint64_t insert_max = 0, query_max = 0, response_max = 0, active_max = 0;
+      uint64_t inserters_running  = 0;
+      double   rates[MAX_WORKERS] = {0};
+      double   elapsed = (now - start) / 1e9, interval = (now - previous) / 1e9;
+      bool     all_inserts_done = true;
+      inserted                  = 0;
+      for (uint64_t i = 0; i < started; i++) {
+         worker  *w         = &b.workers[i];
+         uint64_t completed = atomic_load(&w->completed);
+         uint64_t count     = completed - prev_completed[i];
+         prev_completed[i]  = completed;
+         rates[i]           = count / interval;
+         uint64_t latency   = atomic_exchange(&w->max_ns, 0);
+         uint64_t active    = atomic_load(&w->active_since_ns);
+         if (active && active < now && active_max < now - active) {
+            active_max = now - active;
+         }
+         if (w->query) {
+            delta_query += count;
+            hits += atomic_load(&w->hits);
+            if (query_max < latency) {
+               query_max = latency;
+            }
+         } else {
+            inserted += completed;
+            delta_insert += count;
+            if (insert_max < latency) {
+               insert_max = latency;
+            }
+            uint64_t response = atomic_exchange(&w->response_max_ns, 0);
+            if (response_max < response) {
+               response_max = response;
+            }
+            if (!atomic_load(&w->done)) {
+               inserters_running++;
+               all_inserts_done = false;
+            }
+         }
+      }
+      uint64_t reads, writes;
+      process_io(&reads, &writes);
+      getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &usage_now);
+      double cpu = usage_now.ru_utime.tv_sec + usage_now.ru_utime.tv_usec / 1e6
+                   + usage_now.ru_stime.tv_sec
+                   + usage_now.ru_stime.tv_usec / 1e6;
+      struct stat st = {0};
+      if (fstat(fd, &st) != 0 || fstatvfs(fd, &space) != 0) {
+         atomic_store(&b.error, errno);
+         atomic_store(&b.stop, true);
+      }
+      double   free_gib       = (double)space.f_bavail * space.f_frsize / GIB;
+      uint64_t barrier_count  = atomic_load(&b.barrier_count);
+      uint64_t barrier_sum_ns = atomic_load(&b.barrier_sum_ns);
+      uint64_t barrier_max_ns = atomic_exchange(&b.barrier_max_ns, 0);
+      uint64_t delta_barrier_count = barrier_count - prev_barrier_count;
+      uint64_t delta_barrier_sum   = barrier_sum_ns - prev_barrier_sum_ns;
+      uint64_t offered             = inserted;
+      if (o->target_insert_ops_s != 0) {
+         __uint128_t possible = (__uint128_t)(now - start)
+                                * o->target_insert_ops_s / UINT64_C(1000000000);
+         offered = possible > o->records ? o->records : (uint64_t)possible;
+      }
+      fprintf(csv,
+              "%.6f,%.6f,%lu,%.6f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,"
+              "%.3f,%.6f,%.3f,%lu,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%lu,%.3f,%lu,%.3f",
+              elapsed,
+              interval,
+              inserted,
+              (double)inserted * (o->key_size + o->value_size) / GIB,
+              delta_insert / interval,
+              delta_query / interval,
+              delta_query ? (hits - prev_hits) * 100.0 / delta_query : 0,
+              insert_max / 1e6,
+              query_max / 1e6,
+              active_max / 1e6,
+              (cpu - prev_cpu) / interval,
+              usage_now.ru_maxrss / 1024.0,
+              (reads - prev_read) / (1048576.0 * interval),
+              (writes - prev_write) / (1048576.0 * interval),
+              (double)st.st_size / GIB,
+              free_gib,
+              inserters_running,
+              delta_barrier_count / interval,
+              delta_barrier_count
+                 ? delta_barrier_sum / 1e6 / delta_barrier_count
+                 : 0,
+              barrier_max_ns / 1e6,
+              o->target_insert_ops_s,
+              o->target_insert_ops_s ? (double)o->target_insert_ops_s : 0,
+              offered > inserted ? offered - inserted : 0,
+              response_max / 1e6);
+      for (uint64_t i = 0; i < started; i++) {
+         fprintf(csv, ",%.3f", rates[i]);
+      }
+      fputc('\n', csv);
+      if (fflush(csv) != 0) {
+         atomic_store(&b.error, errno);
+         atomic_store(&b.stop, true);
+      }
+      prev_hits           = hits;
+      prev_read           = reads;
+      prev_write          = writes;
+      prev_cpu            = cpu;
+      prev_barrier_count  = barrier_count;
+      prev_barrier_sum_ns = barrier_sum_ns;
+      previous            = now;
+      if (all_inserts_done || atomic_load(&b.stop)) {
+         break;
+      }
+      if (interrupted) {
+         reason = "signal";
+         break;
+      }
+      if (o->seconds && elapsed >= o->seconds) {
+         reason = "time_limit";
+         break;
+      }
+      if (free_gib < o->min_free_gib) {
+         reason = "free_space_limit";
+         break;
+      }
+   }
+   atomic_store(&b.stop, true);
+   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < started; i++) {
+      pthread_join(b.workers[i].thread, NULL);
+   }
+   if (atomic_load(&b.barrier_started)) {
+      pthread_join(b.barrier_thread, NULL);
+   }
+   inserted = 0;
+   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < o->inserts; i++) {
+      inserted += atomic_load(&b.workers[i].completed);
+   }
+   double elapsed_s = (now_ns() - start) / 1e9;
+   fprintf(stderr,
+           "load_end reason=%s inserted=%lu elapsed_s=%.3f error=%d "
+           "barrier_count=%lu barrier_avg_ms=%.3f barrier_max_ms=%.3f\n",
+           reason,
+           inserted,
+           elapsed_s,
+           atomic_load(&b.error),
+           atomic_load(&b.barrier_count),
+           atomic_load(&b.barrier_count) ? atomic_load(&b.barrier_sum_ns) / 1e6
+                                              / atomic_load(&b.barrier_count)
+                                         : 0,
+           atomic_load(&b.barrier_max_ns) / 1e6);
+   int summary_rc = write_summary(&b, inserted, elapsed_s);
+   if (summary_rc != 0) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "summary write failed: %s\n", strerror(summary_rc));
+   }
+   uint64_t close_start = now_ns();
+#ifdef KVBENCH_LEGACY_CLOSE
+   splinterdb_close(&b.db);
+   rc = 0;
+#else
+   rc = splinterdb_close(&b.db, false);
+#endif
+   fprintf(
+      stderr, "close_s=%.3f close_rc=%d\n", (now_ns() - close_start) / 1e9, rc);
+   close(fd);
+   fclose(csv);
+   int trace_rc = 0;
+#ifndef KVBENCH_NO_TRACE
+   trace_rc = platform_trace_close();
+#endif
+   bool incomplete = !o->seconds && inserted < o->records;
+   return rc || trace_rc || summary_rc || atomic_load(&b.error) || incomplete
+             ? 1
+             : 0;
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/inventory.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/inventory.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d7a86fb24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/inventory.json
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+{
+  "log-group-limit-build.json": "bc90729df45f9ea3702def8ae31d769f141ad323cadc10e400d00dcb13c4a94c",
+  "audit.py": "0a35a54b0932296bd60df29d54b4a1e28a1c3a4ff680ab096ce6d94c0f696b6c",
+  "status.json": "4f586c2d7e6964d5bb0250e0a55999c83de96454713b9fadc541be2695a884a0",
+  "build_all.py": "eb087dd5567dd000d7e0bf27d76839ac45e0ced00037f6f618e2494e5e518a20",
+  "run_matrix-fixtures.py": "776d2ee23705f3a60a54f4e78b4f305a24d4a124eeecfe75dfacf5a90e4329c5",
+  "feature-summaries.json": "be843d623a1047071f5ecf28698812b3a1a5570fb81ace0d2280c0aadaa0b3dc",
+  "host.json": "3f6265a71d00bb4c31f35d6774a1ac19bdc4b10ffd758947d96b0d0b81538eb3",
+  "kvbench.c": "45cf9d2e1f74e90719885955d5a78651cc5c1d97cda2daed534a3c0cb07f48a9",
+  "control-drift.csv": "0c5f1c505305edd8f6c55943719aaceb9ff8ded781a746819df64bb305f0e941",
+  "preparation.json": "1de4fc5b02c3b6b5134859e33a99b881132ca60c193aa611370795131bb80c09",
+  "package.py": "8591b68385dafd2e808ed6b623a7f4e645c890b3aa1c023a49906061580fb79c",
+  "summary.csv": "f295f846c9a505cab227616be32a4aef11bb78c38a82f97729d2573d50aefcee",
+  "report.py": "5c1a9ef7925653b45ee3c211863706ba6cbf2924783a77c1efd7e0b83c3622a6",
+  "run_matrix.py": "536f10a1a7fd4b1e8e0250ea01cfe36793c7d6e2345f141092616ec06f64ee50",
+  "report.md": "9649eb4828bef7e39b3b28b1bdcd2ab3ddb72ceb0f71bb5d07c12605c8b417bc",
+  "run_job.py": "908d86de805e6efd41b423c919187f2df14715104f047e10fa8a6c57129cc773",
+  "repeat.py": "81fc83731f123067d5183231468513ad7243578ffc051a0d63073b684362fd53",
+  "audit.json": "ad2fc696155945dd8d7c31db1295ae1f824e7a4324f1523d290f106f95f87d03",
+  "benchmark-jobs.json": "a208b7be9c97f8c7d1d92fda93941d24a29cdf4d47f255946c33aab465f645c7",
+  "insert_benchmark.c": "75acbda52b2a8949f1d61710a8d89250d4dac63b12ec9803b89170f9c2cc0b26",
+  "main-build.json": "5eae9c1ff95058e999f98a2431c93553859fdbb35e531edbe6426a8c86339a99",
+  "insert/wal1-11-log-default.summary.csv": "37eb7ec09cb3f5c11cea903e911dc8ed093719077e86d8a23d5b081f50471c1b",
+  "insert/wal0-05-main.summary.csv": "2bd97e5bc7c20389cd6db2ba6410f9b6d8f1eda86b190dc0d62ace42199472d5",
+  "insert/wal1-13-log-default.summary.csv": "7026d770af72ae30c16fad763679c9eff2b8c779c5ec89645efb30649f1264db",
+  "insert/wal0-00-main.csv": "8dcf4686167c43dd7df121b5a917f4dd88dfa8c06c1d7b496a7a3e68b339d1e0",
+  "insert/wal0-05-main.log": "e561f2425c9264f1abdedba855ac90a73514a661943399e896c390652cd8749c",
+  "insert/wal1-11-log-default.log": "90fd142f6b71ce56d14f97b138dbafa8c4be455452f4aee26b2f92a5d32c301a",
+  "insert/wal1-11-log-default.csv": "7f6b0997b55e1eb67077907b9e8f4abab6e635d3e3d2b33a5cf7e815a9327024",
+  "insert/wal1-13-log-default.log": "550cc5ea88422becbb24717a9bbf155e8bf3517e4d47d0978a72cd476a855601",
+  "insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.csv": "55018bee3dbcac4268b2bf3e86ce9a3c4955b6100dcbe0165a3e78cbc26daa61",
+  "insert/wal1-00-main.log": "d2d2e8354ebcb144c19981057836ad942f500f144aac30bc60c6975892496363",
+  "insert/wal1-24-main.csv": "618babe5f6164ea27cc3c33511d3cad0a35eb6c0329f8058c4810d0341a3dcb6",
+  "insert/wal0-00-main.log": "84c9d5144c6b034941a876f264e74f49cdb3449c4b6b75df09d3f774ae93270a",
+  "insert/manifest.json": "fe4ca9f68184155201378b7ac0d3f1ec1095f1f4f7795001e504712df8ddbf05",
+  "insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.csv": "7314969065c95983dbd9cdd6e3848f9017f8b3d7ac32fa4a925e6f648dfb0b1a",
+  "insert/wal1-00-main.summary.csv": "af53990e4fe8caf53c7caed4175c6b818cfb509bc0a6bb237e3b9aab387ec2d1",
+  "insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.summary.csv": "1b6b900b9b5393c9bbc50193bb0d704328988cf5507bd34d5443f381b5a55ab1",
+  "insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.summary.csv": "7f6a5170396d716d53b9f3c5516d1e2eb88055a6cb7bc5e8821ecf4437146b50",
+  "insert/wal1-24-main.log": "0e3644505976ec7c8a8e4877dab5b0b9493a5f78984892223bd3e7f074c4557b",
+  "insert/wal1-00-main.csv": "78326f512429dd93c03975ee82baa0289cc22fb24919e9ed076825c5717bf574",
+  "insert/wal1-12-main.summary.csv": "cf0692fd4487f51302a7a67f0f0ba4b4668f6af4b7b0cb9b26e79c157121d9b7",
+  "insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.log": "ebb44b764fd1df1239ff4e8f3521e6e0853d4c17dfbe10168992dde6e2320406",
+  "insert/wal1-12-main.csv": "807b627316d359b79b43bea0bb408fa343d936e1095878ba19277dca36de5fe2",
+  "insert/wal1-12-main.log": "dfdc27d0b401b30c49872cd01233f3282c693df04abe9a7e47d84ad9c6bf553d",
+  "insert/wal1-24-main.summary.csv": "1aa6095d93e086f52d65679d4c2989e7a521a24991c85823fcc7873214b5c4da",
+  "insert/wal1-13-log-default.csv": "8a0fcace66ea1dfe4e12cf53c7c83023b02958f7faffca8d2d56b779165de819",
+  "insert/wal0-05-main.csv": "d9b770ba882910062d7e71cd7268f1db66b68aeae2459e2c47defee49ecdd709",
+  "insert/results.csv": "79f4743cb5bddbe28a77b3df5a82851562b15e0fc55ca29b09f53add1b558ba3",
+  "insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.log": "8154b20a7c8c2060c5b4689aa276adf6d260cece5a542cf3117cbd6f959e10c0",
+  "insert/wal0-00-main.summary.csv": "cce097428cf6196a066ee953db6cba485e672210956aed375a8fcf6746d67891",
+  "fixtures/disk-main-ordinary.csv": "a3a321becf1795295cdecb25858a7ba1db4999b2631d026e0c45ccc1f37db0aa",
+  "fixtures/manifest.json": "54156009ae4f5aa27acd9ab1276ac4d977ac77e4fa3bf6bbd68e47030f6958e8",
+  "fixtures/disk-main-ordinary.log": "df659510c3e45ad4982e8a4d87cf79bfc17eee6e29d823cfb16a86fa83d91419",
+  "fixtures/resident-main-ordinary.log": "e55092c3e8d86fa11a0c8308f2951ca7d933e1437c34285fc696792625d8eea3",
+  "fixtures/resident-main-ordinary.csv": "c84ff2d1855eba7db823dc88621fad5a8230d9f68a0c4bb21d73fb69d8604e34",
+  "disk/03-log-group-limit.log": "36b51bfe6b7c5a33368c2bae9385fc943e40bea7f3db90617398e12c485981a0",
+  "disk/22-main.log": "5086e61f0aaac72a1061e180c0877301383d9148d4822a6439cb0a2db936c1bd",
+  "disk/manifest.json": "3f1414551369e02ba5551aa14e23d3102fa3d3b86794504dbff0bd37bbc6980b",
+  "disk/19-log-group-limit.log": "074955efd87792199273b3411eda82974cb809ad8a6c69a2f400907c3f86f7d2",
+  "disk/00-main.log": "31d7f4877605590f45d53a31f1da36cfd3464ed056f9aea89f6083b962487883",
+  "disk/11-main.log": "7c21a91723c434998d5c9b8a8dd15c86bbea62e8b787cc23f4ed16acea5a5edf",
+  "disk/results.csv": "58241fc9814ade25aee85e83480c20e9bd53e8df3f94b52926c2cc2de0c0b14b",
+  "resident/03-log-group-limit.log": "2c850d53a1e02c5d5eea05f6fd9190edb1d9f7012fcd0f72b9d2ab356373119a",
+  "resident/22-main.log": "12947e19e2731c0041d5caf9492a0f102ac3edab312e9eb80d03bcbe7275fea0",
+  "resident/manifest.json": "3b63a5837b1761ebf071c3d0dcfb635032474d4852660ebb9af375a88f92a3f1",
+  "resident/19-log-group-limit.log": "12a8f95f4c8f7edad7d52cb46c542fa28197549616d2b565647c971c1d804490",
+  "resident/00-main.log": "0861c0ade82e24816323caa4da330c4cac0c53104f1160285c1cf8a8df22251a",
+  "resident/11-main.log": "034a238757bbc021b03c57327181adea2db55fca23bb013540bf3f4ab4091d19",
+  "resident/results.csv": "cf2dfcefb223c4736a7e42750b97365057c333f7014241589598703b6c3289cb"
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/kvbench.c b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/kvbench.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9b91f4ef9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/kvbench.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1707 @@
+// kvbench.c -- SplinterDB public-API benchmark used to compare two versions.
+//
+// Uses only splinterdb/splinterdb.h + splinterdb/default_data_config.h + libc,
+// so the same source builds against versions whose internals differ. The one
+// public-API difference handled here is splinterdb_close():
+//   -DKVBENCH_CLOSE_HAS_FORCE  => int splinterdb_close(splinterdb **, bool32)
+//   otherwise                  => void splinterdb_close(splinterdb **)
+//
+// Key scheme: logical id in [0,N). Present key = 8-byte big-endian(2*id)
+// followed by 16 bytes of fixed padding (24 bytes total), so memcmp order ==
+// id order. Absent ("negative") keys use 2*id+1, interleaved with present
+// keys. Value = 100 bytes: id (LE u64), generation (LE u64), filler.
+//
+// Each invocation: create/open the DB, run the listed phases in order, close.
+// Phase syntax (optional "@T" overrides the thread count):
+//   load:random | load:seq        fixed-count insert of all N ids, then close
+//                                 (close timed separately as "drain")
+//   warm                          parallel full scan; verifies every id once
+//   point:uniform|zipf|seq|neg    fixed-duration lookups
+//   range:uniform|zipf:L          fixed-duration forward range queries
+//   ow:uniform|zipf               fixed-duration overwrites (insert existing)
+// One CSV row per phase is appended to --csv.
+
+#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
+#   define _GNU_SOURCE
+#endif
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdatomic.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "splinterdb/default_data_config.h"
+#include "splinterdb/splinterdb.h"
+
+#define KEY_SIZE    24
+#define VALUE_SIZE  100
+#define MAX_PHASES  64
+#define MAX_WORKERS 32
+
+static const char KEY_PAD[16] = "kvbench-padding!";
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Time, RNG, permutations, zipf                                            */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+static inline uint64_t
+now_ns(void)
+{
+   struct timespec ts;
+   clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
+   return (uint64_t)ts.tv_sec * 1000000000ull + ts.tv_nsec;
+}
+
+/* Bijective 64-bit mixer (splitmix64 finalizer). */
+static inline uint64_t
+mix(uint64_t x)
+{
+   x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * UINT64_C(0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9);
+   x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * UINT64_C(0x94d049bb133111eb);
+   return x ^ (x >> 31);
+}
+
+static inline uint64_t
+rng_next(uint64_t *s)
+{
+   *s += UINT64_C(0x9e3779b97f4a7c15);
+   return mix(*s);
+}
+
+static inline double
+rng_unit(uint64_t *s)
+{
+   return (double)(rng_next(s) >> 11) * 0x1.0p-53;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Pseudo-random bijection on [0,n): a 4-round balanced Feistel network over
+ * 2*half bits (2^(2*half) >= n), with cycle-walking to stay inside [0,n).
+ */
+typedef struct {
+   uint64_t n;
+   unsigned half;
+   uint64_t mask;
+   uint64_t keys[4];
+} perm_t;
+
+static void
+perm_init(perm_t *p, uint64_t n, uint64_t seed)
+{
+   unsigned bits = 1;
+   while (bits < 64 && (UINT64_C(1) << bits) < n) {
+      bits++;
+   }
+   p->n    = n;
+   p->half = (bits + 1) / 2;
+   if (p->half < 1) {
+      p->half = 1;
+   }
+   p->mask = (UINT64_C(1) << p->half) - 1;
+   for (int r = 0; r < 4; r++) {
+      p->keys[r] = mix(seed * UINT64_C(0x632be59bd9b4e019) + r + 1);
+   }
+}
+
+static inline uint64_t
+feistel(const perm_t *p, uint64_t x)
+{
+   uint64_t l = x >> p->half, r = x & p->mask;
+   for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+      uint64_t t = l ^ (mix(r ^ p->keys[i]) & p->mask);
+      l          = r;
+      r          = t;
+   }
+   return (l << p->half) | r;
+}
+
+static inline uint64_t
+perm_apply(const perm_t *p, uint64_t i)
+{
+   uint64_t x = i;
+   do {
+      x = feistel(p, x);
+   } while (x >= p->n);
+   return x;
+}
+
+/* YCSB-style zipfian over ranks [0,n). */
+typedef struct {
+   uint64_t n;
+   double   theta, zetan, zeta2, alpha, eta, half_pow_theta;
+} zipf_t;
+
+static double
+zeta_sum(uint64_t n, double theta)
+{
+   uint64_t m = n < 2000000 ? n : 2000000;
+   double   s = 0;
+   for (uint64_t i = 1; i <= m; i++) {
+      s += pow((double)i, -theta);
+   }
+   if (n > m) {
+      /* Euler-Maclaurin tail: sum_{k=m+1}^{n} k^-t */
+      s += (pow((double)n, 1 - theta) - pow((double)m, 1 - theta)) / (1 - theta)
+           + 0.5 * (pow((double)n, -theta) - pow((double)m, -theta));
+   }
+   return s;
+}
+
+static void
+zipf_init(zipf_t *z, uint64_t n, double theta)
+{
+   z->n     = n;
+   z->theta = theta;
+   z->zetan = zeta_sum(n, theta);
+   z->zeta2 = 1.0 + pow(0.5, theta);
+   z->alpha = 1.0 / (1.0 - theta);
+   z->eta =
+      (1.0 - pow(2.0 / (double)n, 1.0 - theta)) / (1.0 - z->zeta2 / z->zetan);
+   z->half_pow_theta = pow(0.5, theta);
+}
+
+static inline uint64_t
+zipf_next(const zipf_t *z, uint64_t *rng)
+{
+   double u  = rng_unit(rng);
+   double uz = u * z->zetan;
+   if (uz < 1.0) {
+      return 0;
+   }
+   if (uz < 1.0 + z->half_pow_theta) {
+      return 1;
+   }
+   uint64_t r =
+      (uint64_t)((double)z->n * pow(z->eta * u - z->eta + 1.0, z->alpha));
+   return r >= z->n ? z->n - 1 : r;
+}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Histogram: log2 buckets with 32 linear sub-buckets (~3% resolution)       */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+#define HSUB_BITS 5
+#define HSUB      (1u << HSUB_BITS)
+#define HBUCKETS  (64 * HSUB)
+
+typedef struct {
+   uint64_t b[HBUCKETS];
+   uint64_t count, sum, max;
+} hist_t;
+
+static inline unsigned
+hidx(uint64_t v)
+{
+   if (v < HSUB) {
+      return (unsigned)v;
+   }
+   unsigned e   = 63 - __builtin_clzll(v);
+   unsigned sub = (unsigned)((v >> (e - HSUB_BITS)) & (HSUB - 1));
+   return (e - HSUB_BITS + 1) * HSUB + sub;
+}
+
+static inline uint64_t
+hval(unsigned idx)
+{
+   if (idx < HSUB) {
+      return idx;
+   }
+   unsigned e     = idx / HSUB + HSUB_BITS - 1;
+   unsigned sub   = idx % HSUB;
+   uint64_t lo    = (UINT64_C(1) << e) | ((uint64_t)sub << (e - HSUB_BITS));
+   uint64_t width = UINT64_C(1) << (e - HSUB_BITS);
+   return lo + width / 2;
+}
+
+static inline void
+hist_add(hist_t *h, uint64_t v)
+{
+   h->b[hidx(v)]++;
+   h->count++;
+   h->sum += v;
+   if (v > h->max) {
+      h->max = v;
+   }
+}
+
+static void
+hist_merge(hist_t *dst, const hist_t *src)
+{
+   for (unsigned i = 0; i < HBUCKETS; i++) {
+      dst->b[i] += src->b[i];
+   }
+   dst->count += src->count;
+   dst->sum += src->sum;
+   if (src->max > dst->max) {
+      dst->max = src->max;
+   }
+}
+
+static double
+hist_pct_us(const hist_t *h, double p)
+{
+   if (!h->count) {
+      return NAN;
+   }
+   uint64_t rank = (uint64_t)ceil(p * (double)h->count);
+   if (rank < 1) {
+      rank = 1;
+   }
+   uint64_t acc = 0;
+   for (unsigned i = 0; i < HBUCKETS; i++) {
+      acc += h->b[i];
+      if (acc >= rank) {
+         uint64_t v = hval(i);
+         return (double)(v > h->max ? h->max : v) / 1e3;
+      }
+   }
+   return (double)h->max / 1e3;
+}
+
+static double
+hist_mean_us(const hist_t *h)
+{
+   return h->count ? (double)h->sum / (double)h->count / 1e3 : NAN;
+}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Options / global state                                                    */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+enum phase_kind { PH_LOAD, PH_WARM, PH_POINT, PH_RANGE, PH_OW };
+enum dist { D_UNIFORM, D_ZIPF, D_SEQ, D_NEG, D_RANDOM };
+
+typedef struct {
+   char            name[64];
+   enum phase_kind kind;
+   enum dist       dist;
+   uint64_t        L;
+   int             threads;
+} phase_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+   const char *db, *csv, *hang_dir;
+   const char *vtag, *stag, *otag;
+   int         rep;
+   bool        create;
+   uint64_t    n, cache_mib, disk_gib, memtable_mib;
+   int         use_log, threads, mt_bg, normal_bg;
+   double      secs, warmup;
+   uint64_t    sabotage;
+   uint64_t    hang_secs;
+   uint64_t    seed;
+   int         nphases;
+   phase_t     phases[MAX_PHASES];
+} options;
+
+static options     opt;
+static splinterdb *kvs;
+static data_config data_cfg;
+static perm_t      load_perm, zipf_perm;
+static zipf_t      zipf;
+static uint64_t    generation; /* value generation for overwrites */
+
+enum { ST_WAIT = 0, ST_WARMUP = 1, ST_MEASURE = 2, ST_STOP = 3 };
+static _Atomic int      run_state;
+static _Atomic uint64_t seq_counter;
+
+/* Watchdog */
+enum { WD_IDLE, WD_OPS, WD_OPENCLOSE };
+static _Atomic int      wd_mode;
+static _Atomic uint64_t wd_mode_since_ns;
+static const char      *wd_what = "";
+
+typedef struct worker {
+   pthread_t        th;
+   int              idx;
+   const phase_t   *ph;
+   hist_t           lat;
+   hist_t           startup;
+   uint64_t         ops, tuples, pt_ns, pt_div, deinit_ns, deinit_n;
+   uint64_t         violations, errors, notfound, found;
+   uint64_t         rng;
+   uint64_t         measure_rng;
+   bool             measure_rng_captured;
+   _Atomic uint64_t progress;
+   char             first_violation[256];
+} worker_t;
+
+static worker_t *workers;
+static int       nworkers;
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Keys / values                                                             */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+static inline void
+make_key(uint64_t k, char *key)
+{
+   for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+      key[i] = (char)(k >> (56 - 8 * i));
+   }
+   memcpy(key + 8, KEY_PAD, 16);
+}
+
+static inline bool
+decode_key(slice s, uint64_t *k)
+{
+   if (slice_length(s) != KEY_SIZE) {
+      return false;
+   }
+   const unsigned char *p = slice_data(s);
+   uint64_t             x = 0;
+   for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+      x = (x << 8) | p[i];
+   }
+   *k = x;
+   return memcmp(p + 8, KEY_PAD, 16) == 0;
+}
+
+static inline void
+make_value(uint64_t id, uint64_t gen, char *val)
+{
+   memcpy(val, &id, 8);
+   memcpy(val + 8, &gen, 8);
+   memset(val + 16, 'v', VALUE_SIZE - 16);
+}
+
+static inline bool
+value_id_ok(slice v, uint64_t id)
+{
+   if (slice_length(v) != VALUE_SIZE) {
+      return false;
+   }
+   uint64_t got;
+   memcpy(&got, slice_data(v), 8);
+   return got == id;
+}
+
+static inline bool
+value_generation_ok(slice v, uint64_t id, uint64_t expected_generation)
+{
+   if (!value_id_ok(v, id)) {
+      return false;
+   }
+   uint64_t got_generation;
+   memcpy(&got_generation, (const char *)slice_data(v) + 8, 8);
+   return got_generation == expected_generation;
+}
+
+static void
+violation(worker_t *w, const char *fmt, ...)
+   __attribute__((format(printf, 2, 3)));
+
+static void
+violation(worker_t *w, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+   w->violations++;
+   if (w->violations <= 3) {
+      char    buf[256];
+      va_list ap;
+      va_start(ap, fmt);
+      vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, ap);
+      va_end(ap);
+      if (w->violations == 1) {
+         snprintf(w->first_violation, sizeof(w->first_violation), "%s", buf);
+      }
+      fprintf(stderr, "VIOLATION [thread %d]: %s\n", w->idx, buf);
+   }
+}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Process metrics                                                           */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+typedef struct {
+   uint64_t t_ns;
+   double   cpu_s;
+   uint64_t rd, wr;
+   uint64_t swpin, swpout;
+   uint64_t majflt;
+} snap_t;
+
+static void
+proc_io(uint64_t *rd, uint64_t *wr)
+{
+   *rd = *wr = 0;
+   FILE *f   = fopen("/proc/self/io", "r");
+   if (!f) {
+      return;
+   }
+   char     name[64];
+   uint64_t v;
+   while (fscanf(f, "%63s %" SCNu64, name, &v) == 2) {
+      if (!strcmp(name, "read_bytes:")) {
+         *rd = v;
+      } else if (!strcmp(name, "write_bytes:")) {
+         *wr = v;
+      }
+   }
+   fclose(f);
+}
+
+static void
+vm_swap(uint64_t *in, uint64_t *out)
+{
+   *in = *out = 0;
+   FILE *f    = fopen("/proc/vmstat", "r");
+   if (!f) {
+      return;
+   }
+   char     name[64];
+   uint64_t v;
+   while (fscanf(f, "%63s %" SCNu64, name, &v) == 2) {
+      if (!strcmp(name, "pswpin")) {
+         *in = v;
+      } else if (!strcmp(name, "pswpout")) {
+         *out = v;
+      }
+   }
+   fclose(f);
+}
+
+static void
+take_snap(snap_t *s)
+{
+   struct rusage ru;
+   getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &ru);
+   s->cpu_s = ru.ru_utime.tv_sec + ru.ru_utime.tv_usec / 1e6
+              + ru.ru_stime.tv_sec + ru.ru_stime.tv_usec / 1e6;
+   s->majflt = ru.ru_majflt;
+   proc_io(&s->rd, &s->wr);
+   vm_swap(&s->swpin, &s->swpout);
+   s->t_ns = now_ns();
+}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* DB lifecycle                                                              */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+static void
+fill_config(splinterdb_config *cfg)
+{
+   *cfg = (splinterdb_config){
+      .filename                = opt.db,
+      .cache_size              = opt.cache_mib << 20,
+      .disk_size               = opt.disk_gib << 30,
+      .data_cfg                = &data_cfg,
+      .io_flags                = O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_DIRECT,
+      .io_perms                = 0644,
+      .use_log                 = opt.use_log ? 1 : 0,
+      .memtable_capacity       = opt.memtable_mib << 20,
+      .fanout                  = 8,
+      .num_memtable_bg_threads = (uint64)opt.mt_bg,
+      .num_normal_bg_threads   = (uint64)opt.normal_bg,
+      .queue_scale_percent     = 100,
+   };
+#ifdef KVBENCH_SPACE_MODE
+   cfg->use_stats = 1;
+#endif
+}
+
+static double open_secs;
+
+static void
+db_open(bool create)
+{
+   splinterdb_config cfg;
+   fill_config(&cfg);
+   wd_what = create ? "create" : "open";
+   atomic_store(&wd_mode_since_ns, now_ns());
+   atomic_store(&wd_mode, WD_OPENCLOSE);
+   uint64_t t0 = now_ns();
+   int      rc =
+      create ? splinterdb_create(&cfg, &kvs) : splinterdb_open(&cfg, &kvs);
+   open_secs = (now_ns() - t0) / 1e9;
+   atomic_store(&wd_mode, WD_IDLE);
+   if (rc) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "FATAL: splinterdb_%s failed rc=%d\n", wd_what, rc);
+      exit(3);
+   }
+   fprintf(stderr, "%s took %.3f s\n", wd_what, open_secs);
+}
+
+static double
+db_close(void)
+{
+#ifdef KVBENCH_SPACE_MODE
+   /* Space/stats build only: dump insertion + allocator stats for the session.
+    */
+   if (getenv("KVBENCH_STATS_BEFORE_CLOSE")) {
+      platform_set_log_streams(stdout, stderr);
+      splinterdb_stats_print_insertion(kvs);
+      fflush(stdout);
+   }
+#endif
+   wd_what = "close";
+   atomic_store(&wd_mode_since_ns, now_ns());
+   atomic_store(&wd_mode, WD_OPENCLOSE);
+   uint64_t t0 = now_ns();
+#ifdef KVBENCH_CLOSE_HAS_FORCE
+   int rc = splinterdb_close(&kvs, 0);
+   if (rc) {
+      fprintf(stderr,
+              "FINDING: splinterdb_close(force=0) refused rc=%d; forcing\n",
+              rc);
+      rc = splinterdb_close(&kvs, 1);
+      if (rc) {
+         fprintf(stderr, "FINDING: splinterdb_close(force=1) rc=%d\n", rc);
+      }
+   }
+#else
+   splinterdb_close(&kvs);
+#endif
+   double s = (now_ns() - t0) / 1e9;
+   atomic_store(&wd_mode, WD_IDLE);
+   kvs = NULL;
+   fprintf(stderr, "close took %.3f s\n", s);
+   return s;
+}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Watchdog                                                                  */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+static void
+hang_dump(const char *why)
+{
+   char path[512], cmd[1024];
+   snprintf(path,
+            sizeof(path),
+            "%s/hang-%s-%s-%d-%ld.txt",
+            opt.hang_dir ? opt.hang_dir : ".",
+            opt.vtag,
+            wd_what,
+            (int)getpid(),
+            (long)time(NULL));
+   fprintf(stderr,
+           "HANG DETECTED (%s) during %s; dumping stacks to %s\n",
+           why,
+           wd_what,
+           path);
+   snprintf(cmd,
+            sizeof(cmd),
+            "gdb -batch -ex 'info threads' -ex 'thread apply all bt' -p %d > "
+            "'%s' 2>&1",
+            (int)getpid(),
+            path);
+   int rc = system(cmd);
+   fprintf(stderr, "gdb rc=%d; exiting with status 99\n", rc);
+   fflush(stderr);
+   _exit(99);
+}
+
+static void *
+watchdog_main(void *arg)
+{
+   (void)arg;
+   uint64_t last_prog = 0, last_change = now_ns(), last_report = now_ns();
+   uint64_t last_report_prog = 0;
+   double   last_cpu         = -1;
+   uint64_t last_io          = 0;
+   int      last_mode        = WD_IDLE;
+   for (;;) {
+      sleep(1);
+      int      mode = atomic_load(&wd_mode);
+      uint64_t now  = now_ns();
+      if (mode != last_mode) {
+         last_mode        = mode;
+         last_change      = now;
+         last_prog        = 0;
+         last_report_prog = 0;
+         last_report      = now;
+         last_cpu         = -1;
+      }
+      if (mode == WD_OPS) {
+         uint64_t prog = 0;
+         for (int i = 0; i < nworkers; i++) {
+            prog +=
+               atomic_load_explicit(&workers[i].progress, memory_order_relaxed);
+         }
+         if (prog != last_prog) {
+            last_prog   = prog;
+            last_change = now;
+         } else if (now - last_change > opt.hang_secs * 1000000000ull) {
+            hang_dump("no op progress for hang_secs");
+         }
+         if (now - last_report >= 10ull * 1000000000ull) {
+            fprintf(stderr,
+                    "  [%s] progress %" PRIu64 " ops (+%.0f ops/s)\n",
+                    wd_what,
+                    prog,
+                    (prog - last_report_prog) / ((now - last_report) / 1e9));
+            last_report      = now;
+            last_report_prog = prog;
+         }
+      } else if (mode == WD_OPENCLOSE) {
+         snap_t s;
+         take_snap(&s);
+         uint64_t io = s.rd + s.wr;
+         if (last_cpu < 0 || s.cpu_s - last_cpu > 0.05 || io != last_io) {
+            last_cpu    = s.cpu_s;
+            last_io     = io;
+            last_change = now;
+         } else if (now - last_change > opt.hang_secs * 1000000000ull) {
+            hang_dump("no CPU or IO progress for hang_secs");
+         }
+         uint64_t since = atomic_load(&wd_mode_since_ns);
+         if (now - since > 2400ull * 1000000000ull) {
+            hang_dump("open/close exceeded 40 minutes");
+         }
+      }
+   }
+   return NULL;
+}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Worker bodies                                                             */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+static inline uint64_t
+pick_id(worker_t *w, enum dist d, uint64_t *seqpos, uint64_t lo, uint64_t hi)
+{
+   switch (d) {
+      case D_ZIPF:
+         return perm_apply(&zipf_perm, zipf_next(&zipf, &w->rng));
+      case D_SEQ:
+      {
+         uint64_t id = *seqpos;
+         *seqpos     = (id + 1 >= hi) ? lo : id + 1;
+         return id;
+      }
+      case D_UNIFORM:
+      case D_NEG:
+      default:
+         return rng_next(&w->rng) % opt.n;
+   }
+}
+
+static inline void
+wait_start(void)
+{
+   while (atomic_load_explicit(&run_state, memory_order_acquire) == ST_WAIT) {
+      struct timespec d = {.tv_nsec = 100000};
+      nanosleep(&d, NULL);
+   }
+}
+
+static void *
+load_worker(void *arg)
+{
+   worker_t *w = arg;
+   char      key[KEY_SIZE], val[VALUE_SIZE];
+   uint64_t  T  = (uint64_t)nworkers;
+   uint64_t  lo = opt.n * (uint64_t)w->idx / T,
+            hi  = opt.n * (uint64_t)(w->idx + 1) / T;
+   wait_start();
+   uint64_t pos = lo, chunk_end = 0, cur = 0;
+   for (;;) {
+      uint64_t id;
+      if (w->ph->dist == D_RANDOM) {
+         if (pos >= hi) {
+            break;
+         }
+         id = perm_apply(&load_perm, pos++);
+      } else {
+         if (cur >= chunk_end) {
+            cur = atomic_fetch_add(&seq_counter, 64);
+            if (cur >= opt.n) {
+               break;
+            }
+            chunk_end = cur + 64 > opt.n ? opt.n : cur + 64;
+         }
+         id = cur++;
+      }
+      make_key(2 * id, key);
+      make_value(id, 0, val);
+      uint64_t t0 = now_ns();
+      int      rc = splinterdb_insert(
+         kvs, slice_create(KEY_SIZE, key), slice_create(VALUE_SIZE, val), NULL);
+      uint64_t t1 = now_ns();
+      if (rc) {
+         w->errors++;
+         if (w->errors <= 3) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: insert id=%" PRIu64 " rc=%d\n", id, rc);
+         }
+      }
+      hist_add(&w->lat, t1 - t0);
+      w->ops++;
+      atomic_store_explicit(&w->progress, w->ops, memory_order_relaxed);
+   }
+   return NULL;
+}
+
+static void *
+warm_worker(void *arg)
+{
+   worker_t *w  = arg;
+   uint64_t  T  = (uint64_t)nworkers;
+   uint64_t  lo = opt.n * (uint64_t)w->idx / T,
+            hi  = opt.n * (uint64_t)(w->idx + 1) / T;
+   if ((opt.sabotage & 8) && w->idx == nworkers - 1) {
+      hi++; /* sabotage: expect one more id than exists */
+   }
+   char key[KEY_SIZE];
+   make_key(2 * lo, key);
+   wait_start();
+   splinterdb_iterator *it;
+   int                  rc = splinterdb_iterator_init(
+      kvs, &it, greater_than_or_equal, slice_create(KEY_SIZE, key));
+   if (rc) {
+      w->errors++;
+      fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: warm iterator_init rc=%d\n", rc);
+      return NULL;
+   }
+   uint64_t expect = lo;
+   while (expect < hi && splinterdb_iterator_valid(it)) {
+      slice    k, v;
+      uint64_t kk;
+      splinterdb_iterator_get_current(it, &k, &v);
+      if (!decode_key(k, &kk) || kk != 2 * expect || !value_id_ok(v, expect)) {
+         violation(w,
+                   "warm: expected id %" PRIu64 " got key %" PRIu64
+                   " (len %" PRIu64 ")",
+                   expect,
+                   kk,
+                   slice_length(k));
+         if (kk > 2 * expect && (kk & 1) == 0) {
+            expect = kk / 2; /* resync after a gap */
+         }
+      }
+      expect++;
+      w->ops++;
+      if ((w->ops & 1023) == 0) {
+         atomic_store_explicit(&w->progress, w->ops, memory_order_relaxed);
+      }
+      if (expect < hi) {
+         splinterdb_iterator_next(it);
+      }
+   }
+   rc = splinterdb_iterator_status(it);
+   if (rc) {
+      w->errors++;
+      fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: warm iterator status rc=%d\n", rc);
+   }
+   if (expect != hi) {
+      violation(w,
+                "warm: range [%" PRIu64 ",%" PRIu64 ") ended at %" PRIu64,
+                lo,
+                hi,
+                expect);
+   }
+   splinterdb_iterator_deinit(it);
+   atomic_store_explicit(&w->progress, w->ops, memory_order_relaxed);
+   return NULL;
+}
+
+static void *
+point_worker(void *arg)
+{
+   worker_t                *w = arg;
+   char                     key[KEY_SIZE];
+   char                     buf[256];
+   splinterdb_lookup_result res;
+   splinterdb_lookup_result_init(
+      kvs, &res, SPLINTERDB_LOOKUP_VALUE, sizeof(buf), buf);
+   uint64_t T      = (uint64_t)nworkers;
+   uint64_t lo     = opt.n * (uint64_t)w->idx / T,
+            hi     = opt.n * (uint64_t)(w->idx + 1) / T;
+   uint64_t seqpos = lo;
+   bool     neg    = w->ph->dist == D_NEG;
+   wait_start();
+   uint64_t n = 0;
+   for (;;) {
+      int st = atomic_load_explicit(&run_state, memory_order_relaxed);
+      if (st == ST_STOP) {
+         break;
+      }
+      uint64_t id    = pick_id(w, w->ph->dist, &seqpos, lo, hi);
+      bool     q_neg = neg;
+      bool     e_neg = neg;
+      if (opt.sabotage & 1) {
+         q_neg = true; /* sabotage: query absent key, expect present */
+      }
+      if ((opt.sabotage & 16) && n > 1000) {
+         sleep(100000); /* test hook: simulate a hang for the watchdog */
+      }
+      if (opt.sabotage & 2) {
+         q_neg = false; /* sabotage: query present key, expect absent */
+      }
+      make_key(q_neg ? 2 * id + 1 : 2 * id, key);
+      uint64_t t0 = now_ns();
+      int      rc = splinterdb_lookup(kvs, slice_create(KEY_SIZE, key), &res);
+      uint64_t t1 = now_ns();
+      n++;
+      atomic_store_explicit(&w->progress, n, memory_order_relaxed);
+      if (st != ST_MEASURE) {
+         continue;
+      }
+      w->ops++;
+      hist_add(&w->lat, t1 - t0);
+      if (rc) {
+         w->errors++;
+         if (w->errors <= 3) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: lookup id=%" PRIu64 " rc=%d\n", id, rc);
+         }
+         continue;
+      }
+      bool found = splinterdb_lookup_found(&res);
+      if (found) {
+         w->found++;
+      } else {
+         w->notfound++;
+      }
+      if (e_neg) {
+         if (found) {
+            violation(w, "negative key 2*%" PRIu64 "+1 found", id);
+         }
+      } else {
+         slice v;
+         if (!found) {
+            violation(w, "present id %" PRIu64 " not found", id);
+         } else if (splinterdb_lookup_result_value(&res, &v) != 0
+                    || !value_id_ok(v, id))
+         {
+            violation(w, "present id %" PRIu64 " wrong value", id);
+         }
+      }
+   }
+   splinterdb_lookup_result_deinit(&res);
+   return NULL;
+}
+
+static void *
+range_worker(void *arg)
+{
+   worker_t *w = arg;
+   char      key[KEY_SIZE];
+   uint64_t  L      = w->ph->L;
+   uint64_t  seqpos = 0;
+   uint64_t  n      = 0;
+   wait_start();
+   for (;;) {
+      int st = atomic_load_explicit(&run_state, memory_order_relaxed);
+      if (st == ST_STOP) {
+         break;
+      }
+      uint64_t start  = pick_id(w, w->ph->dist, &seqpos, 0, opt.n);
+      uint64_t expect = opt.n - start < L ? opt.n - start : L;
+      if (opt.sabotage & 4) {
+         expect++; /* sabotage: expect one extra tuple */
+      }
+      make_key(2 * start, key);
+      uint64_t             t0 = now_ns(), t1 = 0, tl = 0;
+      splinterdb_iterator *it;
+      int                  rc = splinterdb_iterator_init(
+         kvs, &it, greater_than_or_equal, slice_create(KEY_SIZE, key));
+      if (rc) {
+         w->errors++;
+         if (w->errors <= 3) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: iterator_init rc=%d\n", rc);
+         }
+         continue;
+      }
+      uint64_t got = 0;
+      bool     bad = false;
+      while (got < L && splinterdb_iterator_valid(it)) {
+         slice    k, v;
+         uint64_t kk = 0;
+         splinterdb_iterator_get_current(it, &k, &v);
+         if (!bad
+             && (!decode_key(k, &kk) || kk != 2 * (start + got)
+                 || !value_id_ok(v, start + got)))
+         {
+            bad = true;
+            if (st == ST_MEASURE) {
+               violation(w,
+                         "range start %" PRIu64 " tuple %" PRIu64
+                         ": expected key %" PRIu64 " got %" PRIu64,
+                         start,
+                         got,
+                         2 * (start + got),
+                         kk);
+            }
+         }
+         got++;
+         if (got == 1) {
+            t1 = now_ns();
+         }
+         if (got == L) {
+            tl = now_ns();
+            break;
+         }
+         splinterdb_iterator_next(it);
+      }
+      int      status = splinterdb_iterator_status(it);
+      uint64_t t2     = now_ns();
+      splinterdb_iterator_deinit(it);
+      uint64_t t3 = now_ns();
+      n++;
+      atomic_store_explicit(&w->progress, n, memory_order_relaxed);
+      if (st != ST_MEASURE) {
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (status) {
+         w->errors++;
+         if (w->errors <= 3) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: iterator status rc=%d\n", status);
+         }
+      }
+      if (got != expect) {
+         violation(w,
+                   "range start %" PRIu64 " L=%" PRIu64 ": got %" PRIu64
+                   " tuples, expected %" PRIu64,
+                   start,
+                   L,
+                   got,
+                   expect);
+      }
+      w->ops++;
+      w->tuples += got;
+      hist_add(&w->lat, t3 - t0);
+      if (got >= 1) {
+         hist_add(&w->startup, t1 - t0);
+      }
+      if (L > 1 && got == L) {
+         w->pt_ns += tl - t1;
+         w->pt_div += L - 1;
+      }
+      w->deinit_ns += t3 - t2;
+      w->deinit_n++;
+   }
+   return NULL;
+}
+
+static void *
+ow_worker(void *arg)
+{
+   worker_t *w = arg;
+   char      key[KEY_SIZE], val[VALUE_SIZE];
+   uint64_t  seqpos = 0, n = 0;
+   wait_start();
+   for (;;) {
+      int st = atomic_load_explicit(&run_state, memory_order_relaxed);
+      if (st == ST_STOP) {
+         break;
+      }
+      if (st == ST_MEASURE && !w->measure_rng_captured) {
+         w->measure_rng          = w->rng;
+         w->measure_rng_captured = true;
+      }
+      uint64_t id = pick_id(w, w->ph->dist, &seqpos, 0, opt.n);
+      make_key(2 * id, key);
+      make_value(id, generation, val);
+      uint64_t t0 = now_ns();
+      int      rc = splinterdb_insert(
+         kvs, slice_create(KEY_SIZE, key), slice_create(VALUE_SIZE, val), NULL);
+      uint64_t t1 = now_ns();
+      n++;
+      atomic_store_explicit(&w->progress, n, memory_order_relaxed);
+      if (rc) {
+         w->errors++;
+         if (w->errors <= 3) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: overwrite id=%" PRIu64 " rc=%d\n", id, rc);
+         }
+      }
+      if (st != ST_MEASURE) {
+         continue;
+      }
+      w->ops++;
+      hist_add(&w->lat, t1 - t0);
+   }
+   return NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Validate an untimed deterministic sample from the beginning of each
+ * overwrite worker's measured stream. Replaying the saved RNG state keeps all
+ * validation work out of the measured hot path.
+ */
+static void
+verify_overwrite_sample(const phase_t *ph, int threads)
+{
+   enum { SAMPLES_PER_WORKER = 4096 };
+   char                     key[KEY_SIZE], buffer[VALUE_SIZE];
+   splinterdb_lookup_result result;
+   splinterdb_lookup_result_init(
+      kvs, &result, SPLINTERDB_LOOKUP_VALUE, sizeof(buffer), buffer);
+
+   for (int i = 0; i < threads; i++) {
+      worker_t *original = &workers[i];
+      if (original->ops == 0) {
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (!original->measure_rng_captured) {
+         original->errors++;
+         fprintf(
+            stderr,
+            "ERROR: overwrite verifier has no measurement RNG for thread %d\n",
+            i);
+         continue;
+      }
+      worker_t replay  = {.rng = original->measure_rng};
+      uint64_t seqpos  = 0;
+      uint64_t samples = original->ops < SAMPLES_PER_WORKER
+                            ? original->ops
+                            : SAMPLES_PER_WORKER;
+      for (uint64_t sample = 0; sample < samples; sample++) {
+         uint64_t id = pick_id(&replay, ph->dist, &seqpos, 0, opt.n);
+         make_key(2 * id, key);
+         int rc = splinterdb_lookup(kvs, slice_create(KEY_SIZE, key), &result);
+         if (rc != 0) {
+            original->errors++;
+            if (original->errors <= 3) {
+               fprintf(stderr,
+                       "ERROR: overwrite verification id=%" PRIu64 " rc=%d\n",
+                       id,
+                       rc);
+            }
+            continue;
+         }
+         slice value;
+         if (!splinterdb_lookup_found(&result)
+             || splinterdb_lookup_result_value(&result, &value) != 0
+             || !value_generation_ok(value, id, generation))
+         {
+            violation(original,
+                      "overwrite verification id=%" PRIu64
+                      " did not return generation %" PRIu64,
+                      id,
+                      generation);
+         }
+      }
+   }
+   splinterdb_lookup_result_deinit(&result);
+}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* Phase driver                                                              */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+static const char *
+dist_name(enum dist d)
+{
+   switch (d) {
+      case D_UNIFORM:
+         return "uniform";
+      case D_ZIPF:
+         return "zipf";
+      case D_SEQ:
+         return "seq";
+      case D_NEG:
+         return "neg";
+      case D_RANDOM:
+         return "random";
+   }
+   return "?";
+}
+
+static void
+sleep_secs(double s)
+{
+   uint64_t end = now_ns() + (uint64_t)(s * 1e9);
+   for (;;) {
+      uint64_t now = now_ns();
+      if (now >= end) {
+         break;
+      }
+      uint64_t        rem = end - now;
+      struct timespec d   = {.tv_sec  = rem / 1000000000ull,
+                             .tv_nsec = rem % 1000000000ull};
+      nanosleep(&d, NULL);
+   }
+}
+
+static void
+file_sizes(uint64_t *apparent, uint64_t *alloc)
+{
+   struct stat st;
+   if (stat(opt.db, &st) == 0) {
+      *apparent = (uint64_t)st.st_size;
+      *alloc    = (uint64_t)st.st_blocks * 512;
+   } else {
+      *apparent = *alloc = 0;
+   }
+}
+
+static int csv_header_written;
+
+static void
+csv_row(const phase_t *ph,
+        int            threads,
+        hist_t        *lat,
+        hist_t        *startup,
+        uint64_t       ops,
+        uint64_t       tuples,
+        uint64_t       pt_ns,
+        uint64_t       pt_div,
+        uint64_t       deinit_ns,
+        uint64_t       deinit_n,
+        uint64_t       viol,
+        uint64_t       errs,
+        const snap_t  *a,
+        const snap_t  *b,
+        double         insert_s,
+        double         drain_s,
+        const snap_t  *da,
+        const snap_t  *db_,
+        uint64_t       app,
+        uint64_t       alc)
+{
+   double   secs = (b->t_ns - a->t_ns) / 1e9;
+   double   cpu  = b->cpu_s - a->cpu_s;
+   uint64_t rd = b->rd - a->rd, wr = b->wr - a->wr;
+   double   d_cpu = da ? db_->cpu_s - da->cpu_s : 0;
+   uint64_t d_rd = da ? db_->rd - da->rd : 0, d_wr = da ? db_->wr - da->wr : 0;
+   uint64_t swin  = b->swpin - a->swpin + (da ? db_->swpin - da->swpin : 0);
+   uint64_t swout = b->swpout - a->swpout + (da ? db_->swpout - da->swpout : 0);
+   uint64_t majflt  = b->majflt - a->majflt;
+   double   logical = (double)ops * (KEY_SIZE + VALUE_SIZE);
+   double   wamp    = (ph->kind == PH_LOAD || ph->kind == PH_OW) && ops
+                         ? (double)(wr + d_wr) / logical
+                         : NAN;
+   double   pt      = pt_div ? (double)pt_ns / (double)pt_div : NAN;
+   double   dmean = deinit_n ? (double)deinit_ns / (double)deinit_n / 1e3 : NAN;
+
+   printf("== %-22s T=%-2d ops=%-10" PRIu64 " secs=%7.2f ops/s=%11.0f  "
+          "lat us p50=%.2f p99=%.2f p99.9=%.2f max=%.1f mean=%.2f\n",
+          ph->name,
+          threads,
+          ops,
+          secs,
+          ops / secs,
+          hist_pct_us(lat, 0.5),
+          hist_pct_us(lat, 0.99),
+          hist_pct_us(lat, 0.999),
+          (double)lat->max / 1e3,
+          hist_mean_us(lat));
+   printf("   cpu=%.2fs ops/cpu-s=%.0f rd=%.1f B/op wr=%.1f B/op "
+          "violations=%" PRIu64 " errors=%" PRIu64 " swapin=%" PRIu64
+          " swapout=%" PRIu64 " majflt=%" PRIu64 "\n",
+          cpu,
+          ops / cpu,
+          ops ? (double)rd / ops : 0,
+          ops ? (double)wr / ops : 0,
+          viol,
+          errs,
+          swin,
+          swout,
+          majflt);
+   if (ph->kind == PH_RANGE) {
+      printf("   startup us p50=%.2f p99=%.2f mean=%.2f  per-tuple=%.1f ns  "
+             "deinit mean=%.2f us  tuples/s=%.0f\n",
+             hist_pct_us(startup, 0.5),
+             hist_pct_us(startup, 0.99),
+             hist_mean_us(startup),
+             pt,
+             dmean,
+             tuples / secs);
+   }
+   if (da) {
+      printf(
+         "   insert/run=%.2fs drain(close)=%.2fs total=%.2fs drain_cpu=%.2fs "
+         "drain_rd=%" PRIu64 " drain_wr=%" PRIu64 " wamp=%.3f "
+         "db_apparent=%" PRIu64 " db_alloc=%" PRIu64 "\n",
+         insert_s,
+         drain_s,
+         insert_s + drain_s,
+         d_cpu,
+         d_rd,
+         d_wr,
+         wamp,
+         app,
+         alc);
+   }
+   fflush(stdout);
+
+   if (!opt.csv) {
+      return;
+   }
+   FILE *f = fopen(opt.csv, "a");
+   if (!f) {
+      perror(opt.csv);
+      return;
+   }
+   if (!csv_header_written) {
+      fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
+      if (ftell(f) == 0) {
+         fprintf(f,
+                 "version,size,order,log,phase,threads,rep,n,ops,secs,ops_s,"
+                 "p50_us,p99_us,p999_us,max_us,mean_us,cpu_s,ops_per_cpu_s,"
+                 "rd_bytes,wr_bytes,rd_B_op,wr_B_op,"
+                 "startup_p50_us,startup_p99_us,startup_mean_us,per_tuple_ns,"
+                 "deinit_mean_us,tuples,tuples_s,"
+                 "insert_s,drain_s,total_s,drain_cpu_s,drain_rd,drain_wr,wamp,"
+                 "db_apparent,db_alloc,open_s,violations,errors,swapin,swapout,"
+                 "majflt\n");
+      }
+      csv_header_written = 1;
+   }
+   fprintf(f,
+           "%s,%s,%s,%d,%s,%d,%d,%" PRIu64 ",%" PRIu64 ",%.3f,%.1f,"
+           "%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.1f,"
+           "%" PRIu64 ",%" PRIu64 ",%.2f,%.2f,"
+           "%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.2f,"
+           "%.3f,%" PRIu64 ",%.1f,"
+           "%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%" PRIu64 ",%" PRIu64 ",%.4f,"
+           "%" PRIu64 ",%" PRIu64 ",%.3f,%" PRIu64 ",%" PRIu64 ",%" PRIu64
+           ",%" PRIu64 ",%" PRIu64 "\n",
+           opt.vtag,
+           opt.stag,
+           opt.otag,
+           opt.use_log,
+           ph->name,
+           threads,
+           opt.rep,
+           opt.n,
+           ops,
+           secs,
+           ops / secs,
+           hist_pct_us(lat, 0.5),
+           hist_pct_us(lat, 0.99),
+           hist_pct_us(lat, 0.999),
+           (double)lat->max / 1e3,
+           hist_mean_us(lat),
+           cpu,
+           ops / cpu,
+           rd,
+           wr,
+           ops ? (double)rd / ops : 0,
+           ops ? (double)wr / ops : 0,
+           hist_pct_us(startup, 0.5),
+           hist_pct_us(startup, 0.99),
+           hist_mean_us(startup),
+           pt,
+           dmean,
+           tuples,
+           tuples / secs,
+           insert_s,
+           drain_s,
+           insert_s + drain_s,
+           d_cpu,
+           d_rd,
+           d_wr,
+           wamp,
+           app,
+           alc,
+           open_secs,
+           viol,
+           errs,
+           swin,
+           swout,
+           majflt);
+   fclose(f);
+}
+
+static void
+run_phase(const phase_t *ph, bool last)
+{
+   int T    = ph->threads > 0 ? ph->threads : opt.threads;
+   nworkers = T;
+   workers  = calloc((size_t)T, sizeof(worker_t));
+   if (!workers) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "FATAL: out of memory\n");
+      exit(3);
+   }
+   void *(*fn)(void *) = NULL;
+   switch (ph->kind) {
+      case PH_LOAD:
+         fn = load_worker;
+         break;
+      case PH_WARM:
+         fn = warm_worker;
+         break;
+      case PH_POINT:
+         fn = point_worker;
+         break;
+      case PH_RANGE:
+         fn = range_worker;
+         break;
+      case PH_OW:
+         fn = ow_worker;
+         break;
+   }
+   bool fixed_count = ph->kind == PH_LOAD || ph->kind == PH_WARM;
+   atomic_store(&run_state, ST_WAIT);
+   atomic_store(&seq_counter, 0);
+   for (int i = 0; i < T; i++) {
+      workers[i].idx = i;
+      workers[i].ph  = ph;
+      workers[i].rng = mix(opt.seed * 1000003 + (uint64_t)i * 7919 + 17
+                           + (uint64_t)ph->kind * 131 + (uint64_t)ph->dist);
+      if (pthread_create(&workers[i].th, NULL, fn, &workers[i])) {
+         fprintf(stderr, "FATAL: pthread_create\n");
+         exit(3);
+      }
+   }
+   fprintf(stderr,
+           "phase %s: T=%d dist=%s %s\n",
+           ph->name,
+           T,
+           dist_name(ph->dist),
+           fixed_count ? "(fixed count)" : "(fixed duration)");
+   wd_what = ph->name;
+   atomic_store(&wd_mode, WD_OPS);
+   snap_t a, b;
+   if (fixed_count) {
+      take_snap(&a);
+      atomic_store_explicit(&run_state, ST_MEASURE, memory_order_release);
+      for (int i = 0; i < T; i++) {
+         pthread_join(workers[i].th, NULL);
+      }
+      take_snap(&b);
+   } else {
+      atomic_store_explicit(&run_state, ST_WARMUP, memory_order_release);
+      sleep_secs(opt.warmup);
+      take_snap(&a);
+      atomic_store_explicit(&run_state, ST_MEASURE, memory_order_release);
+      sleep_secs(opt.secs);
+      atomic_store_explicit(&run_state, ST_STOP, memory_order_release);
+      take_snap(&b);
+      for (int i = 0; i < T; i++) {
+         pthread_join(workers[i].th, NULL);
+      }
+   }
+   atomic_store(&wd_mode, WD_IDLE);
+
+   if (ph->kind == PH_OW) {
+      verify_overwrite_sample(ph, T);
+   }
+
+   hist_t *lat     = calloc(1, sizeof(hist_t)),
+          *startup = calloc(1, sizeof(hist_t));
+   uint64_t ops = 0, tuples = 0, pt_ns = 0, pt_div = 0, dns = 0, dn = 0,
+            viol = 0, errs = 0, found = 0, notfound = 0;
+   for (int i = 0; i < T; i++) {
+      worker_t *w = &workers[i];
+      hist_merge(lat, &w->lat);
+      hist_merge(startup, &w->startup);
+      ops += w->ops;
+      tuples += w->tuples;
+      pt_ns += w->pt_ns;
+      pt_div += w->pt_div;
+      dns += w->deinit_ns;
+      dn += w->deinit_n;
+      viol += w->violations;
+      errs += w->errors;
+      found += w->found;
+      notfound += w->notfound;
+   }
+   if (ph->kind == PH_WARM) {
+      tuples = ops;
+      if (ops != opt.n && !(opt.sabotage & 8)) {
+         fprintf(stderr,
+                 "VIOLATION: warm scanned %" PRIu64 " tuples, expected %" PRIu64
+                 "\n",
+                 ops,
+                 opt.n);
+         viol++;
+      }
+   }
+   if (ph->kind == PH_POINT) {
+      fprintf(stderr,
+              "   found=%" PRIu64 " notfound=%" PRIu64 "\n",
+              found,
+              notfound);
+   }
+
+   double   insert_s = (b.t_ns - a.t_ns) / 1e9, drain_s = 0;
+   snap_t   da, dbs;
+   uint64_t app = 0, alc = 0;
+   bool     closed = false;
+   if (ph->kind == PH_LOAD || last) {
+      take_snap(&da);
+      drain_s = db_close();
+      take_snap(&dbs);
+      file_sizes(&app, &alc);
+      closed = true;
+   }
+   csv_row(ph,
+           T,
+           lat,
+           startup,
+           ops,
+           tuples,
+           pt_ns,
+           pt_div,
+           dns,
+           dn,
+           viol,
+           errs,
+           &a,
+           &b,
+           insert_s,
+           drain_s,
+           closed ? &da : NULL,
+           closed ? &dbs : NULL,
+           app,
+           alc);
+   if (viol) {
+      printf("   FINDING: %" PRIu64
+             " correctness violations in %s (first: %s)\n",
+             viol,
+             ph->name,
+             workers[0].first_violation[0] ? workers[0].first_violation
+                                           : "see stderr");
+   }
+   free(lat);
+   free(startup);
+   free(workers);
+   workers  = NULL;
+   nworkers = 0;
+   if (closed && !last) {
+      db_open(false);
+   }
+}
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+/* CLI                                                                       */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+   fprintf(
+      stderr,
+      "usage: kvbench --db PATH (--create|--open) --n N --cache-mib M "
+      "--disk-gib G --log 0|1\n"
+      "   [--threads 6] [--mt-bg 1] [--normal-bg 4] [--memtable-mib 24]\n"
+      "   [--secs 20] [--warmup 3] [--csv FILE] [--hang-dir DIR]\n"
+      "   [--vtag S] [--stag S] [--otag S] [--rep R] [--seed S]\n"
+      "   [--sabotage MASK]  (1: point present->query absent; 2: point "
+      "neg->query present;\n"
+      "                       4: range expects +1; 8: warm expects +1; 16: "
+      "point threads hang)\n"
+      "   [--hang-secs 120]  (no-progress timeout before gdb dump + exit 99\n"
+      "   phase...   load:random|load:seq  warm  point:uniform|zipf|seq|neg\n"
+      "              range:uniform|zipf:L  ow:uniform|zipf    (suffix @T = "
+      "threads)\n");
+   exit(2);
+}
+
+static bool
+parse_phase(const char *s, phase_t *ph)
+{
+   memset(ph, 0, sizeof(*ph));
+   snprintf(ph->name, sizeof(ph->name), "%s", s);
+   char buf[64];
+   snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s", s);
+   char *at = strchr(buf, '@');
+   if (at) {
+      *at         = 0;
+      ph->threads = atoi(at + 1);
+   }
+   char *a = strtok(buf, ":"), *b = strtok(NULL, ":"), *c = strtok(NULL, ":");
+   if (!a) {
+      return false;
+   }
+   enum dist d = D_UNIFORM;
+   if (b) {
+      if (!strcmp(b, "uniform"))
+         d = D_UNIFORM;
+      else if (!strcmp(b, "zipf"))
+         d = D_ZIPF;
+      else if (!strcmp(b, "seq"))
+         d = D_SEQ;
+      else if (!strcmp(b, "neg"))
+         d = D_NEG;
+      else if (!strcmp(b, "random"))
+         d = D_RANDOM;
+      else
+         return false;
+   }
+   ph->dist = d;
+   if (!strcmp(a, "load")) {
+      ph->kind = PH_LOAD;
+      return b && (d == D_RANDOM || d == D_SEQ);
+   } else if (!strcmp(a, "warm")) {
+      ph->kind = PH_WARM;
+      return true;
+   } else if (!strcmp(a, "point")) {
+      ph->kind = PH_POINT;
+      return b != NULL;
+   } else if (!strcmp(a, "range")) {
+      ph->kind = PH_RANGE;
+      if (!b || !c || (d != D_UNIFORM && d != D_ZIPF)) {
+         return false;
+      }
+      ph->L = strtoull(c, NULL, 10);
+      return ph->L >= 1;
+   } else if (!strcmp(a, "ow")) {
+      ph->kind = PH_OW;
+      return b && (d == D_UNIFORM || d == D_ZIPF);
+   }
+   return false;
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+   opt      = (options){.threads      = 6,
+                        .mt_bg        = 1,
+                        .normal_bg    = 4,
+                        .memtable_mib = 24,
+                        .secs         = 20,
+                        .warmup       = 3,
+                        .vtag         = "?",
+                        .stag         = "?",
+                        .otag         = "?",
+                        .rep          = 1,
+                        .seed         = 42,
+                        .hang_secs    = 120,
+                        .use_log      = -1};
+   int mode = -1;
+#ifdef KVBENCH_SPACE_MODE
+   /*
+    * Space-check build only: open with use_stats, print insertion stats
+    * (which include allocator "Currently Allocated" extents, recomputed from
+    * the persisted allocator map at open), close. No phases, no writes.
+    */
+   bool space_mode = false;
+#endif
+   for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+      const char *s = argv[i];
+#define ARG(name) (!strcmp(s, name) && i + 1 < argc)
+      if (!strcmp(s, "--create"))
+         mode = 1;
+      else if (!strcmp(s, "--open"))
+         mode = 0;
+      else if (ARG("--db"))
+         opt.db = argv[++i];
+      else if (ARG("--csv"))
+         opt.csv = argv[++i];
+      else if (ARG("--hang-dir"))
+         opt.hang_dir = argv[++i];
+      else if (ARG("--vtag"))
+         opt.vtag = argv[++i];
+      else if (ARG("--stag"))
+         opt.stag = argv[++i];
+      else if (ARG("--otag"))
+         opt.otag = argv[++i];
+      else if (ARG("--rep"))
+         opt.rep = atoi(argv[++i]);
+      else if (ARG("--n"))
+         opt.n = strtoull(argv[++i], NULL, 0);
+      else if (ARG("--cache-mib"))
+         opt.cache_mib = strtoull(argv[++i], NULL, 0);
+      else if (ARG("--disk-gib"))
+         opt.disk_gib = strtoull(argv[++i], NULL, 0);
+      else if (ARG("--memtable-mib"))
+         opt.memtable_mib = strtoull(argv[++i], NULL, 0);
+      else if (ARG("--log"))
+         opt.use_log = atoi(argv[++i]);
+      else if (ARG("--threads"))
+         opt.threads = atoi(argv[++i]);
+      else if (ARG("--mt-bg"))
+         opt.mt_bg = atoi(argv[++i]);
+      else if (ARG("--normal-bg"))
+         opt.normal_bg = atoi(argv[++i]);
+      else if (ARG("--secs"))
+         opt.secs = atof(argv[++i]);
+      else if (ARG("--warmup"))
+         opt.warmup = atof(argv[++i]);
+      else if (ARG("--sabotage"))
+         opt.sabotage = strtoull(argv[++i], NULL, 0);
+      else if (ARG("--hang-secs"))
+         opt.hang_secs = strtoull(argv[++i], NULL, 0);
+      else if (ARG("--seed"))
+         opt.seed = strtoull(argv[++i], NULL, 0);
+#ifdef KVBENCH_SPACE_MODE
+      else if (!strcmp(s, "space"))
+         space_mode = true;
+#endif
+      else if (s[0] == '-')
+         usage();
+      else {
+         if (opt.nphases >= MAX_PHASES
+             || !parse_phase(s, &opt.phases[opt.nphases]))
+         {
+            fprintf(stderr, "bad phase '%s'\n", s);
+            usage();
+         }
+         opt.nphases++;
+      }
+#undef ARG
+   }
+#ifdef KVBENCH_SPACE_MODE
+   if (space_mode && opt.db && opt.cache_mib && opt.disk_gib
+       && opt.use_log >= 0)
+   {
+      default_data_config_init(&data_cfg);
+      platform_set_log_streams(stdout, stderr);
+      db_open(false);
+      splinterdb_stats_print_insertion(kvs);
+      fflush(stdout);
+      db_close();
+      uint64_t app, alc;
+      file_sizes(&app, &alc);
+      printf("space: db_apparent=%" PRIu64 " db_alloc=%" PRIu64 "\n", app, alc);
+      return 0;
+   }
+#endif
+   if (!opt.db || mode < 0 || !opt.n || !opt.cache_mib || !opt.disk_gib
+       || opt.use_log < 0 || !opt.nphases || opt.threads < 1
+       || opt.threads > MAX_WORKERS)
+   {
+      usage();
+   }
+   for (int i = 0; i < opt.nphases; i++) {
+      if (opt.phases[i].threads > MAX_WORKERS) {
+         usage();
+      }
+   }
+   prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, PR_SET_PTRACER_ANY, 0, 0, 0);
+   setvbuf(stdout, NULL, _IOLBF, 0);
+
+   default_data_config_init(&data_cfg);
+   perm_init(&load_perm, opt.n, opt.seed * 2 + 1);
+   perm_init(&zipf_perm, opt.n, opt.seed * 2 + 2);
+   zipf_init(&zipf, opt.n, 0.99);
+   generation = (uint64_t)time(NULL);
+
+   printf("kvbench version=%s splinter=%s db=%s mode=%s n=%" PRIu64
+          " cache_mib=%" PRIu64 " disk_gib=%" PRIu64
+          " log=%d threads=%d mt_bg=%d normal_bg=%d memtable_mib=%" PRIu64
+          " secs=%.1f warmup=%.1f rep=%d sabotage=%" PRIu64 "\n",
+          opt.vtag,
+          splinterdb_get_version(),
+          opt.db,
+          mode ? "create" : "open",
+          opt.n,
+          opt.cache_mib,
+          opt.disk_gib,
+          opt.use_log,
+          opt.threads,
+          opt.mt_bg,
+          opt.normal_bg,
+          opt.memtable_mib,
+          opt.secs,
+          opt.warmup,
+          opt.rep,
+          opt.sabotage);
+
+   pthread_t wd;
+   pthread_create(&wd, NULL, watchdog_main, NULL);
+
+   db_open(mode == 1);
+   for (int i = 0; i < opt.nphases; i++) {
+      run_phase(&opt.phases[i], i == opt.nphases - 1);
+   }
+   if (kvs) {
+      db_close();
+   }
+   return 0;
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/log-group-limit-build.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/log-group-limit-build.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c0e7786e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/log-group-limit-build.json
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+    "src/writeback_set.c": "cb485716f57a3183ce82543848edaf61f6568c9ff0445ea5ff989f95c00848ff",
+    "src/writeback_set.h": "68d6f589d24719a09e2680b05a1eb7e36c22b1fab978768f5b54f958f667aec9"
+  },
+  "library_build_configuration": {
+    "build-config.fb6bc8eeb8390429253883c09491f5bd": {
+      "sha256": "6175d0eb3d9e955cc1b7cac7c9ea7374d4e748be197241c3544628b50146d8e6",
+      "text": "BUILD_ROOT=build-main-7bb5fab\nMAKEFLAGS= -j6 --jobserver-auth=fifo:/tmp/splinter-main-merge-log-group-release-oe36vpaw/GMfifo7 -- BUILD_MODE=release BUILD_ROOT=build-main-7bb5fab\nBUILD_MODE=release\nQT_ACCESSIBILITY=1\nCC = cc\nDEPFLAGS = -MMD -MP\nCFLAGS = -D_GNU_SOURCE -ggdb -Wall -pthread -Wfatal-errors -Werror -Wvla -DXXH_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY -fPIC -DSPLINTERDB_PLATFORM_DIR=platform_linux -O3 -ffast-math -flto -DPLATFORM_MEMORY_FAULT_INJECTION=0\nTEST_MEMORY_FAULT_DISABLED_CFLAGS = -DPLATFORM_MEMORY_FAULT_INJECTION_DISABLED_IN_THIS_FILE\nINCLUDE = -I include -I src -I src/platform_linux -I tests\nTARGET_ARCH =\nLD = cc\nLDFLAGS = -ggdb -pthread -O3 -ffast-math -flto\nLIBS = -lm -lpthread -laio -lxxhash\nAR = ar\n"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/main-build.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/main-build.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dc269eb85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/main-build.json
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+{
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+  "head": "7bb5fab305b9c6179e31f75998dabea833537a08",
+  "library": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/build-main-7bb5fab/release/lib/libsplinterdb.a",
+  "library_sha256": "20944ac1b2f8420bd8f868d20894e462f9c3c240e4380e9c1242287cbb394f9a",
+  "binaries": {
+    "kvbench": {
+      "command": [
+        "cc",
+        "-D_GNU_SOURCE",
+        "-ggdb",
+        "-Wall",
+        "-pthread",
+        "-Werror",
+        "-DXXH_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY",
+        "-fPIC",
+        "-DSPLINTERDB_PLATFORM_DIR=platform_linux",
+        "-O3",
+        "-ffast-math",
+        "-flto",
+        "-march=native",
+        "-DKVBENCH_CLOSE_HAS_FORCE",
+        "-I",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/include",
+        "-I",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/src",
+        "-I",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/src/platform_linux",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/sources/kvbench.c",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/build-main-7bb5fab/release/lib/libsplinterdb.a",
+        "-laio",
+        "-lxxhash",
+        "-lm",
+        "-lpthread",
+        "-o",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/bin/main/kvbench"
+      ],
+      "binary": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/bin/main/kvbench",
+      "binary_sha256": "f9a3dbd472dd5a6773abbd986dee047aec294108779eb731f678943aaeb89c5e",
+      "source": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/sources/kvbench.c",
+      "source_sha256": "45cf9d2e1f74e90719885955d5a78651cc5c1d97cda2daed534a3c0cb07f48a9"
+    },
+    "insert_benchmark": {
+      "command": [
+        "cc",
+        "-D_GNU_SOURCE",
+        "-ggdb",
+        "-Wall",
+        "-pthread",
+        "-Werror",
+        "-DXXH_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY",
+        "-fPIC",
+        "-DSPLINTERDB_PLATFORM_DIR=platform_linux",
+        "-O3",
+        "-ffast-math",
+        "-flto",
+        "-march=native",
+        "-DKVBENCH_NO_LOG_GROUP_LIMIT",
+        "-I",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/include",
+        "-I",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/src",
+        "-I",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/src/platform_linux",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/sources/insert_benchmark.c",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/build-main-7bb5fab/release/lib/libsplinterdb.a",
+        "-laio",
+        "-lxxhash",
+        "-lm",
+        "-lpthread",
+        "-o",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/bin/main/insert_benchmark"
+      ],
+      "binary": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/bin/main/insert_benchmark",
+      "binary_sha256": "9c39506eca1e6dc3088f26df34ce0c3af5920baa767533552e4d723579947c6c",
+      "source": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/sources/insert_benchmark.c",
+      "source_sha256": "75acbda52b2a8949f1d61710a8d89250d4dac63b12ec9803b89170f9c2cc0b26"
+    }
+  },
+  "source_files_sha256": {
+    "include/splinterdb/data.h": "6d8984e702da446c2fe145eb2f6a576ca040cfd5740733c405d0d7387b243ec2",
+    "include/splinterdb/default_data_config.h": "179386f3e224d322a9d7ac97afd929292994a1d890a3254705f9ebea525bce32",
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+    "include/splinterdb/public_util.h": "4e8f6b30408fb4174894d4ba809acff4e96f559370c7749b65bb3724a853603f",
+    "include/splinterdb/splinterdb.h": "364073691c390663f6b732f57c3ee4bfecc9f68aca33ef6750d6106e04462dc8",
+    "src/PackedArray.c": "97b64eb0a4f550e55f3385d39d729a878fbc581909ea16ec3b8987a7f46604cc",
+    "src/PackedArray.h": "e46f854b487a8b130f0613efcab11836012d27c8aacf9ca9e76a2de1a7eb6874",
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+    "src/default_data_config.c": "161352f5247978f3d57033818d05a79d0a1a0d0ffac2bc9f25f4f33eabca2227",
+    "src/histogram.c": "24e09dfabd6085021d8a06ef9b10f6e85b24914d95831be359df09f8a9729aff",
+    "src/histogram.h": "7ccfde6d3ada7ead18fe477c06a6b021db83ca8c041ab0998ca023b945a3c1c7",
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+    "src/lookup_result.h": "7528b988a28ef91b6bd7a4fa10dfa51b9ce2475e801b3b6a8bf30adf88f1ef16",
+    "src/memtable.c": "7db3b4754497c73b4071c7e7e591cc76fc226197fb70d98fb46caf139b3953f4",
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+    "src/notification.c": "2f3bcda49d8ce35ad532fef8ec8f4aeca48bec280cdf6210c21d55cf2aa4a661",
+    "src/notification.h": "47eb73f5813d6f54658f339ce44d6a475f8f64f2b2eb6368261e839a090f083f",
+    "src/ondisk_ref.c": "2ace8cbbce3f80a54ff7762ad03a79a564665fa660394f1d3446235a3e40ed7b",
+    "src/ondisk_ref.h": "643325c8b4f16fab41d8c884c97bdfcf6c86e5178398508fa0f81b6b0606926d",
+    "src/pcq.h": "862cd346b0097014ccae797dc1463e7b3fc387f409319d5adcef7613b6f82f84",
+    "src/platform_linux/async.h": "41383b57e21f0f51d737749a4ce7c2c5330ac9363e742330625c9aedd4f13a52",
+    "src/platform_linux/laio.c": "0ce628806e6896070359a9e39d069f326f460ab697c6c17ff17d171614290881",
+    "src/platform_linux/laio.h": "f3987e22f1fd7a9d6b46c79f84e75559aec5410239a13d52a7a5343ba792b28e",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform.h": "f1c3d7c5bcd089ed7a7df129d3b8d00d7617de9a7aa6f9d1f7deeb739281e768",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_assert.c": "112e803b6db03dd8c14a3bfc3f1139bbcc4b81f1d5e24a232b7b99ce89146c2d",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_assert.h": "751dccceac9ce4a97d25d441b5216ced5ee5f079a13c9ccd43551b0994aa7cc2",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_backtrace.h": "ef13ccbf4ae4747b0de244a37c026ad8769018d84f9fc4d6493db43d9714358c",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_buffer.c": "b790d645b3dc5f638da871bf9611865dc700927f3b594a1d645b0350bd1bd027",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_buffer.h": "72e016dbb19b8250378b3a5c79fbebf9c3d72a31d07a232f36431e04f0e4afa6",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_condvar.c": "e595f69194accb3f3460d6fc9a4a9144bd7f495dbeb77f11bf3616dc0e9b03ec",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_condvar.h": "a4ee02ae5069637bce4cae07f3ed9869925f17a9e6e1b04d69baedfc148fd493",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_hash.h": "f69f5ed6218bfe62c62718b387e1c110e9fca46c07603d4d51ccc4fc782b09ab",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_heap.c": "72bb2753f525e56f8c398988a787feb38f02efaa749e5d57cb476f967269c479",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_heap.h": "921f3113d20b44c36817c284702e965e01769596ff012edd6ceaa70cbdbbd10a",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_io.c": "875a7331f8bfa46e9a6961f50acb40b107d40883839c94def52a289a521c66be",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_io.h": "69ae9556daf1c7a69e007abd494bf9c86ec81c08bca1e032663009cef95b2fac",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_log.c": "318bd17c858475a3a91c5e9641b52808f7c4194e1c6fc9a7d801392b04c49538",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_log.h": "569484386150fcfbf5dde722c5b8e34d67d65be3454e3e009cb9df41f11efea6",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_machine.h": "c02745313c7268dbe99efa2b93dd4d37640b5a7aa2e88c78fd5b73742f252c7d",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_mutex.c": "7ec1dd6a5397217d28fd85c10648d29a70bf66649f59f76d7387236031b15bf3",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_mutex.h": "688991d6a7dc57a7a88f565541561344cdfbb1733ca6073f1655d6c436ed6544",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_random.h": "184ac9da9c38a6c10275891be61ccb91beaf2234ebb9ce046d059cb16824d68f",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_semaphore.h": "9fdb7cfeaf36c8bf9aa346a16466ed6bc50bea76fdb5722c86001563d55bedfe",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_sleep.h": "34aeaea35133bf33e47eb1d9ace429297644e13bc100d90ebbd205bceb58d3ab",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_sort.h": "d374788510f94a8c3b86ff6bfa1f6a3ff8ac33168eb26f6f7774984252f6d01e",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_spinlock.h": "7b3f0409109f3341f2287fe7cd8fb69faac4a74b009a44c1eb83220f71e94de0",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_status.h": "2749285ea1322e5c1639019b728fde4b87b0cae6f71a7fc16e420bd592d38c00",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_string.h": "fa41faf9c6661c62ece783740250232709656b0a8677f542e390a5f3b0d834a6",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_threads.c": "789465a2c6ac7ac501e5878f429cc0dd9b163145a522e247a4833e3de7af8f2a",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_threads.h": "653e070115131756e6aaffc3c2764a6437fb39ff96df4afc8a01e6e751c9d622",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_time.h": "f212a08cf8432693711cecfd389f9ed3d0a70e0c056dc062321bd11c4a8cbec7",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_trace.c": "4a68e89f214920dd2762d072a0ad8e7c80d9b1733a64e4a7e3dd4bb04b91c352",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_trace.h": "345f7283b01e5a9b4d5da7bea66ad44ff61f53155417c97990e23bb8fedadf33",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_typed_alloc.h": "42c1d2bbd56c183d11768a5f43d440cf3c1bfe329c4352afa6acd3bc2b191a8e",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_units.h": "1cb22a07b33ec8b58f9381438f480f561d12b838f315a117cc1f979e95b1ef65",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_util.h": "4fa2702b3919eb1a7efcf29457f5ee9a3d7a7b4c38fed4606264562022fa2638",
+    "src/platform_linux/poison.h": "a32dfa445439eb08913e519117e7b11f72b2c3550577a74769ed935a792c42c5",
+    "src/platform_linux/shmalloc.c": "e4631d63a9db1ad58472ad3d034d081f2bb9a97f34c5898f7c848dda923727f8",
+    "src/platform_linux/shmalloc.h": "081a82473f6021f8ed628e79f8ae5dc7104988981f8c3b25749ea42c8158113d",
+    "src/prefetch.h": "9d55d9dad64e3795c81856bc38688936e4e74e488dfe2d29a1f5438ad000df42",
+    "src/rc_allocator.c": "a145d39af39caf9dec6f1e1e24b6606ed615587d8dee52a23e0df410b2d07545",
+    "src/rc_allocator.h": "65f01decb7244b8f6a6c9e7acb47d4ccb4f2f3f369461e70aff33211f03ee39b",
+    "src/routing_filter.c": "3e722a880217cc4f5831f162dd6b3853a5d0d3f67ca3d3421b2144650657f73a",
+    "src/routing_filter.h": "579a3a4cc00b9cb125479b23eaa93e4a8309a195fe4082d988b629d4b95a2c91",
+    "src/shard_log.c": "ed1fcdb429d4fc26382546ecbce04154910275494e9fef522cf34b647cf5e734",
+    "src/shard_log.h": "07c5867b959eefd35e3e9f08e6c015a594f6331850844590e9c2b1126cd2716b",
+    "src/splinterdb.c": "e054c2dc9224c7de8bdb63206bb5150947f853d903e3b8012ba46fe1a66dba5f",
+    "src/splinterdb_tests_private.h": "579031767b8869f49cf1e3fc94caeec13a1362dfd047782538df40b281c93414",
+    "src/superblock.c": "34dd4c724e53c98f170c024c70dd22dae0a466806c167134200f92128420dfba",
+    "src/superblock.h": "72cd00ce0a7c43d1c25905d6bd39a400fa3245c133a3f559c58ae34a962157f2",
+    "src/task.c": "35886e598b4464af16e76497917955d3d55c6c077fbcf80fb3fd2284c8ddc08d",
+    "src/task.h": "35405e04fbdcef9bc5c5d6ef43debc4b0889d6bc4d8d530649b0c45a34012825",
+    "src/trunk.c": "892373ec383717289a6220b4351b670637e7c41877a97eb0edcb27a9e4e270f2",
+    "src/trunk.h": "05c5c5313f5a42b68482d03b58d2f17081c6da468a0ce888b0b0b38cc069baf2",
+    "src/util.c": "969df408c4c393f73feb05dfa37ebe1ed8be627cef630061830e4992c4c1fd9c",
+    "src/util.h": "9fa455f5a6268fa4a6864d444849b0872391af00512932c1587363cfd38304ef",
+    "src/vector.h": "6855dd0430f1a868d098797cbd4f3453ab542b5f6fbe716c79871124bee200a9",
+    "src/writeback_set.c": "cb485716f57a3183ce82543848edaf61f6568c9ff0445ea5ff989f95c00848ff",
+    "src/writeback_set.h": "68d6f589d24719a09e2680b05a1eb7e36c22b1fab978768f5b54f958f667aec9"
+  },
+  "library_build_configuration": {
+    "build-config.fb6bc8eeb8390429253883c09491f5bd": {
+      "sha256": "5aa1a945982ec32bed4c489a7d08bea5e92d78220a31d095780e5978b5b537ee",
+      "text": "BUILD_ROOT=build-main-7bb5fab\nMAKEFLAGS= -j6 --jobserver-auth=fifo:/tmp/splinter-main-7bb5fab-benchmark-baseline-libs-icr_rin0/GMfifo4 -- BUILD_MODE=release BUILD_ROOT=build-main-7bb5fab\nBUILD_MODE=release\nQT_ACCESSIBILITY=1\nCC = cc\nDEPFLAGS = -MMD -MP\nCFLAGS = -D_GNU_SOURCE -ggdb -Wall -pthread -Wfatal-errors -Werror -Wvla -DXXH_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY -fPIC -DSPLINTERDB_PLATFORM_DIR=platform_linux -O3 -ffast-math -flto -DPLATFORM_MEMORY_FAULT_INJECTION=0\nTEST_MEMORY_FAULT_DISABLED_CFLAGS = -DPLATFORM_MEMORY_FAULT_INJECTION_DISABLED_IN_THIS_FILE\nINCLUDE = -I include -I src -I src/platform_linux -I tests\nTARGET_ARCH =\nLD = cc\nLDFLAGS = -ggdb -pthread -O3 -ffast-math -flto\nLIBS = -lm -lpthread -laio -lxxhash\nAR = ar\n"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/package.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/package.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d55883554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/package.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+"""Produce compact per-project archives without fixtures or executables."""
+import csv,hashlib,json,shutil,subprocess
+from pathlib import Path
+COORD=Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+OUT=Path('/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab')
+DEST=COORD/'project-archives'
+PROJECTS=['disk-format','filtered-ranges','log-group-limit','branch-prefix','lazy-merge','cache-directory','async-durable-barrier','cache-invalid-addresses']
+def sha(p):return hashlib.sha256(p.read_bytes()).hexdigest()
+def write(p,v):p.write_text(json.dumps(v,indent=2)+'\n')
+def readcsv(p):
+ with p.open() as f:return list(csv.DictReader(f))
+def writecsv(p,rs):
+ if not rs:return
+ with p.open('w') as f:
+  w=csv.DictWriter(f,fieldnames=list(rs[0]),lineterminator='\n');w.writeheader();w.writerows(rs)
+subprocess.run(['python3',str(COORD/'report.py')],check=True)
+summary=readcsv(COORD/'summary.csv')
+expected={'fixtures':12,'resident':23,'disk':23,'prefix-resident-common':4,'prefix-resident-random':4,'prefix-disk-common':4,'prefix-disk-random':4,'insert':31,'hash':4,'barrier':24,'repeat-warmup':1,'repeat-cache-invalid-addresses':4,'repeat-directory-bucket-atomic':4,'repeat-async-durable-barrier':4}
+for mode,count in expected.items():
+ manifest=json.loads((OUT/mode/'manifest.json').read_text())
+ assert manifest['complete'] and len(manifest['runs'])==count and all(r['verified'] and r['returncode']==0 for r in manifest['runs']),mode
+
+for project in PROJECTS:
+ profiles=[project] if project!='cache-directory' else ['directory-'+x for x in ['direct','bucket','bucket-simd','bucket-atomic']]
+ versions=profiles+(['log-disabled','log-default'] if project=='log-group-limit' else [])
+ path=DEST/project;path.mkdir(parents=True,exist_ok=False)
+ own=[r for r in summary if r['version'] in versions]
+ for r in own:r.update(scope='new main versus updated feature; merge cost not isolated')
+ writecsv(path/'summary.csv',own)
+ source_names={'kvbench.c','insert_benchmark.c'}
+ fixtures=json.loads((OUT/'fixtures/manifest.json').read_text());assert fixtures['complete'] and all(r['verified'] for r in fixtures['runs'])
+ fixtures['runs']=[r for r in fixtures['runs'] if r['profile'] in ['main',*profiles] and (('ordinary' not in r['label']) if project=='branch-prefix' else ('ordinary' in r['label']))]
+ fixture_out=path/'fixtures';fixture_out.mkdir();write(fixture_out/'manifest.json',fixtures)
+ for record in fixtures['runs']:
+  for suffix in ['.csv','.log']:
+   file=OUT/'fixtures'/(record['label']+suffix);shutil.copyfile(file,fixture_out/file.name)
+ if project=='branch-prefix':source_names.add('prefix_kvbench.c')
+ if project=='async-durable-barrier':source_names.add('barrier_bench.c')
+ if project=='filtered-ranges':source_names.add('hash_range_benchmark.c')
+ for name in source_names:shutil.copyfile(COORD/'sources'/name,path/name)
+ for name in ['run_matrix.py','build_all.py','report.py','package.py','preparation.json','feature-summaries.json','host.json','run_matrix-fixtures.py','control-drift.csv','repeat.py','audit.json','audit.py','report.md','benchmark-jobs.json','run_job.py']:shutil.copyfile(COORD/name,path/name)
+ for profile in ['main',*profiles]:
+  build=json.loads((COORD/(profile+'-build.json')).read_text());build['binaries']={name:value for name,value in build['binaries'].items() if name+'.c' in source_names};write(path/(profile+'-build.json'),build)
+ tests=[]
+ for folder in OUT.iterdir():
+  if not folder.is_dir() or folder.name=='fixtures' or not (folder/'manifest.json').exists():continue
+  m=json.loads((folder/'manifest.json').read_text())
+  assert m.get('complete') and m['runs'] and all(r['verified'] for r in m['runs']),folder
+  selected=[r for r in m['runs'] if r['profile'] in profiles]
+  if folder.name=='repeat-warmup' and project in ['async-durable-barrier','cache-invalid-addresses','cache-directory']:selected=m['runs']
+  if not selected:continue
+  target=path/folder.name;target.mkdir()
+  rr=[r for r in m['runs'] if r['profile'] in profiles+['main']]
+  m['runs']=rr;write(target/'manifest.json',m)
+  for r in rr:
+   for file in folder.glob(r['label']+'.*'):
+    if file.suffix in ['.csv','.log']:shutil.copyfile(file,target/file.name)
+  if (folder/'results.csv').exists():
+   rows=readcsv(folder/'results.csv')
+   if 'version' in rows[0]:rows=[r for r in rows if r['version'] in versions+['main']]
+   elif 'label' in rows[0]:rows=[r for r in rows if r['label'] in [x['label'] for x in rr]]
+   writecsv(target/'results.csv',rows)
+  tests.append(dict(workload=folder.name,runs=len(rr),feature_runs=sum(r['profile'] in profiles for r in rr),warmup_runs=len(rr) if folder.name=='repeat-warmup' else 0,verified=sum(r['verified'] for r in rr),complete=m['complete']))
+ assert own and tests,project
+ write(path/'status.json',dict(project=project,scope='new main versus updated feature; merge cost not isolated',workloads=tests,reported_errors=sum(int(r['errors']) for r in own),reported_violations=sum(int(r['violations']) for r in own),all_runs_verified=bool(tests) and all(x['verified']==x['runs'] and x['complete'] for x in tests)))
+ inventory={str(p.relative_to(path)):sha(p) for p in path.rglob('*') if p.is_file()};write(path/'inventory.json',inventory)
+print(DEST)
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/preparation.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/preparation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a6d4b750
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/preparation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+  "main": "7bb5fab305b9c6179e31f75998dabea833537a08",
+  "sources": {
+    "hash_range_benchmark.c": "bed236eceff4c7c1ce1570f55ddf35aac1858f53520c9447f24f5a32c055b6fe",
+    "kvbench.c": "45cf9d2e1f74e90719885955d5a78651cc5c1d97cda2daed534a3c0cb07f48a9",
+    "prefix_kvbench.c": "127357ddacf129b1a15d2c8e5d60f928d28a101b2ea414ff6d7fff4c2e386d51",
+    "barrier_bench.c": "1784a5d6d1b627858a0c8a9a6f718cd7d002a562e680d5cbdde23829167c015c",
+    "insert_benchmark.c": "75acbda52b2a8949f1d61710a8d89250d4dac63b12ec9803b89170f9c2cc0b26"
+  },
+  "source_notes": {
+    "kvbench.c": "Byte-identical copy of campaign baseline/benchmarks/kvbench.c",
+    "prefix_kvbench.c": "Frozen campaign prefix workload generated from the same baseline kvbench, 64-byte common/random keys",
+    "insert_benchmark.c": "Frozen log-group-limit branch harness, with a compile-time two-argument blocking durable-barrier adapter for async branch",
+    "barrier_bench.c": "Frozen async-durable-barrier branch common harness with compile-time main/candidate API adapters",
+    "hash_range_benchmark.c": "Frozen filtered-ranges branch public-API probe; candidate routing hash versus main application filtering"
+  },
+  "query_order": "Main control, all variants forward, main control, all variants reverse, main control",
+  "scope": "Screen feature branches freshly based on main; historical measurements remain historical. This does not isolate merge overhead.",
+  "expected_minutes": 35
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/repeat.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/repeat.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a6045a183
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/repeat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+"""Nearby warmed ABBA controls; invoke under run_job.py benchmark."""
+import argparse
+import run_matrix as r
+p=argparse.ArgumentParser();p.add_argument('profile',choices=['warmup','cache-invalid-addresses','directory-bucket-atomic','async-durable-barrier']);a=p.parse_args()
+def interrupted(signum,frame):raise InterruptedError(f'benchmark interrupted by signal {signum}')
+for sig in [r.signal.SIGTERM,r.signal.SIGHUP]:r.signal.signal(sig,interrupted)
+original=r.kvargs
+def longer(*args,**kwargs):
+ kwargs['secs']=10
+ return original(*args,**kwargs)
+r.kvargs=longer
+folder,m=r.newmode('repeat-'+a.profile)
+m['runner_sha256']=r.sha(__file__)
+m['shared_runner_sha256']=r.sha(r.__file__)
+m['scope']='Nearby main ABBA controls after broad screening; all earlier samples retained'
+if a.profile=='warmup':m['scope']='Recorded workload warmup before nearby ABBA comparisons; retained separately from their samples'
+phases=['warm']+(['point:uniform@1'] if a.profile=='cache-invalid-addresses' else [])+['point:uniform@8','range:uniform:1@8']
+for i,name in enumerate(['main'] if a.profile=='warmup' else ['main',a.profile,a.profile,'main']):r.query_one(folder,m,i,name,'resident',phases)
+m['complete']=True;r.save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/report.md b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/report.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c6d09c230
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/report.md
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+# Fresh main integration benchmark screening
+
+These compare current feature branches with main 7bb5fab. They do not isolate the cost of merging main. Short runs are screening evidence, not proof of performance neutrality. All databases are on verified real disk with O_DIRECT; copied fixtures are fsynced before opening. Query samples use serial-built immutable fixtures, with separate equivalent fixtures for incompatible formats. Main controls bracket forward and reverse variant sweeps.
+
+| Workload | Phase | Branch | Change | Sample range overlap |
+| --- | --- | --- | ---: | --- |
+| resident | point:uniform@1 | disk-format | -1.21% | True |
+| resident | point:uniform@1 | filtered-ranges | -1.11% | True |
+| resident | point:uniform@1 | log-group-limit | -3.24% | True |
+| resident | point:uniform@1 | lazy-merge | -2.99% | True |
+| resident | point:uniform@1 | async-durable-barrier | -3.58% | True |
+| resident | point:uniform@1 | cache-invalid-addresses | -4.60% | False |
+| resident | point:uniform@1 | directory-direct | -3.66% | True |
+| resident | point:uniform@1 | directory-bucket | -13.61% | False |
+| resident | point:uniform@1 | directory-bucket-simd | -14.75% | False |
+| resident | point:uniform@1 | directory-bucket-atomic | -11.59% | False |
+| resident | point:uniform@8 | disk-format | -1.92% | True |
+| resident | point:uniform@8 | filtered-ranges | -1.37% | True |
+| resident | point:uniform@8 | log-group-limit | -3.94% | True |
+| resident | point:uniform@8 | lazy-merge | -4.99% | True |
+| resident | point:uniform@8 | async-durable-barrier | -5.29% | True |
+| resident | point:uniform@8 | cache-invalid-addresses | -7.08% | True |
+| resident | point:uniform@8 | directory-direct | -6.43% | True |
+| resident | point:uniform@8 | directory-bucket | -25.62% | False |
+| resident | point:uniform@8 | directory-bucket-simd | -25.20% | False |
+| resident | point:uniform@8 | directory-bucket-atomic | -11.45% | False |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@1 | disk-format | +1.54% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@1 | filtered-ranges | -0.07% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@1 | log-group-limit | -2.20% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@1 | lazy-merge | +4.48% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@1 | async-durable-barrier | -0.38% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@1 | cache-invalid-addresses | -2.25% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@1 | directory-direct | -0.18% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@1 | directory-bucket | -7.11% | False |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@1 | directory-bucket-simd | -6.10% | False |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@1 | directory-bucket-atomic | -5.32% | False |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@8 | disk-format | -4.07% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@8 | filtered-ranges | -3.38% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@8 | log-group-limit | -4.75% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@8 | lazy-merge | +1.35% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@8 | async-durable-barrier | -6.06% | False |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@8 | cache-invalid-addresses | -4.95% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@8 | directory-direct | -4.39% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@8 | directory-bucket | -18.35% | False |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@8 | directory-bucket-simd | -18.65% | False |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@8 | directory-bucket-atomic | -7.65% | False |
+| resident | range:uniform:10000@8 | disk-format | -2.41% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:10000@8 | filtered-ranges | +1.43% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:10000@8 | log-group-limit | -1.49% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:10000@8 | lazy-merge | -5.38% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:10000@8 | async-durable-barrier | -4.49% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:10000@8 | cache-invalid-addresses | -2.56% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:10000@8 | directory-direct | -8.56% | False |
+| resident | range:uniform:10000@8 | directory-bucket | -6.41% | True |
+| resident | range:uniform:10000@8 | directory-bucket-simd | -6.44% | False |
+| resident | range:uniform:10000@8 | directory-bucket-atomic | -6.85% | True |
+| disk | point:uniform@8 | disk-format | -0.81% | True |
+| disk | point:uniform@8 | filtered-ranges | -3.82% | True |
+| disk | point:uniform@8 | log-group-limit | -0.25% | True |
+| disk | point:uniform@8 | lazy-merge | -0.22% | True |
+| disk | point:uniform@8 | async-durable-barrier | -2.05% | True |
+| disk | point:uniform@8 | cache-invalid-addresses | -2.24% | True |
+| disk | point:uniform@8 | directory-direct | -1.93% | True |
+| disk | point:uniform@8 | directory-bucket | -2.54% | True |
+| disk | point:uniform@8 | directory-bucket-simd | -2.53% | True |
+| disk | point:uniform@8 | directory-bucket-atomic | -1.32% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:1@8 | disk-format | -0.78% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:1@8 | filtered-ranges | -1.67% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:1@8 | log-group-limit | -0.59% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:1@8 | lazy-merge | -0.98% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:1@8 | async-durable-barrier | -2.40% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:1@8 | cache-invalid-addresses | -2.34% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:1@8 | directory-direct | -3.11% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:1@8 | directory-bucket | -2.79% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:1@8 | directory-bucket-simd | -3.56% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:1@8 | directory-bucket-atomic | -2.25% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:10000@8 | disk-format | -0.41% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:10000@8 | filtered-ranges | -1.80% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:10000@8 | log-group-limit | +0.11% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:10000@8 | lazy-merge | -1.24% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:10000@8 | async-durable-barrier | -2.13% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:10000@8 | cache-invalid-addresses | -2.08% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:10000@8 | directory-direct | -2.14% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:10000@8 | directory-bucket | -2.08% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:10000@8 | directory-bucket-simd | -3.48% | True |
+| disk | range:uniform:10000@8 | directory-bucket-atomic | -1.09% | True |
+| prefix-resident-common | point:uniform@8 | branch-prefix | +10.61% | False |
+| prefix-resident-common | range:uniform:1@8 | branch-prefix | +2.87% | False |
+| prefix-resident-common | range:uniform:10000@8 | branch-prefix | +0.34% | True |
+| prefix-resident-common | ow:uniform@8 | branch-prefix | +9.38% | False |
+| prefix-resident-random | point:uniform@8 | branch-prefix | -0.30% | True |
+| prefix-resident-random | range:uniform:1@8 | branch-prefix | +2.67% | True |
+| prefix-resident-random | range:uniform:10000@8 | branch-prefix | -10.88% | False |
+| prefix-resident-random | ow:uniform@8 | branch-prefix | -1.52% | True |
+| prefix-disk-common | point:uniform@8 | branch-prefix | -2.69% | True |
+| prefix-disk-common | range:uniform:1@8 | branch-prefix | +0.11% | True |
+| prefix-disk-common | range:uniform:10000@8 | branch-prefix | +14.37% | False |
+| prefix-disk-random | point:uniform@8 | branch-prefix | -5.57% | True |
+| prefix-disk-random | range:uniform:1@8 | branch-prefix | -6.30% | True |
+| prefix-disk-random | range:uniform:10000@8 | branch-prefix | -4.11% | True |
+| repeat-directory-bucket-atomic | point:uniform@8 | directory-bucket-atomic | -6.18% | True |
+| repeat-directory-bucket-atomic | range:uniform:1@8 | directory-bucket-atomic | -3.89% | True |
+| repeat-async-durable-barrier | point:uniform@8 | async-durable-barrier | -0.52% | True |
+| repeat-async-durable-barrier | range:uniform:1@8 | async-durable-barrier | -2.28% | True |
+| repeat-cache-invalid-addresses | point:uniform@1 | cache-invalid-addresses | -4.54% | False |
+| repeat-cache-invalid-addresses | point:uniform@8 | cache-invalid-addresses | -3.64% | True |
+| repeat-cache-invalid-addresses | range:uniform:1@8 | cache-invalid-addresses | +0.03% | True |
+| insert | WAL1 | disk-format | -0.88% | True |
+| insert | WAL1 | filtered-ranges | -1.02% | False |
+| insert | WAL1 | lazy-merge | -0.49% | True |
+| insert | WAL1 | async-durable-barrier | -1.08% | True |
+| insert | WAL1 | cache-invalid-addresses | -3.00% | False |
+| insert | WAL1 | directory-direct | -1.91% | False |
+| insert | WAL1 | directory-bucket | -5.46% | False |
+| insert | WAL1 | directory-bucket-simd | -3.79% | False |
+| insert | WAL1 | directory-bucket-atomic | -3.32% | False |
+| insert | WAL1 | log-disabled | -1.34% | True |
+| insert | WAL1 | log-default | -42.70% | False |
+| insert | WAL0 | cache-invalid-addresses | +6.27% | True |
+| insert | WAL0 | directory-bucket-atomic | +6.39% | False |
+
+Detailed throughput ranges, CPU/op, I/O/op and p99 are in summary.csv. Raw commands, source/library/executable hashes, verification and logs remain in the per-workload manifest and adjacent artifacts.
+
+{
+  "insert": {
+    "runs": 31,
+    "complete": true,
+    "verified": 31
+  },
+  "repeat-warmup": {
+    "runs": 1,
+    "complete": true,
+    "verified": 1
+  },
+  "barrier": {
+    "runs": 24,
+    "complete": true,
+    "verified": 24
+  },
+  "repeat-directory-bucket-atomic": {
+    "runs": 4,
+    "complete": true,
+    "verified": 4
+  },
+  "fixtures": {
+    "runs": 12,
+    "complete": true,
+    "verified": 12
+  },
+  "disk": {
+    "runs": 23,
+    "complete": true,
+    "verified": 23
+  },
+  "repeat-async-durable-barrier": {
+    "runs": 4,
+    "complete": true,
+    "verified": 4
+  },
+  "prefix-resident-common": {
+    "runs": 4,
+    "complete": true,
+    "verified": 4
+  },
+  "hash": {
+    "runs": 4,
+    "complete": true,
+    "verified": 4
+  },
+  "resident": {
+    "runs": 23,
+    "complete": true,
+    "verified": 23
+  },
+  "repeat-cache-invalid-addresses": {
+    "runs": 4,
+    "complete": true,
+    "verified": 4
+  },
+  "prefix-disk-random": {
+    "runs": 4,
+    "complete": true,
+    "verified": 4
+  },
+  "prefix-disk-common": {
+    "runs": 4,
+    "complete": true,
+    "verified": 4
+  },
+  "prefix-resident-random": {
+    "runs": 4,
+    "complete": true,
+    "verified": 4
+  }
+}
+
+## Main control drift
+
+All controls are retained. Large variation in these unchanged-main samples prevents attributing small feature differences to code. The measured cause of this variation is unknown. Nearby ABBA repeats are separate evidence; they do not replace these results.
+
+| Regime | Phase | First ops/s | Middle ops/s | Last ops/s | Middle vs first | Last vs first |
+| --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
+| resident | point:uniform@1 | 1,261,757.3 | 1,152,531.0 | 1,148,133.5 | -8.66% | -9.01% |
+| resident | point:uniform@8 | 6,445,634.1 | 5,270,841.2 | 5,463,995.8 | -18.23% | -15.23% |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@1 | 114,690.1 | 105,447.5 | 105,112.6 | -8.06% | -8.35% |
+| resident | range:uniform:1@8 | 600,376.6 | 532,530.7 | 549,552.3 | -11.30% | -8.47% |
+| resident | range:uniform:10000@8 | 4,305.3 | 3,785.8 | 3,929.7 | -12.07% | -8.72% |
+| disk | point:uniform@8 | 153,061.5 | 162,899.9 | 168,110.0 | +6.43% | +9.83% |
+| disk | range:uniform:1@8 | 63,458.1 | 63,625.4 | 64,975.4 | +0.26% | +2.39% |
+| disk | range:uniform:10000@8 | 841.4 | 835.2 | 840.0 | -0.74% | -0.17% |
+
+## Interpretation and limits
+
+These samples support feature tradeoffs, not an isolated estimate of merge overhead. There are two samples per candidate and two or three main controls; non-overlap is a descriptive range check, not a statistical confidence interval. Unchanged main controls drifted substantially, including in nearby repeats. The cause is unproven.
+
+The invalid-address checks reproduce a roughly 4.5% resident single-thread point-query loss: broad screening -4.60%, nearby warmed ABBA -4.54% with non-overlapping sample ranges. Its repeated eight-thread point query (-3.64%) overlaps main, and repeated one-result/eight-thread range query (+0.03%) does not reproduce the initial apparent loss. Atomic directory nearby repeats (-6.18% point and -3.89% short range) and async-barrier ordinary-query repeats (-0.52% point and -2.28% short range) all overlap main; their smaller effects remain inconclusive. The scalar/SIMD directory variants show larger resident feature costs in the broad screen. These are comparisons of the whole features to main, not newly introduced merge regressions.
+
+Prefix compression improves several common-prefix workloads, but the random-key resident long-range screen loses 10.88% with non-overlapping samples. The default 64-page automatic log-group durability threshold loses 42.7% insert throughput in the short WAL-enabled screen; this is the cost of added automatic durability versus main without automatic barriers. Disabling the threshold gives -1.3% with overlapping ranges. These tradeoffs require workload-specific judgment, not a blanket performance-neutral claim.
+
+All timed processes passed their declared verification. Query runs validate keys/values/ranges and close successfully. Insert-only runs validate API returns, positive insert counts and close, but do not perform readback. Barrier runs crash after the final completed barrier, reopen and verify every key/value. Hash-filter runs compare checksums and expected output counts. Every measured ordinary resident and focused-repeat query phase has zero physical read bytes. The retained pre-repeat warmup runs point and one-result range queries at eight threads for 10 seconds each; it is not pooled with comparison controls.
+
+Separate correctness testing reproduced an inherited small-cache async progress stall on main and invalid-addresses under restricted CPU scheduling. That limitation is documented in the branch correctness evidence; it was not repaired in these merges, and no benchmark run stalled.
+
+Barrier measurements are short and show substantial run-to-run I/O variation in some configurations. In particular, WAL-enabled/no-background-worker candidate sync spans about 60k to 194k updates/s, while main spans 63k to 65k; its +99% mean alone is not a stable speedup estimate. Async launch latency is distinct from durability completion. These runs use depth 1: completion is observed by waiting or polling before the next insert batch. Greater-depth harness modes may include intervening inserts in observed completion, but were not measured here.
+
+| Barrier config | Candidate mode | Main updates/s range | Candidate updates/s range | Mean change | Mean launch p99 us | Mean observed completion p99 us |
+| --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
+| wal0-workers0 | sync | 31,072–40,897 | 57,552–58,998 | +61.95% | 15769.34 | 15769.34 |
+| wal0-workers0 | async | 31,072–40,897 | 59,568–60,181 | +66.39% | 0.98 | 14594.80 |
+| wal0-workers1 | sync | 32,686–33,069 | 32,567–33,066 | -0.19% | 21671.51 | 21671.51 |
+| wal0-workers1 | async | 32,686–33,069 | 31,925–33,322 | -0.77% | 2.90 | 23050.30 |
+| wal1-workers0 | sync | 63,288–64,560 | 60,090–194,153 | +98.86% | 4118.68 | 4118.68 |
+| wal1-workers0 | async | 63,288–64,560 | 200,298–273,650 | +270.71% | 3.51 | 2190.87 |
+| wal1-workers1 | sync | 61,607–63,583 | 67,545–69,246 | +9.27% | 4940.58 | 4940.58 |
+| wal1-workers1 | async | 61,607–63,583 | 78,489–80,079 | +26.66% | 6.17 | 4128.32 |
+
+Hash-filter API versus application filtering: mean latency changes for limits 1/2/10/100 are -5.70%/-16.71%/+0.56%/-9.59%; output checksums match. Full ranges, visited tuple counts, CPU/I/O and provenance are retained in the raw results and feature-summaries.json.
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/report.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/report.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb2212fd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/report.py
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+import csv,json,statistics
+from pathlib import Path
+OUT=Path('/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab')
+COORD=Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+allrows=[]
+def read(path):
+ with path.open() as f:return list(csv.DictReader(f))
+def verified_manifest(folder):
+ p=folder/'manifest.json'
+ if not p.exists():return None
+ m=json.loads(p.read_text())
+ if not m.get('complete'):return None
+ assert m['runs'] and all(r.get('verified') and r.get('returncode')==0 for r in m['runs']),folder
+ return m
+def summary(mode,group,version,rs,base,rate='ops_s'):
+ rates=[float(r[rate]) for r in rs];baseline=[float(r[rate]) for r in base]
+ avg=statistics.fmean
+ return dict(workload=mode,phase=group,version=version,samples=len(rs),ops_s_mean=avg(rates),ops_s_min=min(rates),ops_s_max=max(rates),baseline_ops_s_mean=avg(baseline),baseline_ops_s_min=min(baseline),baseline_ops_s_max=max(baseline),delta_pct=100*(avg(rates)/avg(baseline)-1),ranges_overlap=max(min(rates),min(baseline))<=min(max(rates),max(baseline)))
+for mode in ['resident','disk','prefix-resident-common','prefix-resident-random','prefix-disk-common','prefix-disk-random',*[p.name for p in OUT.glob('repeat-*')]]:
+ folder=OUT/mode
+ if not (folder/'results.csv').exists() or not (folder/'manifest.json').exists():continue
+ m=verified_manifest(folder)
+ if m is None:continue
+ rr=read(folder/'results.csv')
+ for run in m['runs']:
+  command=run['command']; order=command[command.index('--otag')+1]
+  own=[r for r in rr if r['order']==order]
+  phases=command[command.index('warm'):]
+  assert len(own)==len(phases) and [r['phase'] for r in own]==phases and all(r['version']==run['profile'] for r in own),run['label']
+ assert len(rr)==sum(len(run['command'][run['command'].index('warm'):]) for run in m['runs'])
+ for phase in dict.fromkeys(r['phase'] for r in rr if r['phase']!='warm'):
+  bas=[r for r in rr if r['version']=='main' and r['phase']==phase]
+  if mode=='resident' or mode.startswith('repeat-'):assert all(int(r['rd_bytes'])==0 for r in rr if r['phase']!='warm'), 'resident queries performed physical reads'
+  for version in dict.fromkeys(r['version'] for r in rr):
+   rs=[r for r in rr if r['version']==version and r['phase']==phase]
+   if not rs or not bas:continue
+   s=summary(mode,phase,version,rs,bas)
+   s.update(errors=sum(int(r['errors']) for r in rs),violations=sum(int(r['violations']) for r in rs),cpu_us_op=statistics.fmean(1e6*float(r['cpu_s'])/int(r['ops']) for r in rs),read_B_op=statistics.fmean(float(r['rd_B_op']) for r in rs),write_B_op=statistics.fmean(float(r['wr_B_op']) for r in rs),p99_us=statistics.fmean(float(r['p99_us']) for r in rs));allrows.append(s)
+folder=OUT/'insert'
+if (folder/'results.csv').exists() and verified_manifest(folder):
+ m=verified_manifest(folder);rr=read(folder/'results.csv')
+ assert len(rr)==len(m['runs'])
+ assert {f"wal{r['wal']}-{int(r['index']):02d}-{r['version']}" for r in rr}=={r['label'] for r in m['runs']}
+ for wal in dict.fromkeys(r['wal'] for r in rr):
+  bas=[r for r in rr if r['version']=='main' and r['wal']==wal]
+  for version in dict.fromkeys(r['version'] for r in rr if r['wal']==wal):
+   rs=[r for r in rr if r['version']==version and r['wal']==wal];s=summary('insert','WAL'+wal,version,rs,bas)
+   s.update(errors=sum(int(r['errors']) for r in rs),violations=sum(int(r['violations']) for r in rs));s.update({k:statistics.fmean(float(r[k]) for r in rs) for k in ['cpu_us_op','read_B_op','write_B_op','p99_us']});allrows.append(s)
+if allrows:
+ with (COORD/'summary.csv').open('w') as f:
+  w=csv.DictWriter(f,fieldnames=list(allrows[0]),lineterminator='\n');w.writeheader();w.writerows(allrows)
+lines=['# Fresh main integration benchmark screening','','These compare current feature branches with main 7bb5fab. They do not isolate the cost of merging main. Short runs are screening evidence, not proof of performance neutrality. All databases are on verified real disk with O_DIRECT; copied fixtures are fsynced before opening. Query samples use serial-built immutable fixtures, with separate equivalent fixtures for incompatible formats. Main controls bracket forward and reverse variant sweeps.','', '| Workload | Phase | Branch | Change | Sample range overlap |','| --- | --- | --- | ---: | --- |']
+for r in allrows:
+ if r['version']=='main':continue
+ lines.append(f"| {r['workload']} | {r['phase']} | {r['version']} | {r['delta_pct']:+.2f}% | {r['ranges_overlap']} |")
+counts={}
+for p in OUT.glob('*/manifest.json'):
+ m=json.loads(p.read_text());counts[p.parent.name]=dict(runs=len(m['runs']),complete=m.get('complete',False),verified=sum(r.get('verified',False) for r in m['runs']))
+(COORD/'counts.json').write_text(json.dumps(counts,indent=2)+'\n')
+lines+=['','Detailed throughput ranges, CPU/op, I/O/op and p99 are in summary.csv. Raw commands, source/library/executable hashes, verification and logs remain in the per-workload manifest and adjacent artifacts.','',json.dumps(counts,indent=2)]
+(COORD/'report.md').write_text('\n'.join(lines)+'\n')
+print(json.dumps(counts,indent=2))
+feature_summaries={}
+p=OUT/'hash/manifest.json'
+if p.exists() and verified_manifest(p.parent):
+ m=verified_manifest(p.parent);hh=[]
+ for limit in ['1','2','10','100']:
+  groups={profile:[r for run in m['runs'] if run['profile']==profile and run['verified'] for r in run['rows'] if r['limit']==limit] for profile in ['main','filtered-ranges']}
+  if not all(groups.values()):continue
+  mean=lambda name:statistics.fmean(float(r['ns_per_query']) for r in groups[name])
+  for profile,rr in groups.items():
+   costs=[float(r['ns_per_query']) for r in rr]
+   hh.append(dict(profile=profile,limit=int(limit),samples=len(rr),ns_per_query_mean=statistics.fmean(costs),ns_per_query_min=min(costs),ns_per_query_max=max(costs),latency_delta_main_pct=100*(mean(profile)/mean('main')-1),visited_mean=statistics.fmean(int(r['visited']) for r in rr),verified=True,verification_kind='successful process with harness assertions and matching result checksums'))
+ feature_summaries['hash']=hh
+p=OUT/'barrier/results.csv'
+if p.exists() and verified_manifest(p.parent):
+ m=verified_manifest(p.parent);rr=read(p);bb=[]
+ assert len(rr)==len(m['runs']) and {r['label'] for r in rr}=={r['label'] for r in m['runs']}
+ for wal in ['0','1']:
+  for workers in ['0','1']:
+   cases=[('main','sync'),('async-durable-barrier','sync'),('async-durable-barrier','async')]
+   base=[r for r in rr if r['log']==wal and r['workers']==workers and '-main-' in r['label']]
+   if not base:continue
+   for profile,mode in cases:
+    rs=[r for r in rr if r['log']==wal and r['workers']==workers and f'-{profile}-' in r['label'] and r['mode']==mode]
+    if not rs:continue
+    s=summary('barrier',f'wal{wal}-workers{workers}-{mode}',profile,rs,base,rate='updates_s')
+    s.update(launch_p99_us=statistics.fmean(float(r['launch_p99_us']) for r in rs),completion_p99_us=statistics.fmean(float(r['observed_completion_p99_us']) for r in rs),verified=all(int(r['verified'])==1 for r in rs),verification_kind='crash after completed final barrier, reopen and full key/value readback',cpu_us_update=statistics.fmean(1e6*float(r['cpu_s'])/(int(r['batch'])*int(r['barriers'])) for r in rs),read_bytes_update=statistics.fmean(int(r['read_bytes'])/(int(r['batch'])*int(r['barriers'])) for r in rs),write_bytes_update=statistics.fmean(int(r['write_bytes'])/(int(r['batch'])*int(r['barriers'])) for r in rs));bb.append(s)
+ feature_summaries['barrier']=bb
+(COORD/'feature-summaries.json').write_text(json.dumps(feature_summaries,indent=2)+'\n')
+controls=[]
+for folder in OUT.iterdir():
+ p=folder/'results.csv'
+ if not folder.is_dir() or not p.exists():continue
+ rr=read(p)
+ if not rr or not {'version','phase','ops_s'}.issubset(rr[0]):continue
+ for phase in dict.fromkeys(r['phase'] for r in rr if r['phase']!='warm'):
+  rs=[r for r in rr if r['version']=='main' and r['phase']==phase]
+  if not rs:continue
+  first=float(rs[0]['ops_s'])
+  for r in rs:controls.append(dict(workload=folder.name,phase=phase,order=r['order'],ops_s=float(r['ops_s']),change_from_first_pct=100*(float(r['ops_s'])/first-1),cpu_us_op=1e6*float(r['cpu_s'])/int(r['ops']),read_bytes=int(r['rd_bytes'])))
+if controls:
+ with (COORD/'control-drift.csv').open('w') as f:
+  w=csv.DictWriter(f,fieldnames=list(controls[0]),lineterminator='\n');w.writeheader();w.writerows(controls)
+with (COORD/'report.md').open('a') as f:
+ f.write('\n## Main control drift\n\n')
+ f.write('All controls are retained. Large variation in these unchanged-main samples prevents attributing small feature differences to code. The measured cause of this variation is unknown. Nearby ABBA repeats are separate evidence; they do not replace these results.\n\n')
+ f.write('| Regime | Phase | First ops/s | Middle ops/s | Last ops/s | Middle vs first | Last vs first |\n| --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |\n')
+ for mode in ['resident','disk']:
+  for phase in dict.fromkeys(r['phase'] for r in controls if r['workload']==mode):
+   rr=[r for r in controls if r['workload']==mode and r['phase']==phase]
+   if len(rr)!=3:continue
+   f.write(f"| {mode} | {phase} | {rr[0]['ops_s']:,.1f} | {rr[1]['ops_s']:,.1f} | {rr[2]['ops_s']:,.1f} | {rr[1]['change_from_first_pct']:+.2f}% | {rr[2]['change_from_first_pct']:+.2f}% |\n")
+
+with (COORD/'report.md').open('a') as f:
+ f.write('\n## Interpretation and limits\n\n')
+ f.write('These samples support feature tradeoffs, not an isolated estimate of merge overhead. There are two samples per candidate and two or three main controls; non-overlap is a descriptive range check, not a statistical confidence interval. Unchanged main controls drifted substantially, including in nearby repeats. The cause is unproven.\n\n')
+ f.write('The invalid-address checks reproduce a roughly 4.5% resident single-thread point-query loss: broad screening -4.60%, nearby warmed ABBA -4.54% with non-overlapping sample ranges. Its repeated eight-thread point query (-3.64%) overlaps main, and repeated one-result/eight-thread range query (+0.03%) does not reproduce the initial apparent loss. Atomic directory nearby repeats (-6.18% point and -3.89% short range) and async-barrier ordinary-query repeats (-0.52% point and -2.28% short range) all overlap main; their smaller effects remain inconclusive. The scalar/SIMD directory variants show larger resident feature costs in the broad screen. These are comparisons of the whole features to main, not newly introduced merge regressions.\n\n')
+ f.write('Prefix compression improves several common-prefix workloads, but the random-key resident long-range screen loses 10.88% with non-overlapping samples. The default 64-page automatic log-group durability threshold loses 42.7% insert throughput in the short WAL-enabled screen; this is the cost of added automatic durability versus main without automatic barriers. Disabling the threshold gives -1.3% with overlapping ranges. These tradeoffs require workload-specific judgment, not a blanket performance-neutral claim.\n\n')
+ f.write('All timed processes passed their declared verification. Query runs validate keys/values/ranges and close successfully. Insert-only runs validate API returns, positive insert counts and close, but do not perform readback. Barrier runs crash after the final completed barrier, reopen and verify every key/value. Hash-filter runs compare checksums and expected output counts. Every measured ordinary resident and focused-repeat query phase has zero physical read bytes. The retained pre-repeat warmup runs point and one-result range queries at eight threads for 10 seconds each; it is not pooled with comparison controls.\n\n')
+ f.write('Separate correctness testing reproduced an inherited small-cache async progress stall on main and invalid-addresses under restricted CPU scheduling. That limitation is documented in the branch correctness evidence; it was not repaired in these merges, and no benchmark run stalled.\n\n')
+ f.write('Barrier measurements are short and show substantial run-to-run I/O variation in some configurations. In particular, WAL-enabled/no-background-worker candidate sync spans about 60k to 194k updates/s, while main spans 63k to 65k; its +99% mean alone is not a stable speedup estimate. Async launch latency is distinct from durability completion. These runs use depth 1: completion is observed by waiting or polling before the next insert batch. Greater-depth harness modes may include intervening inserts in observed completion, but were not measured here.\n\n')
+ f.write('| Barrier config | Candidate mode | Main updates/s range | Candidate updates/s range | Mean change | Mean launch p99 us | Mean observed completion p99 us |\n| --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |\n')
+ for r in feature_summaries.get('barrier',[]):
+  if r['version']=='main':continue
+  f.write(f"| {r['phase'].rsplit('-',1)[0]} | {r['phase'].rsplit('-',1)[1]} | {r['baseline_ops_s_min']:,.0f}–{r['baseline_ops_s_max']:,.0f} | {r['ops_s_min']:,.0f}–{r['ops_s_max']:,.0f} | {r['delta_pct']:+.2f}% | {r['launch_p99_us']:.2f} | {r['completion_p99_us']:.2f} |\n")
+ f.write('\nHash-filter API versus application filtering: mean latency changes for limits 1/2/10/100 are -5.70%/-16.71%/+0.56%/-9.59%; output checksums match. Full ranges, visited tuple counts, CPU/I/O and provenance are retained in the raw results and feature-summaries.json.\n')
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/00-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/00-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..873e8f345
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/00-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+kvbench version=main splinter=splinterdb_build_version 7bb5fab3 db=/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident/scratch.db mode=open n=200000 cache_mib=128 disk_gib=8 log=0 threads=8 mt_bg=0 normal_bg=0 memtable_mib=4 secs=6.0 warmup=1.0 rep=0 sabotage=0
+open took 0.006 s
+phase warm: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed count)
+== warm                   T=8  ops=200000     secs=   0.03 ops/s=    7786147  lat us p50=nan p99=nan p99.9=nan max=0.0 mean=nan
+   cpu=0.05s ops/cpu-s=3668715 rd=138.4 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=1
+phase point:uniform@1: T=1 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+   found=7570779 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@1        T=1  ops=7570779    secs=   6.00 ops/s=    1261757  lat us p50=0.74 p99=1.07 p99.9=5.18 max=62.6 mean=0.77
+   cpu=6.00s ops/cpu-s=1261769 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase point:uniform@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [point:uniform@8] progress 26246664 ops (+2624370 ops/s)
+   found=38675055 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@8        T=8  ops=38675055   secs=   6.00 ops/s=    6445634  lat us p50=1.17 p99=1.71 p99.9=2.21 max=95.5 mean=1.21
+   cpu=47.99s ops/cpu-s=805965 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase range:uniform:1@1: T=1 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:1@1] progress 799349 ops (+1844558182126266112 ops/s)
+== range:uniform:1@1      T=1  ops=688170     secs=   6.00 ops/s=     114690  lat us p50=8.58 p99=13.18 p99.9=36.35 max=108.9 mean=8.69
+   cpu=6.00s ops/cpu-s=114695 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=8.32 p99=12.93 mean=8.43  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.24 us  tuples/s=114690
+phase range:uniform:1@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+== range:uniform:1@8      T=8  ops=3602377    secs=   6.00 ops/s=     600377  lat us p50=12.42 p99=17.66 p99.9=26.37 max=485.9 mean=13.28
+   cpu=47.99s ops/cpu-s=75070 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=11.90 p99=17.15 mean=12.72  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.53 us  tuples/s=600377
+phase range:uniform:10000@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:10000@8] progress 13084 ops (+1844550238704732416 ops/s)
+close took 0.141 s
+== range:uniform:10000@8  T=8  ops=25833      secs=   6.00 ops/s=       4305  lat us p50=1753.09 p99=2260.99 p99.9=2326.53 max=2498.1 mean=1857.98
+   cpu=47.99s ops/cpu-s=538 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.2 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=16.26 p99=25.86 mean=16.46  per-tuple=188.8 ns  deinit mean=0.80 us  tuples/s=41992304
+   insert/run=6.00s drain(close)=0.14s total=6.14s drain_cpu=0.01s drain_rd=0 drain_wr=307200 wamp=nan db_apparent=162664448 db_alloc=28655616
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/03-log-group-limit.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/03-log-group-limit.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ab3ceafb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/03-log-group-limit.log
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+kvbench version=log-group-limit splinter=splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty db=/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident/scratch.db mode=open n=200000 cache_mib=128 disk_gib=8 log=0 threads=8 mt_bg=0 normal_bg=0 memtable_mib=4 secs=6.0 warmup=1.0 rep=3 sabotage=0
+open took 0.006 s
+phase warm: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed count)
+== warm                   T=8  ops=200000     secs=   0.02 ops/s=    8284680  lat us p50=nan p99=nan p99.9=nan max=0.0 mean=nan
+   cpu=0.06s ops/cpu-s=3419388 rd=138.4 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase point:uniform@1: T=1 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+   found=6957499 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@1        T=1  ops=6957499    secs=   6.00 ops/s=    1159552  lat us p50=0.82 p99=1.14 p99.9=1.46 max=60.1 mean=0.84
+   cpu=6.00s ops/cpu-s=1159943 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase point:uniform@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [point:uniform@8] progress 21607393 ops (+2160505 ops/s)
+   found=32718651 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@8        T=8  ops=32718651   secs=   6.00 ops/s=    5452872  lat us p50=1.39 p99=1.97 p99.9=2.53 max=98.0 mean=1.43
+   cpu=47.99s ops/cpu-s=681761 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase range:uniform:1@1: T=1 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:1@1] progress 750757 ops (+1844474502668927488 ops/s)
+== range:uniform:1@1      T=1  ops=648869     secs=   6.00 ops/s=     108141  lat us p50=9.09 p99=10.62 p99.9=15.74 max=38.0 mean=9.22
+   cpu=6.00s ops/cpu-s=108140 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=8.83 p99=10.37 mean=8.93  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.27 us  tuples/s=108141
+phase range:uniform:1@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+== range:uniform:1@8      T=8  ops=3266566    secs=   6.00 ops/s=     544408  lat us p50=13.44 p99=19.20 p99.9=29.44 max=124.6 mean=14.65
+   cpu=47.99s ops/cpu-s=68066 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=12.93 p99=18.69 mean=14.02  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.59 us  tuples/s=544408
+phase range:uniform:10000@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:10000@8] progress 11767 ops (+1844546843491461632 ops/s)
+close took 0.084 s
+== range:uniform:10000@8  T=8  ops=23787      secs=   6.00 ops/s=       3964  lat us p50=1884.16 p99=2457.60 p99.9=2588.67 max=4670.6 mean=2017.85
+   cpu=47.99s ops/cpu-s=496 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=17.15 p99=26.37 mean=17.61  per-tuple=205.0 ns  deinit mean=0.84 us  tuples/s=38671658
+   insert/run=6.00s drain(close)=0.08s total=6.08s drain_cpu=0.01s drain_rd=0 drain_wr=311296 wamp=nan db_apparent=162664448 db_alloc=28655616
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/11-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/11-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6977aae92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/11-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+kvbench version=main splinter=splinterdb_build_version 7bb5fab3 db=/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident/scratch.db mode=open n=200000 cache_mib=128 disk_gib=8 log=0 threads=8 mt_bg=0 normal_bg=0 memtable_mib=4 secs=6.0 warmup=1.0 rep=11 sabotage=0
+open took 0.007 s
+phase warm: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed count)
+== warm                   T=8  ops=200000     secs=   0.03 ops/s=    7472109  lat us p50=nan p99=nan p99.9=nan max=0.0 mean=nan
+   cpu=0.06s ops/cpu-s=3393972 rd=138.4 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase point:uniform@1: T=1 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+   found=6915404 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@1        T=1  ops=6915404    secs=   6.00 ops/s=    1152531  lat us p50=0.82 p99=1.14 p99.9=1.42 max=55.5 mean=0.84
+   cpu=6.00s ops/cpu-s=1152568 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase point:uniform@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [point:uniform@8] progress 21133749 ops (+2113088 ops/s)
+   found=31626695 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@8        T=8  ops=31626695   secs=   6.00 ops/s=    5270841  lat us p50=1.42 p99=2.08 p99.9=3.10 max=435.7 mean=1.47
+   cpu=47.98s ops/cpu-s=659104 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase range:uniform:1@1: T=1 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:1@1] progress 730121 ops (+1844496310552051968 ops/s)
+== range:uniform:1@1      T=1  ops=632712     secs=   6.00 ops/s=     105447  lat us p50=9.34 p99=10.88 p99.9=15.49 max=695.7 mean=9.46
+   cpu=6.00s ops/cpu-s=105461 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=9.09 p99=10.62 mean=9.16  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.27 us  tuples/s=105447
+phase range:uniform:1@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+== range:uniform:1@8      T=8  ops=3195303    secs=   6.00 ops/s=     532531  lat us p50=13.95 p99=19.71 p99.9=29.95 max=100.9 mean=14.98
+   cpu=47.99s ops/cpu-s=66577 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=13.44 p99=19.20 mean=14.33  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.60 us  tuples/s=532531
+phase range:uniform:10000@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:10000@8] progress 11306 ops (+1844551191351300864 ops/s)
+close took 0.115 s
+== range:uniform:10000@8  T=8  ops=22716      secs=   6.00 ops/s=       3786  lat us p50=1982.46 p99=2523.14 p99.9=2654.21 max=2800.7 mean=2112.86
+   cpu=47.99s ops/cpu-s=473 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=18.18 p99=28.42 mean=18.41  per-tuple=214.6 ns  deinit mean=0.91 us  tuples/s=36934012
+   insert/run=6.00s drain(close)=0.11s total=6.12s drain_cpu=0.01s drain_rd=0 drain_wr=311296 wamp=nan db_apparent=162664448 db_alloc=28655616
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/19-log-group-limit.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/19-log-group-limit.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d2478471
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/19-log-group-limit.log
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+kvbench version=log-group-limit splinter=splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty db=/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident/scratch.db mode=open n=200000 cache_mib=128 disk_gib=8 log=0 threads=8 mt_bg=0 normal_bg=0 memtable_mib=4 secs=6.0 warmup=1.0 rep=19 sabotage=0
+open took 0.006 s
+phase warm: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed count)
+== warm                   T=8  ops=200000     secs=   0.02 ops/s=    8143044  lat us p50=nan p99=nan p99.9=nan max=0.0 mean=nan
+   cpu=0.06s ops/cpu-s=3457874 rd=138.4 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=3
+phase point:uniform@1: T=1 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+   found=6831460 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@1        T=1  ops=6831460    secs=   6.00 ops/s=    1138527  lat us p50=0.84 p99=1.17 p99.9=1.46 max=125.7 mean=0.85
+   cpu=6.00s ops/cpu-s=1138589 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase point:uniform@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [point:uniform@8] progress 22271541 ops (+2226906 ops/s)
+   found=33300870 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@8        T=8  ops=33300870   secs=   6.00 ops/s=    5549943  lat us p50=1.39 p99=1.94 p99.9=2.46 max=84.5 mean=1.40
+   cpu=47.99s ops/cpu-s=693893 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase range:uniform:1@1: T=1 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:1@1] progress 722963 ops (+1844521071040999680 ops/s)
+== range:uniform:1@1      T=1  ops=623544     secs=   6.00 ops/s=     103919  lat us p50=9.60 p99=12.16 p99.9=15.74 max=71.7 mean=9.59
+   cpu=6.00s ops/cpu-s=103925 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=9.34 p99=11.90 mean=9.29  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.28 us  tuples/s=103919
+phase range:uniform:1@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+== range:uniform:1@8      T=8  ops=3143838    secs=   6.00 ops/s=     523954  lat us p50=13.95 p99=20.22 p99.9=30.46 max=178.0 mean=15.22
+   cpu=48.02s ops/cpu-s=65465 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=13.44 p99=19.71 mean=14.57  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.61 us  tuples/s=523954
+phase range:uniform:10000@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:10000@8] progress 11858 ops (+1844547500104964864 ops/s)
+close took 0.069 s
+== range:uniform:10000@8  T=8  ops=23584      secs=   6.00 ops/s=       3931  lat us p50=1916.93 p99=2457.60 p99.9=2523.14 max=2673.5 mean=2035.18
+   cpu=47.99s ops/cpu-s=491 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=17.66 p99=28.93 mean=17.90  per-tuple=206.7 ns  deinit mean=0.84 us  tuples/s=38343633
+   insert/run=6.00s drain(close)=0.07s total=6.07s drain_cpu=0.01s drain_rd=0 drain_wr=311296 wamp=nan db_apparent=162664448 db_alloc=28655616
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/22-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/22-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d59419ef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/22-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+kvbench version=main splinter=splinterdb_build_version 7bb5fab3 db=/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident/scratch.db mode=open n=200000 cache_mib=128 disk_gib=8 log=0 threads=8 mt_bg=0 normal_bg=0 memtable_mib=4 secs=6.0 warmup=1.0 rep=22 sabotage=0
+open took 0.006 s
+phase warm: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed count)
+== warm                   T=8  ops=200000     secs=   0.02 ops/s=    8000871  lat us p50=nan p99=nan p99.9=nan max=0.0 mean=nan
+   cpu=0.06s ops/cpu-s=3196011 rd=138.4 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase point:uniform@1: T=1 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+   found=6889105 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@1        T=1  ops=6889105    secs=   6.00 ops/s=    1148133  lat us p50=0.82 p99=1.17 p99.9=1.46 max=36.6 mean=0.85
+   cpu=6.00s ops/cpu-s=1148182 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase point:uniform@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [point:uniform@8] progress 21983968 ops (+2198121 ops/s)
+   found=32785181 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@8        T=8  ops=32785181   secs=   6.00 ops/s=    5463996  lat us p50=1.39 p99=1.94 p99.9=2.53 max=139.6 mean=1.42
+   cpu=47.99s ops/cpu-s=683146 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase range:uniform:1@1: T=1 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:1@1] progress 730182 ops (+1844484954785668608 ops/s)
+== range:uniform:1@1      T=1  ops=630703     secs=   6.00 ops/s=     105113  lat us p50=9.34 p99=10.88 p99.9=15.49 max=224.8 mean=9.49
+   cpu=6.00s ops/cpu-s=105052 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=9.09 p99=10.62 mean=9.19  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.27 us  tuples/s=105113
+phase range:uniform:1@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+== range:uniform:1@8      T=8  ops=3297430    secs=   6.00 ops/s=     549552  lat us p50=13.44 p99=19.20 p99.9=27.39 max=99.6 mean=14.51
+   cpu=47.99s ops/cpu-s=68709 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=12.93 p99=18.18 mean=13.89  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.58 us  tuples/s=549552
+phase range:uniform:10000@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:10000@8] progress 11763 ops (+1844547284492220928 ops/s)
+close took 0.076 s
+== range:uniform:10000@8  T=8  ops=23579      secs=   6.00 ops/s=       3930  lat us p50=1916.93 p99=2392.06 p99.9=2457.60 max=2477.0 mean=2035.76
+   cpu=47.99s ops/cpu-s=491 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=17.15 p99=23.81 mean=17.58  per-tuple=206.8 ns  deinit mean=0.84 us  tuples/s=38341201
+   insert/run=6.00s drain(close)=0.08s total=6.08s drain_cpu=0.01s drain_rd=0 drain_wr=311296 wamp=nan db_apparent=162664448 db_alloc=28655616
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/manifest.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2085b438a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,429 @@
+{
+  "mode": "resident",
+  "storage": "ext4 /dev/mapper/snafu-root_crypt[/home/rob/projects/splinterdb]",
+  "io": "O_DIRECT",
+  "cpu_affinity": "0-11",
+  "scope": "Updated feature branches versus fresh main; not an isolation of merge cost",
+  "runner_sha256": "536f10a1a7fd4b1e8e0250ea01cfe36793c7d6e2345f141092616ec06f64ee50",
+  "runs": [
+    {
+      "label": "00-main",
+      "profile": "main",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/bin/main/kvbench",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident/scratch.db",
+        "--open",
+        "--n",
+        "200000",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "128",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "8",
+        "--log",
+        "0",
+        "--threads",
+        "8",
+        "--mt-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "4",
+        "--secs",
+        "6",
+        "--warmup",
+        "1",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident/results.csv",
+        "--vtag",
+        "main",
+        "--stag",
+        "resident",
+        "--otag",
+        "0",
+        "--rep",
+        "0",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--hang-secs",
+        "60",
+        "--hang-dir",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident",
+        "warm",
+        "point:uniform@1",
+        "point:uniform@8",
+        "range:uniform:1@1",
+        "range:uniform:1@8",
+        "range:uniform:10000@8"
+      ],
+      "started": 1791906088.0460572,
+      "binary_sha256": "f9a3dbd472dd5a6773abbd986dee047aec294108779eb731f678943aaeb89c5e",
+      "library_sha256": "20944ac1b2f8420bd8f868d20894e462f9c3c240e4380e9c1242287cbb394f9a",
+      "source_head": "7bb5fab305b9c6179e31f75998dabea833537a08",
+      "verified": true,
+      "returncode": 0,
+      "finished": 1791906123.264936,
+      "log_sha256": "0861c0ade82e24816323caa4da330c4cac0c53104f1160285c1cf8a8df22251a",
+      "process_cpu_s": 182.022043,
+      "process_read_bytes": 28295168,
+      "process_write_bytes": 344064,
+      "verification_kind": "query key/value/range validation and successful close",
+      "errors": 0,
+      "violations": 0,
+      "fixture": {
+        "fixture": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/fixtures/resident-main-ordinary.db",
+        "fixture_sha256": "ca92c8cbc69dfd2cff48c94d92fc27cd801bd9a1062319e2bb41b94daf419718",
+        "allocated_bytes": 28905472,
+        "apparent_bytes": 162664448
+      },
+      "fixture_copy_fsynced": true,
+      "db_allocated_bytes": 28655616
+    },
+    {
+      "label": "03-log-group-limit",
+      "profile": "log-group-limit",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/bin/log-group-limit/kvbench",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident/scratch.db",
+        "--open",
+        "--n",
+        "200000",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "128",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "8",
+        "--log",
+        "0",
+        "--threads",
+        "8",
+        "--mt-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "4",
+        "--secs",
+        "6",
+        "--warmup",
+        "1",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident/results.csv",
+        "--vtag",
+        "log-group-limit",
+        "--stag",
+        "resident",
+        "--otag",
+        "3",
+        "--rep",
+        "3",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--hang-secs",
+        "60",
+        "--hang-dir",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident",
+        "warm",
+        "point:uniform@1",
+        "point:uniform@8",
+        "range:uniform:1@1",
+        "range:uniform:1@8",
+        "range:uniform:10000@8"
+      ],
+      "started": 1791906193.8685174,
+      "binary_sha256": "d43c64a0faed0fb18cd58c5fea5ad2a8809278e780653048041372c6c9ac3bf9",
+      "library_sha256": "545aa62cd6603e733928a2a350d43e237fbcc84d66c863062aac10eec75fc1a9",
+      "source_head": "b4bc273a1beda264aa1220b32978ba9d66ba4050",
+      "verified": true,
+      "returncode": 0,
+      "finished": 1791906229.029597,
+      "log_sha256": "2c850d53a1e02c5d5eea05f6fd9190edb1d9f7012fcd0f72b9d2ab356373119a",
+      "process_cpu_s": 182.05205499999994,
+      "process_read_bytes": 28295168,
+      "process_write_bytes": 339968,
+      "verification_kind": "query key/value/range validation and successful close",
+      "errors": 0,
+      "violations": 0,
+      "fixture": {
+        "fixture": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/fixtures/resident-main-ordinary.db",
+        "fixture_sha256": "ca92c8cbc69dfd2cff48c94d92fc27cd801bd9a1062319e2bb41b94daf419718",
+        "allocated_bytes": 28905472,
+        "apparent_bytes": 162664448
+      },
+      "fixture_copy_fsynced": true,
+      "db_allocated_bytes": 28655616
+    },
+    {
+      "label": "11-main",
+      "profile": "main",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/bin/main/kvbench",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident/scratch.db",
+        "--open",
+        "--n",
+        "200000",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "128",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "8",
+        "--log",
+        "0",
+        "--threads",
+        "8",
+        "--mt-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "4",
+        "--secs",
+        "6",
+        "--warmup",
+        "1",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident/results.csv",
+        "--vtag",
+        "main",
+        "--stag",
+        "resident",
+        "--otag",
+        "11",
+        "--rep",
+        "11",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--hang-secs",
+        "60",
+        "--hang-dir",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident",
+        "warm",
+        "point:uniform@1",
+        "point:uniform@8",
+        "range:uniform:1@1",
+        "range:uniform:1@8",
+        "range:uniform:10000@8"
+      ],
+      "started": 1791906475.645752,
+      "binary_sha256": "f9a3dbd472dd5a6773abbd986dee047aec294108779eb731f678943aaeb89c5e",
+      "library_sha256": "20944ac1b2f8420bd8f868d20894e462f9c3c240e4380e9c1242287cbb394f9a",
+      "source_head": "7bb5fab305b9c6179e31f75998dabea833537a08",
+      "verified": true,
+      "returncode": 0,
+      "finished": 1791906510.8186312,
+      "log_sha256": "034a238757bbc021b03c57327181adea2db55fca23bb013540bf3f4ab4091d19",
+      "process_cpu_s": 182.05580900000004,
+      "process_read_bytes": 28295168,
+      "process_write_bytes": 335872,
+      "verification_kind": "query key/value/range validation and successful close",
+      "errors": 0,
+      "violations": 0,
+      "fixture": {
+        "fixture": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/fixtures/resident-main-ordinary.db",
+        "fixture_sha256": "ca92c8cbc69dfd2cff48c94d92fc27cd801bd9a1062319e2bb41b94daf419718",
+        "allocated_bytes": 28905472,
+        "apparent_bytes": 162664448
+      },
+      "fixture_copy_fsynced": true,
+      "db_allocated_bytes": 28655616
+    },
+    {
+      "label": "19-log-group-limit",
+      "profile": "log-group-limit",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/bin/log-group-limit/kvbench",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident/scratch.db",
+        "--open",
+        "--n",
+        "200000",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "128",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "8",
+        "--log",
+        "0",
+        "--threads",
+        "8",
+        "--mt-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "4",
+        "--secs",
+        "6",
+        "--warmup",
+        "1",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident/results.csv",
+        "--vtag",
+        "log-group-limit",
+        "--stag",
+        "resident",
+        "--otag",
+        "19",
+        "--rep",
+        "19",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--hang-secs",
+        "60",
+        "--hang-dir",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident",
+        "warm",
+        "point:uniform@1",
+        "point:uniform@8",
+        "range:uniform:1@1",
+        "range:uniform:1@8",
+        "range:uniform:10000@8"
+      ],
+      "started": 1791906757.3624554,
+      "binary_sha256": "d43c64a0faed0fb18cd58c5fea5ad2a8809278e780653048041372c6c9ac3bf9",
+      "library_sha256": "545aa62cd6603e733928a2a350d43e237fbcc84d66c863062aac10eec75fc1a9",
+      "source_head": "b4bc273a1beda264aa1220b32978ba9d66ba4050",
+      "verified": true,
+      "returncode": 0,
+      "finished": 1791906792.513472,
+      "log_sha256": "12a8f95f4c8f7edad7d52cb46c542fa28197549616d2b565647c971c1d804490",
+      "process_cpu_s": 182.05702899999974,
+      "process_read_bytes": 28295168,
+      "process_write_bytes": 335872,
+      "verification_kind": "query key/value/range validation and successful close",
+      "errors": 0,
+      "violations": 0,
+      "fixture": {
+        "fixture": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/fixtures/resident-main-ordinary.db",
+        "fixture_sha256": "ca92c8cbc69dfd2cff48c94d92fc27cd801bd9a1062319e2bb41b94daf419718",
+        "allocated_bytes": 28905472,
+        "apparent_bytes": 162664448
+      },
+      "fixture_copy_fsynced": true,
+      "db_allocated_bytes": 28655616
+    },
+    {
+      "label": "22-main",
+      "profile": "main",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/bin/main/kvbench",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident/scratch.db",
+        "--open",
+        "--n",
+        "200000",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "128",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "8",
+        "--log",
+        "0",
+        "--threads",
+        "8",
+        "--mt-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "4",
+        "--secs",
+        "6",
+        "--warmup",
+        "1",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident/results.csv",
+        "--vtag",
+        "main",
+        "--stag",
+        "resident",
+        "--otag",
+        "22",
+        "--rep",
+        "22",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--hang-secs",
+        "60",
+        "--hang-dir",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident",
+        "warm",
+        "point:uniform@1",
+        "point:uniform@8",
+        "range:uniform:1@1",
+        "range:uniform:1@8",
+        "range:uniform:10000@8"
+      ],
+      "started": 1791906862.9535198,
+      "binary_sha256": "f9a3dbd472dd5a6773abbd986dee047aec294108779eb731f678943aaeb89c5e",
+      "library_sha256": "20944ac1b2f8420bd8f868d20894e462f9c3c240e4380e9c1242287cbb394f9a",
+      "source_head": "7bb5fab305b9c6179e31f75998dabea833537a08",
+      "verified": true,
+      "returncode": 0,
+      "finished": 1791906898.0791984,
+      "log_sha256": "12947e19e2731c0041d5caf9492a0f102ac3edab312e9eb80d03bcbe7275fea0",
+      "process_cpu_s": 182.05485299999998,
+      "process_read_bytes": 28295168,
+      "process_write_bytes": 335872,
+      "verification_kind": "query key/value/range validation and successful close",
+      "errors": 0,
+      "violations": 0,
+      "fixture": {
+        "fixture": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/fixtures/resident-main-ordinary.db",
+        "fixture_sha256": "ca92c8cbc69dfd2cff48c94d92fc27cd801bd9a1062319e2bb41b94daf419718",
+        "allocated_bytes": 28905472,
+        "apparent_bytes": 162664448
+      },
+      "fixture_copy_fsynced": true,
+      "db_allocated_bytes": 28655616
+    }
+  ],
+  "order": [
+    "main",
+    "disk-format",
+    "filtered-ranges",
+    "log-group-limit",
+    "lazy-merge",
+    "async-durable-barrier",
+    "cache-invalid-addresses",
+    "directory-direct",
+    "directory-bucket",
+    "directory-bucket-simd",
+    "directory-bucket-atomic",
+    "main",
+    "directory-bucket-atomic",
+    "directory-bucket-simd",
+    "directory-bucket",
+    "directory-direct",
+    "cache-invalid-addresses",
+    "async-durable-barrier",
+    "lazy-merge",
+    "log-group-limit",
+    "filtered-ranges",
+    "disk-format",
+    "main"
+  ],
+  "phases": [
+    "warm",
+    "point:uniform@1",
+    "point:uniform@8",
+    "range:uniform:1@1",
+    "range:uniform:1@8",
+    "range:uniform:10000@8"
+  ],
+  "complete": true
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/results.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/results.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5abcb023c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/resident/results.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+version,size,order,log,phase,threads,rep,n,ops,secs,ops_s,p50_us,p99_us,p999_us,max_us,mean_us,cpu_s,ops_per_cpu_s,rd_bytes,wr_bytes,rd_B_op,wr_B_op,startup_p50_us,startup_p99_us,startup_mean_us,per_tuple_ns,deinit_mean_us,tuples,tuples_s,insert_s,drain_s,total_s,drain_cpu_s,drain_rd,drain_wr,wamp,db_apparent,db_alloc,open_s,violations,errors,swapin,swapout,majflt
+main,resident,0,0,warm,8,0,200000,200000,0.026,7786146.6,nan,nan,nan,0.000,nan,0.055,3668715.0,27672576,0,138.36,0.00,nan,nan,nan,nan,nan,200000,7786146.6,0.026,0.000,0.026,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,1
+main,resident,0,0,point:uniform@1,1,0,200000,7570779,6.000,1261757.3,0.744,1.072,5.184,62.610,0.771,6.000,1261769.0,0,0,0.00,0.00,nan,nan,nan,nan,nan,0,0.0,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+main,resident,0,0,point:uniform@8,8,0,200000,38675055,6.000,6445634.1,1.168,1.712,2.208,95.451,1.206,47.986,805964.9,0,0,0.00,0.00,nan,nan,nan,nan,nan,0,0.0,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+main,resident,0,0,range:uniform:1@1,1,0,200000,688170,6.000,114690.1,8.576,13.184,36.352,108.924,8.694,6.000,114695.4,0,4096,0.00,0.01,8.320,12.928,8.430,nan,0.239,688170,114690.1,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+main,resident,0,0,range:uniform:1@8,8,0,200000,3602377,6.000,600376.6,12.416,17.664,26.368,485.919,13.285,47.987,75070.0,0,0,0.00,0.00,11.904,17.152,12.722,nan,0.526,3602377,600376.6,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+main,resident,0,0,range:uniform:10000@8,8,0,200000,25833,6.000,4305.3,1753.088,2260.992,2326.528,2498.138,1857.975,47.994,538.3,0,4096,0.00,0.16,16.256,25.856,16.463,188.75,0.797,251963190,41992304.1,6.000,0.141,6.141,0.013,0,307200,nan,162664448,28655616,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+log-group-limit,resident,3,0,warm,8,3,200000,200000,0.024,8284679.8,nan,nan,nan,0.000,nan,0.058,3419387.9,27672576,0,138.36,0.00,nan,nan,nan,nan,nan,200000,8284679.8,0.024,0.000,0.024,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+log-group-limit,resident,3,0,point:uniform@1,1,3,200000,6957499,6.000,1159552.1,0.824,1.136,1.456,60.093,0.838,5.998,1159943.1,0,0,0.00,0.00,nan,nan,nan,nan,nan,0,0.0,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+log-group-limit,resident,3,0,point:uniform@8,8,3,200000,32718651,6.000,5452872.1,1.392,1.968,2.528,98.035,1.427,47.991,681760.5,0,0,0.00,0.00,nan,nan,nan,nan,nan,0,0.0,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+log-group-limit,resident,3,0,range:uniform:1@1,1,3,200000,648869,6.000,108141.5,9.088,10.624,15.744,38.003,9.220,6.000,108140.5,0,4096,0.00,0.01,8.832,10.368,8.928,nan,0.265,648869,108141.5,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+log-group-limit,resident,3,0,range:uniform:1@8,8,3,200000,3266566,6.000,544407.9,13.440,19.200,29.440,124.592,14.650,47.991,68066.4,0,0,0.00,0.00,12.928,18.688,14.021,nan,0.588,3266566,544407.9,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+log-group-limit,resident,3,0,range:uniform:10000@8,8,3,200000,23787,6.000,3964.3,1884.160,2457.600,2588.672,4670.634,2017.852,47.985,495.7,0,0,0.00,0.00,17.152,26.368,17.612,205.00,0.840,232039722,38671658.5,6.000,0.084,6.085,0.013,0,311296,nan,162664448,28655616,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+main,resident,11,0,warm,8,11,200000,200000,0.027,7472108.7,nan,nan,nan,0.000,nan,0.059,3393972.3,27672576,0,138.36,0.00,nan,nan,nan,nan,nan,200000,7472108.7,0.027,0.000,0.027,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.007,0,0,0,0,0
+main,resident,11,0,point:uniform@1,1,11,200000,6915404,6.000,1152531.0,0.824,1.136,1.424,55.546,0.843,6.000,1152567.5,0,0,0.00,0.00,nan,nan,nan,nan,nan,0,0.0,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.007,0,0,0,0,0
+main,resident,11,0,point:uniform@8,8,11,200000,31626695,6.000,5270841.2,1.424,2.080,3.104,435.656,1.474,47.984,659103.9,0,0,0.00,0.00,nan,nan,nan,nan,nan,0,0.0,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.007,0,0,0,0,0
+main,resident,11,0,range:uniform:1@1,1,11,200000,632712,6.000,105447.5,9.344,10.880,15.488,695.659,9.455,5.999,105461.4,0,0,0.00,0.00,9.088,10.624,9.160,nan,0.267,632712,105447.5,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.007,0,0,0,0,0
+main,resident,11,0,range:uniform:1@8,8,11,200000,3195303,6.000,532530.7,13.952,19.712,29.952,100.913,14.977,47.994,66577.2,0,0,0.00,0.00,13.440,19.200,14.334,nan,0.601,3195303,532530.7,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.007,0,0,0,0,0
+main,resident,11,0,range:uniform:10000@8,8,11,200000,22716,6.000,3785.8,1982.464,2523.136,2654.208,2800.712,2112.859,47.991,473.3,0,0,0.00,0.00,18.176,28.416,18.413,214.61,0.909,221613100,36934011.9,6.000,0.115,6.115,0.012,0,311296,nan,162664448,28655616,0.007,0,0,0,0,0
+log-group-limit,resident,19,0,warm,8,19,200000,200000,0.025,8143043.6,nan,nan,nan,0.000,nan,0.058,3457874.4,27672576,0,138.36,0.00,nan,nan,nan,nan,nan,200000,8143043.6,0.025,0.000,0.025,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,3
+log-group-limit,resident,19,0,point:uniform@1,1,19,200000,6831460,6.000,1138526.6,0.840,1.168,1.456,125.737,0.853,6.000,1138589.2,0,0,0.00,0.00,nan,nan,nan,nan,nan,0,0.0,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+log-group-limit,resident,19,0,point:uniform@8,8,19,200000,33300870,6.000,5549943.3,1.392,1.936,2.464,84.550,1.402,47.991,693892.6,0,0,0.00,0.00,nan,nan,nan,nan,nan,0,0.0,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+log-group-limit,resident,19,0,range:uniform:1@1,1,19,200000,623544,6.000,103919.5,9.600,12.160,15.744,71.685,9.595,6.000,103924.8,0,0,0.00,0.00,9.344,11.904,9.289,nan,0.277,623544,103919.5,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+log-group-limit,resident,19,0,range:uniform:1@8,8,19,200000,3143838,6.000,523953.8,13.952,20.224,30.464,177.988,15.223,48.023,65464.6,0,0,0.00,0.00,13.440,19.712,14.566,nan,0.614,3143838,523953.8,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+log-group-limit,resident,19,0,range:uniform:10000@8,8,19,200000,23584,6.000,3930.5,1916.928,2457.600,2523.136,2673.454,2035.179,47.991,491.4,0,0,0.00,0.00,17.664,28.928,17.897,206.73,0.836,230071293,38343632.9,6.000,0.069,6.069,0.012,0,311296,nan,162664448,28655616,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+main,resident,22,0,warm,8,22,200000,200000,0.025,8000871.1,nan,nan,nan,0.000,nan,0.063,3196011.4,27672576,0,138.36,0.00,nan,nan,nan,nan,nan,200000,8000871.1,0.025,0.000,0.025,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+main,resident,22,0,point:uniform@1,1,22,200000,6889105,6.000,1148133.5,0.824,1.168,1.456,36.575,0.846,6.000,1148181.7,0,0,0.00,0.00,nan,nan,nan,nan,nan,0,0.0,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+main,resident,22,0,point:uniform@8,8,22,200000,32785181,6.000,5463995.8,1.392,1.936,2.528,139.647,1.424,47.992,683145.5,0,0,0.00,0.00,nan,nan,nan,nan,nan,0,0.0,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+main,resident,22,0,range:uniform:1@1,1,22,200000,630703,6.000,105112.6,9.344,10.880,15.488,224.800,9.486,6.004,105051.9,0,0,0.00,0.00,9.088,10.624,9.189,nan,0.268,630703,105112.6,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+main,resident,22,0,range:uniform:1@8,8,22,200000,3297430,6.000,549552.3,13.440,19.200,27.392,99.564,14.513,47.991,68709.3,0,0,0.00,0.00,12.928,18.176,13.891,nan,0.582,3297430,549552.3,6.000,0.000,6.000,0.000,0,0,nan,0,0,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
+main,resident,22,0,range:uniform:10000@8,8,22,200000,23579,6.000,3929.7,1916.928,2392.064,2457.600,2476.953,2035.763,47.994,491.3,0,0,0.00,0.00,17.152,23.808,17.581,206.78,0.845,230056482,38341201.1,6.000,0.076,6.077,0.012,0,311296,nan,162664448,28655616,0.006,0,0,0,0,0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/run_job.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/run_job.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..299c91084
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/run_job.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Coordinate this campaign's builds/tests and disk-backed benchmarks."""
+import argparse
+import fcntl
+import json
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+import time
+
+ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
+p = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+p.add_argument('mode', choices=['build', 'test', 'benchmark'])
+p.add_argument('--name', required=True)
+p.add_argument('--db-dir', type=Path)
+p.add_argument('command', nargs=argparse.REMAINDER)
+a = p.parse_args()
+command = a.command[1:] if a.command[:1] == ['--'] else a.command
+if not command:
+    p.error('command required after --')
+if a.mode == 'benchmark':
+    if a.db_dir is None:
+        p.error('benchmark requires --db-dir')
+    a.db_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    db_dir = a.db_dir.resolve()
+    if not db_dir.is_relative_to(ROOT / 'benchmarks'):
+        p.error('benchmark database directory must be under the campaign benchmarks directory')
+    fs = subprocess.check_output(['findmnt', '-n', '-o', 'FSTYPE,SOURCE', '-T', str(db_dir)], text=True).strip()
+    if fs.split()[0] in {'tmpfs', 'ramfs'} or not fs.split()[1].startswith('/dev/'):
+        p.error('benchmark storage must be a verified disk filesystem: ' + fs)
+    bench_lock = open(ROOT / 'coordination' / 'benchmark.lock', 'a+')
+    fcntl.flock(bench_lock, fcntl.LOCK_EX)
+    print('Benchmark database storage:', fs, str(db_dir), flush=True)
+machine_lock = open(ROOT / 'coordination' / 'machine.lock', 'a+')
+fcntl.flock(machine_lock, fcntl.LOCK_EX if a.mode == 'benchmark' else fcntl.LOCK_SH)
+record = dict(name=a.name, mode=a.mode, cwd=os.getcwd(), command=command,
+              started=time.time(), pid=os.getpid())
+if a.db_dir is not None:
+    record['db_dir'] = str(a.db_dir.resolve())
+print('Starting', a.name, a.mode, flush=True)
+try:
+    # Tool commands run in distinct PID namespaces; GNU make's FIFO names
+    # otherwise collide when several builds choose /tmp/GMfifo8.
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix='splinter-' + a.name + '-', dir='/tmp') as temporary:
+        environment = dict(os.environ, TMPDIR=temporary)
+        result = subprocess.run(command, env=environment)
+    record['returncode'] = result.returncode
+finally:
+    record['finished'] = time.time()
+    with open(ROOT / 'coordination' / 'jobs.jsonl', 'a') as journal:
+        fcntl.flock(journal, fcntl.LOCK_EX)
+        journal.write(json.dumps(record) + '\n')
+raise SystemExit(result.returncode)
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/run_matrix-fixtures.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/run_matrix-fixtures.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6ff54325
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/run_matrix-fixtures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+"""Fresh main integration screening. Invoke every mode under run_job.py benchmark."""
+import argparse,csv,hashlib,json,os,re,resource,signal,statistics,subprocess,time
+from pathlib import Path
+ROOT=Path('/home/rob/projects/splinterdb'); CAMP=ROOT/'.cache/projects-20261011'
+COORD=Path(__file__).resolve().parent; OUT=CAMP/'benchmarks/main-7bb5fab'
+VARIANTS=['disk-format','filtered-ranges','log-group-limit','lazy-merge','async-durable-barrier','cache-invalid-addresses','directory-direct','directory-bucket','directory-bucket-simd','directory-bucket-atomic']
+ORDER=['main',*VARIANTS,'main',*reversed(VARIANTS),'main']
+def sha(path):
+ h=hashlib.sha256()
+ with Path(path).open('rb') as f:
+  for b in iter(lambda:f.read(1024*1024),b''):h.update(b)
+ return h.hexdigest()
+def save(path,value):path.write_text(json.dumps(value,indent=2)+'\n')
+def rows(path):
+ with path.open() as f:return list(csv.DictReader(f))
+def csvwrite(path,data):
+ if not data:return
+ with path.open('w') as f:
+  w=csv.DictWriter(f,fieldnames=list(data[0]),lineterminator='\n');w.writeheader();w.writerows(data)
+def build(name):
+ r=json.loads((COORD/(name+'-build.json')).read_text())
+ assert sha(r['library'])==r['library_sha256'],name
+ for filename,expected in r['source_files_sha256'].items():assert sha(Path(r['tree'])/filename)==expected,(name,filename)
+ for b in r['binaries'].values():assert sha(b['binary'])==b['binary_sha256'],name
+ return r
+def cmdrun(folder,manifest,label,profile,binary,args,env=None,timeout=600):
+ b=build(profile);exe=b['binaries'][binary]
+ cmd=['taskset','-c','0-11',exe['binary'],*map(str,args)]
+ rec=dict(label=label,profile=profile,command=cmd,started=time.time(),binary_sha256=exe['binary_sha256'],library_sha256=b['library_sha256'],source_head=b['head'],verified=False)
+ print(label,flush=True)
+ log=folder/(label+'.log')
+ try:
+  before=resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_CHILDREN)
+  with log.open('w') as f:
+   p=subprocess.Popen(cmd,env=dict(os.environ,**(env or {})),stdout=f,stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,start_new_session=True)
+   try:p.wait(timeout=timeout)
+   except BaseException:
+    try:os.killpg(p.pid,signal.SIGKILL)
+    except ProcessLookupError:pass
+    p.wait()
+    raise
+  after=resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_CHILDREN)
+  rec.update(returncode=p.returncode,finished=time.time(),log_sha256=sha(log),process_cpu_s=(after.ru_utime+after.ru_stime-before.ru_utime-before.ru_stime),process_read_bytes=512*(after.ru_inblock-before.ru_inblock),process_write_bytes=512*(after.ru_oublock-before.ru_oublock))
+ except BaseException as e:
+  rec.update(exception=str(e),finished=time.time());manifest['runs'].append(rec);save(folder/'manifest.json',manifest);raise
+ manifest['runs'].append(rec);save(folder/'manifest.json',manifest)
+ assert p.returncode==0,rec
+ assert 'FINDING: splinterdb_close' not in log.read_text(),rec
+ return rec
+
+def newmode(mode):
+ folder=OUT/mode;folder.mkdir(parents=True,exist_ok=False)
+ fs=subprocess.check_output(['findmnt','-n','-o','FSTYPE,SOURCE','-T',str(folder)],text=True).strip();assert fs.split()[0] not in ['tmpfs','ramfs'] and fs.split()[1].startswith('/dev/')
+ manifest=dict(mode=mode,storage=fs,io='O_DIRECT',cpu_affinity='0-11',scope='Updated feature branches versus fresh main; not an isolation of merge cost',runner_sha256=sha(__file__),runs=[])
+ save(folder/'manifest.json',manifest);return folder,manifest
+
+def kvargs(db,csvpath,profile,regime,index,secs=6,prefix=False,create=False):
+ return ['--db',db,'--create' if create else '--open','--n',200000 if regime=='resident' else 2000000,'--cache-mib',128 if regime=='resident' else 64,'--disk-gib',8,'--log',0,'--threads',1 if create else 8,'--mt-bg',0,'--normal-bg',0,'--memtable-mib',4,'--secs',secs,'--warmup',1,'--csv',csvpath,'--vtag',profile,'--stag',regime,'--otag',index,'--rep',index,'--seed',42,'--hang-secs',60,'--hang-dir',str(csvpath.parent)]
+def verifykv(csvpath,index,count):
+ rr=[r for r in rows(csvpath) if r['order']==str(index)]
+ assert len(rr)==count,(index,len(rr),count)
+ assert all(int(r['ops'])>0 and int(r['errors'])==0 and int(r['violations'])==0 for r in rr),rr
+ return rr
+
+def fixtures():
+ folder,m=newmode('fixtures');ff={}
+ for regime in ['resident','disk']:
+  for profile,pattern in [('main','ordinary'),('disk-format','ordinary'),('main','common'),('branch-prefix','common'),('main','random'),('branch-prefix','random')]:
+   label=f'{regime}-{profile}-{pattern}';db=folder/(label+'.db');binary='kvbench' if pattern=='ordinary' else 'prefix_kvbench'
+   rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,binary,kvargs(db,folder/(label+'.csv'),profile,regime,0,secs=1,create=True)+['load:random'],dict(PREFIX_PATTERN=pattern) if pattern!='ordinary' else None)
+   verifykv(folder/(label+'.csv'),0,1)
+   with db.open('rb') as f:os.fsync(f.fileno())
+   rec.update(verified=True,fixture=str(db),fixture_sha256=sha(db),allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512,apparent_bytes=db.stat().st_size)
+   ff[label]={k:rec[k] for k in ['fixture','fixture_sha256','allocated_bytes','apparent_bytes']};save(folder/'manifest.json',m);save(folder/'fixtures.json',ff)
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def query_one(folder,m,index,profile,regime,phases,pattern='ordinary'):
+ f=json.loads((OUT/'fixtures/fixtures.json').read_text());owner=profile if profile in ['disk-format','branch-prefix'] else 'main'
+ fixture=f[f'{regime}-{owner}-{pattern}'];src=Path(fixture['fixture']);before=src.stat()
+ db=folder/'scratch.db';assert not db.exists()
+ subprocess.run(['cp','--reflink=auto','--sparse=always',str(src),str(db)],check=True)
+ with db.open('rb') as image:os.fsync(image.fileno())
+ label=f'{index:02d}-{profile}';csvpath=folder/'results.csv';binary='kvbench' if pattern=='ordinary' else 'prefix_kvbench'
+ rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,binary,kvargs(db,csvpath,profile,regime,index,secs=6 if regime=='resident' else 5)+phases,dict(PREFIX_PATTERN=pattern) if pattern!='ordinary' else None)
+ rr=verifykv(csvpath,index,len(phases))
+ rec.update(verified=True,fixture=fixture,fixture_copy_fsynced=True,db_allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512)
+ assert src.stat().st_mtime_ns==before.st_mtime_ns
+ save(folder/'manifest.json',m);db.unlink()
+
+def queries(regime):
+ folder,m=newmode(regime)
+ phases=['warm','point:uniform@1','point:uniform@8','range:uniform:1@1','range:uniform:1@8','range:uniform:10000@8'] if regime=='resident' else ['warm','point:uniform@8','range:uniform:1@8','range:uniform:10000@8']
+ m.update(order=ORDER,phases=phases)
+ for i,profile in enumerate(ORDER):query_one(folder,m,i,profile,regime,phases)
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def prefix():
+ for regime in ['resident','disk']:
+  for pattern in ['common','random']:
+   folder,m=newmode(f'prefix-{regime}-{pattern}')
+   phases=['warm','point:uniform@8','range:uniform:1@8','range:uniform:10000@8']
+   if regime=='resident':phases+=['ow:uniform@8']
+   for i,profile in enumerate(['main','branch-prefix','branch-prefix','main']):query_one(folder,m,i,profile,regime,phases,pattern)
+   m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def insert():
+ folder,m=newmode('insert');data=[]
+ profiles=['disk-format','filtered-ranges','lazy-merge','async-durable-barrier','cache-invalid-addresses','directory-direct','directory-bucket','directory-bucket-simd','directory-bucket-atomic','log-disabled','log-default']
+ for wal,versions in [(1,['main',*profiles,'main',*reversed(profiles),'main']),(0,['main','cache-invalid-addresses','directory-bucket-atomic','directory-bucket-atomic','cache-invalid-addresses','main'])]:
+  for i,version in enumerate(versions):
+   profile='log-group-limit' if version.startswith('log-') else version
+   label=f'wal{wal}-{i:02d}-{version}';stem=folder/label;db=folder/'scratch.db';assert not db.exists()
+   args=['--db',db,'--csv',str(stem)+'.csv','--summary',str(stem)+'.summary.csv','--records',100000000,'--seconds',5,'--report-ms',100,'--cache-mib',256,'--disk-gib',16,'--direct','--inserters',8,'--readers',0,'--memtable-bg',1,'--normal-bg',3,'--memtable-mib',8,'--key-size',16,'--value-size',16,'--min-free-gib',12,'--seed',42]
+   if not wal:args+=['--no-log']
+   if version.startswith('log-'):args+=['--log-group-size-pages',2**64-1 if version=='log-disabled' else 0]
+   rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,'insert_benchmark',args,timeout=240)
+   summary=rows(Path(str(stem)+'.summary.csv'));assert len(summary)==1;summary=summary[0];inserted=int(summary['inserted']);assert inserted>0
+   log=(folder/(label+'.log')).read_text();assert re.search(r'load_end .* error=0(?: |\n)',log)
+   close=re.search(r'close_s=([\d.]+) close_rc=0',log);assert close
+   interval=rows(Path(str(stem)+'.csv'));cpu=sum(float(r['cpu_cores'])*float(r['interval_s']) for r in interval)
+   data.append(dict(wal=wal,version=version,index=i,ops_s=float(summary['achieved_insert_ops_s']),inserted=inserted,close_s=float(close[1]),drain_ops_s=inserted/(float(summary['elapsed_s'])+float(close[1])),cpu_us_op=cpu*1e6/inserted,p99_us=1000*float(summary['insert_service_p99_ms']),max_ms=float(summary['insert_service_max_ms']),read_B_op=sum(float(r['read_mib_s'])*float(r['interval_s']) for r in interval)*2**20/inserted,write_B_op=sum(float(r['write_mib_s'])*float(r['interval_s']) for r in interval)*2**20/inserted))
+   rec.update(verified=True,allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512);save(folder/'manifest.json',m);csvwrite(folder/'results.csv',data);db.unlink()
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def hash_range():
+ folder,m=newmode('hash');reference=None
+ for i,profile in enumerate(['main','filtered-ranges','filtered-ranges','main']):
+  label=f'{i}-{profile}';db=folder/'scratch.db';rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,'hash_range_benchmark',[db,16384,1000],timeout=900)
+  lines=(folder/(label+'.log')).read_text().splitlines();start=next(j for j,x in enumerate(lines) if x.startswith('mode,keys_per_tenant,'));rr=list(csv.DictReader(lines[start:]));assert len(rr)==4
+  checks=[x['checksum'] for x in rr]
+  if reference is None:reference=checks
+  assert checks==reference
+  rec.update(verified=True,rows=rr,allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512);save(folder/'manifest.json',m);db.unlink()
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def barrier():
+ folder,m=newmode('barrier')
+ for wal in [0,1]:
+  for workers in [0,1]:
+   order=[('main','sync'),('async-durable-barrier','sync'),('async-durable-barrier','async'),('async-durable-barrier','async'),('async-durable-barrier','sync'),('main','sync')]
+   for i,(profile,mode) in enumerate(order):
+    label=f'wal{wal}-workers{workers}-{i}-{profile}-{mode}';db=folder/'scratch.db';csvpath=folder/'results.csv'
+    rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,'barrier_bench',[db,csvpath,label,mode,wal,workers,256,2048 if wal else 512],dict(BARRIER_DEPTH='1'))
+    rr=rows(csvpath);assert rr[-1]['label']==label and int(rr[-1]['verified'])==1
+    rec.update(verified=True,allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512);save(folder/'manifest.json',m);db.unlink()
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+if __name__=='__main__':
+ def interrupted(signum,frame):raise InterruptedError(f'benchmark interrupted by signal {signum}')
+ for signum in [signal.SIGTERM,signal.SIGHUP]:signal.signal(signum,interrupted)
+ p=argparse.ArgumentParser();p.add_argument('mode',choices=['fixtures','resident','disk','prefix','insert','hash','barrier']);a=p.parse_args()
+ {'fixtures':fixtures,'resident':lambda:queries('resident'),'disk':lambda:queries('disk'),'prefix':prefix,'insert':insert,'hash':hash_range,'barrier':barrier}[a.mode]()
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/run_matrix.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/run_matrix.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..532cb8667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/run_matrix.py
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+"""Fresh main integration screening. Invoke every mode under run_job.py benchmark."""
+import argparse,csv,hashlib,json,os,re,resource,signal,statistics,subprocess,time
+from pathlib import Path
+ROOT=Path('/home/rob/projects/splinterdb'); CAMP=ROOT/'.cache/projects-20261011'
+COORD=Path(__file__).resolve().parent; OUT=CAMP/'benchmarks/main-7bb5fab'
+VARIANTS=['disk-format','filtered-ranges','log-group-limit','lazy-merge','async-durable-barrier','cache-invalid-addresses','directory-direct','directory-bucket','directory-bucket-simd','directory-bucket-atomic']
+ORDER=['main',*VARIANTS,'main',*reversed(VARIANTS),'main']
+def sha(path):
+ h=hashlib.sha256()
+ with Path(path).open('rb') as f:
+  for b in iter(lambda:f.read(1024*1024),b''):h.update(b)
+ return h.hexdigest()
+def save(path,value):path.write_text(json.dumps(value,indent=2)+'\n')
+def rows(path):
+ with path.open() as f:return list(csv.DictReader(f))
+def csvwrite(path,data):
+ if not data:return
+ with path.open('w') as f:
+  w=csv.DictWriter(f,fieldnames=list(data[0]),lineterminator='\n');w.writeheader();w.writerows(data)
+def build(name):
+ r=json.loads((COORD/(name+'-build.json')).read_text())
+ assert sha(r['library'])==r['library_sha256'],name
+ for filename,expected in r['source_files_sha256'].items():assert sha(Path(r['tree'])/filename)==expected,(name,filename)
+ for b in r['binaries'].values():
+  assert sha(b['binary'])==b['binary_sha256'],name
+  assert sha(b['source'])==b['source_sha256'],(name,b['source'])
+ return r
+def cmdrun(folder,manifest,label,profile,binary,args,env=None,timeout=600):
+ b=build(profile);exe=b['binaries'][binary]
+ cmd=['taskset','-c','0-11',exe['binary'],*map(str,args)]
+ rec=dict(label=label,profile=profile,command=cmd,started=time.time(),binary_sha256=exe['binary_sha256'],library_sha256=b['library_sha256'],source_head=b['head'],verified=False)
+ print(label,flush=True)
+ log=folder/(label+'.log')
+ try:
+  before=resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_CHILDREN)
+  with log.open('w') as f:
+   p=subprocess.Popen(cmd,env=dict(os.environ,**(env or {})),stdout=f,stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,start_new_session=True)
+   try:p.wait(timeout=timeout)
+   except BaseException:
+    try:os.killpg(p.pid,signal.SIGKILL)
+    except ProcessLookupError:pass
+    p.wait()
+    raise
+  after=resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_CHILDREN)
+  rec.update(returncode=p.returncode,finished=time.time(),log_sha256=sha(log),process_cpu_s=(after.ru_utime+after.ru_stime-before.ru_utime-before.ru_stime),process_read_bytes=512*(after.ru_inblock-before.ru_inblock),process_write_bytes=512*(after.ru_oublock-before.ru_oublock))
+ except BaseException as e:
+  rec.update(exception=str(e),finished=time.time());manifest['runs'].append(rec);save(folder/'manifest.json',manifest);raise
+ manifest['runs'].append(rec);save(folder/'manifest.json',manifest)
+ assert p.returncode==0,rec
+ assert 'FINDING: splinterdb_close' not in log.read_text(),rec
+ return rec
+
+def newmode(mode):
+ folder=OUT/mode;folder.mkdir(parents=True,exist_ok=False)
+ fs=subprocess.check_output(['findmnt','-n','-o','FSTYPE,SOURCE','-T',str(folder)],text=True).strip();assert fs.split()[0] not in ['tmpfs','ramfs'] and fs.split()[1].startswith('/dev/')
+ manifest=dict(mode=mode,storage=fs,io='O_DIRECT',cpu_affinity='0-11',scope='Updated feature branches versus fresh main; not an isolation of merge cost',runner_sha256=sha(__file__),runs=[])
+ save(folder/'manifest.json',manifest);return folder,manifest
+
+def kvargs(db,csvpath,profile,regime,index,secs=6,prefix=False,create=False):
+ return ['--db',db,'--create' if create else '--open','--n',200000 if regime=='resident' else 2000000,'--cache-mib',128 if regime=='resident' else 64,'--disk-gib',8,'--log',0,'--threads',1 if create else 8,'--mt-bg',0,'--normal-bg',0,'--memtable-mib',4,'--secs',secs,'--warmup',1,'--csv',csvpath,'--vtag',profile,'--stag',regime,'--otag',index,'--rep',index,'--seed',42,'--hang-secs',60,'--hang-dir',str(csvpath.parent)]
+def verifykv(csvpath,index,count):
+ rr=[r for r in rows(csvpath) if r['order']==str(index)]
+ assert len(rr)==count,(index,len(rr),count)
+ assert all(int(r['ops'])>0 and int(r['errors'])==0 and int(r['violations'])==0 for r in rr),rr
+ assert all(int(r['ops'])==int(r['n']) for r in rr if r['phase']=='warm' or r['phase'].startswith('load:')),rr
+ return rr
+
+def fixtures():
+ folder,m=newmode('fixtures');ff={}
+ for regime in ['resident','disk']:
+  for profile,pattern in [('main','ordinary'),('disk-format','ordinary'),('main','common'),('branch-prefix','common'),('main','random'),('branch-prefix','random')]:
+   label=f'{regime}-{profile}-{pattern}';db=folder/(label+'.db');binary='kvbench' if pattern=='ordinary' else 'prefix_kvbench'
+   rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,binary,kvargs(db,folder/(label+'.csv'),profile,regime,0,secs=1,create=True)+['load:random'],dict(PREFIX_PATTERN=pattern) if pattern!='ordinary' else None)
+   verifykv(folder/(label+'.csv'),0,1)
+   with db.open('rb') as f:os.fsync(f.fileno())
+   rec.update(verified=True,verification_kind='load API errors and operation count; query phases later validate data',errors=0,violations=0,fixture=str(db),fixture_sha256=sha(db),allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512,apparent_bytes=db.stat().st_size)
+   ff[label]={k:rec[k] for k in ['fixture','fixture_sha256','allocated_bytes','apparent_bytes']};save(folder/'manifest.json',m);save(folder/'fixtures.json',ff)
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def query_one(folder,m,index,profile,regime,phases,pattern='ordinary'):
+ f=json.loads((OUT/'fixtures/fixtures.json').read_text());owner=profile if profile in ['disk-format','branch-prefix'] else 'main'
+ fixture=f[f'{regime}-{owner}-{pattern}'];src=Path(fixture['fixture']);before=src.stat()
+ db=folder/'scratch.db';assert not db.exists()
+ subprocess.run(['cp','--reflink=auto','--sparse=always',str(src),str(db)],check=True)
+ with db.open('rb') as image:os.fsync(image.fileno())
+ label=f'{index:02d}-{profile}';csvpath=folder/'results.csv';binary='kvbench' if pattern=='ordinary' else 'prefix_kvbench'
+ rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,binary,kvargs(db,csvpath,profile,regime,index,secs=6 if regime=='resident' else 5)+phases,dict(PREFIX_PATTERN=pattern) if pattern!='ordinary' else None)
+ rr=verifykv(csvpath,index,len(phases))
+ rec.update(verified=True,verification_kind='query key/value/range validation and successful close',errors=sum(int(r['errors']) for r in rr),violations=sum(int(r['violations']) for r in rr),fixture=fixture,fixture_copy_fsynced=True,db_allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512)
+ assert src.stat().st_mtime_ns==before.st_mtime_ns
+ save(folder/'manifest.json',m);db.unlink()
+
+def queries(regime):
+ folder,m=newmode(regime)
+ phases=['warm','point:uniform@1','point:uniform@8','range:uniform:1@1','range:uniform:1@8','range:uniform:10000@8'] if regime=='resident' else ['warm','point:uniform@8','range:uniform:1@8','range:uniform:10000@8']
+ m.update(order=ORDER,phases=phases)
+ for i,profile in enumerate(ORDER):query_one(folder,m,i,profile,regime,phases)
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def prefix():
+ for regime in ['resident','disk']:
+  for pattern in ['common','random']:
+   folder,m=newmode(f'prefix-{regime}-{pattern}')
+   phases=['warm','point:uniform@8','range:uniform:1@8','range:uniform:10000@8']
+   if regime=='resident':phases+=['ow:uniform@8']
+   for i,profile in enumerate(['main','branch-prefix','branch-prefix','main']):query_one(folder,m,i,profile,regime,phases,pattern)
+   m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def insert():
+ folder,m=newmode('insert');data=[]
+ profiles=['disk-format','filtered-ranges','lazy-merge','async-durable-barrier','cache-invalid-addresses','directory-direct','directory-bucket','directory-bucket-simd','directory-bucket-atomic','log-disabled','log-default']
+ for wal,versions in [(1,['main',*profiles,'main',*reversed(profiles),'main']),(0,['main','cache-invalid-addresses','directory-bucket-atomic','directory-bucket-atomic','cache-invalid-addresses','main'])]:
+  for i,version in enumerate(versions):
+   profile='log-group-limit' if version.startswith('log-') else version
+   label=f'wal{wal}-{i:02d}-{version}';stem=folder/label;db=folder/'scratch.db';assert not db.exists()
+   args=['--db',db,'--csv',str(stem)+'.csv','--summary',str(stem)+'.summary.csv','--records',100000000,'--seconds',5,'--report-ms',100,'--cache-mib',256,'--disk-gib',16,'--direct','--inserters',8,'--readers',0,'--memtable-bg',1,'--normal-bg',3,'--memtable-mib',8,'--key-size',16,'--value-size',16,'--min-free-gib',12,'--seed',42]
+   if not wal:args+=['--no-log']
+   if version.startswith('log-'):args+=['--log-group-size-pages',2**64-1 if version=='log-disabled' else 0]
+   rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,'insert_benchmark',args,timeout=240)
+   summary=rows(Path(str(stem)+'.summary.csv'));assert len(summary)==1;summary=summary[0];inserted=int(summary['inserted']);assert inserted>0
+   log=(folder/(label+'.log')).read_text();error_match=re.search(r'load_end .* error=([0-9]+)(?: |\n)',log);assert error_match and int(error_match[1])==0
+   close=re.search(r'close_s=([\d.]+) close_rc=0',log);assert close
+   interval=rows(Path(str(stem)+'.csv'));cpu=sum(float(r['cpu_cores'])*float(r['interval_s']) for r in interval)
+   data.append(dict(wal=wal,version=version,index=i,errors=int(error_match[1]),violations=0,verification_kind='API return, positive insert count, successful close; no readback',ops_s=float(summary['achieved_insert_ops_s']),inserted=inserted,close_s=float(close[1]),drain_ops_s=inserted/(float(summary['elapsed_s'])+float(close[1])),cpu_us_op=cpu*1e6/inserted,p99_us=1000*float(summary['insert_service_p99_ms']),max_ms=float(summary['insert_service_max_ms']),read_B_op=sum(float(r['read_mib_s'])*float(r['interval_s']) for r in interval)*2**20/inserted,write_B_op=sum(float(r['write_mib_s'])*float(r['interval_s']) for r in interval)*2**20/inserted))
+   rec.update(verified=True,errors=int(error_match[1]),verification_kind='API return, positive insert count, successful close; no readback',allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512);save(folder/'manifest.json',m);csvwrite(folder/'results.csv',data);db.unlink()
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def hash_range():
+ folder,m=newmode('hash');reference=None
+ for i,profile in enumerate(['main','filtered-ranges','filtered-ranges','main']):
+  label=f'{i}-{profile}';db=folder/'scratch.db';rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,'hash_range_benchmark',[db,16384,1000],timeout=900)
+  lines=(folder/(label+'.log')).read_text().splitlines();start=next(j for j,x in enumerate(lines) if x.startswith('mode,keys_per_tenant,'));rr=list(csv.DictReader(lines[start:]));assert len(rr)==4
+  assert [int(r['limit']) for r in rr]==[1,2,10,100] and all(int(r['queries'])==1000 and int(r['keys_per_tenant'])==16384 for r in rr),rr
+  checks=[x['checksum'] for x in rr]
+  if reference is None:reference=checks
+  assert checks==reference
+  rec.update(verified=True,rows=rr,allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512);save(folder/'manifest.json',m);db.unlink()
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def barrier():
+ folder,m=newmode('barrier')
+ for wal in [0,1]:
+  for workers in [0,1]:
+   order=[('main','sync'),('async-durable-barrier','sync'),('async-durable-barrier','async'),('async-durable-barrier','async'),('async-durable-barrier','sync'),('main','sync')]
+   for i,(profile,mode) in enumerate(order):
+    label=f'wal{wal}-workers{workers}-{i}-{profile}-{mode}';db=folder/'scratch.db';csvpath=folder/'results.csv'
+    rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,'barrier_bench',[db,csvpath,label,mode,wal,workers,256,2048 if wal else 512],dict(BARRIER_DEPTH='1'))
+    rr=rows(csvpath);assert rr[-1]['label']==label and int(rr[-1]['verified'])==1
+    rec.update(verified=True,allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512);save(folder/'manifest.json',m);db.unlink()
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+if __name__=='__main__':
+ def interrupted(signum,frame):raise InterruptedError(f'benchmark interrupted by signal {signum}')
+ for signum in [signal.SIGTERM,signal.SIGHUP]:signal.signal(signum,interrupted)
+ p=argparse.ArgumentParser();p.add_argument('mode',choices=['fixtures','resident','disk','prefix','insert','hash','barrier']);a=p.parse_args()
+ {'fixtures':fixtures,'resident':lambda:queries('resident'),'disk':lambda:queries('disk'),'prefix':prefix,'insert':insert,'hash':hash_range,'barrier':barrier}[a.mode]()
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/status.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/status.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..531f00c1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/status.json
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+{
+  "project": "log-group-limit",
+  "scope": "new main versus updated feature; merge cost not isolated",
+  "workloads": [
+    {
+      "workload": "insert",
+      "runs": 9,
+      "feature_runs": 4,
+      "verified": 9,
+      "complete": true,
+      "warmup_runs": 0
+    },
+    {
+      "workload": "disk",
+      "runs": 5,
+      "feature_runs": 2,
+      "verified": 5,
+      "complete": true,
+      "warmup_runs": 0
+    },
+    {
+      "workload": "resident",
+      "runs": 5,
+      "feature_runs": 2,
+      "verified": 5,
+      "complete": true,
+      "warmup_runs": 0
+    }
+  ],
+  "reported_errors": 0,
+  "reported_violations": 0,
+  "all_runs_verified": true
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ab0f53efd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/benchmarks/summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+workload,phase,version,samples,ops_s_mean,ops_s_min,ops_s_max,baseline_ops_s_mean,baseline_ops_s_min,baseline_ops_s_max,delta_pct,ranges_overlap,errors,violations,cpu_us_op,read_B_op,write_B_op,p99_us,scope
+resident,point:uniform@1,log-group-limit,2,1149039.35,1138526.6,1159552.1,1187473.9333333333,1148133.5,1261757.3,-3.236667538919724,True,0,0,0.8701904763405572,0.0,0.0,1.152,new main versus updated feature; merge cost not isolated
+resident,point:uniform@8,log-group-limit,2,5501407.699999999,5452872.1,5549943.3,5726823.7,5270841.2,6445634.1,-3.936143520534796,True,0,0,1.4539557985315001,0.0,0.0,1.952,new main versus updated feature; merge cost not isolated
+resident,range:uniform:1@1,log-group-limit,2,106030.5,103919.5,108141.5,108416.73333333334,105112.6,114690.1,-2.2009825051606424,True,0,0,9.434637573111008,0.0,0.005,11.392,new main versus updated feature; merge cost not isolated
+resident,range:uniform:1@8,log-group-limit,2,534180.85,523953.8,544407.9,560819.8666666667,532530.7,600376.6,-4.7500130166572845,True,0,0,14.9834266842249,0.0,0.0,19.712,new main versus updated feature; merge cost not isolated
+resident,range:uniform:10000@8,log-group-limit,2,3947.4,3930.5,3964.3,4006.933333333333,3785.8,4305.3,-1.48575801943297,True,0,0,2026.0874426709024,0.0,0.0,2457.6,new main versus updated feature; merge cost not isolated
+disk,point:uniform@8,log-group-limit,2,160959.5,150866.8,171052.2,161357.13333333333,153061.5,168110.0,-0.2464305885454099,True,0,0,5.796942227394311,3228.5950000000003,0.0,100.352,new main versus updated feature; merge cost not isolated
+disk,range:uniform:1@8,log-group-limit,2,63643.95,60189.5,67098.4,64019.63333333333,63458.1,64975.4,-0.5868251874815544,True,0,0,133.55857031288502,19799.735,0.0,245.76,new main versus updated feature; merge cost not isolated
+disk,range:uniform:10000@8,log-group-limit,2,839.8,805.4,874.2,838.8666666666667,835.2,841.4,0.11126122546292194,True,0,0,3371.851617914015,2365893.96,0.0,23068.672,new main versus updated feature; merge cost not isolated
+insert,WAL1,log-disabled,2,2252942.1820385,2214433.401581,2291450.962496,2283542.087203333,2261423.232769,2296488.128709,-1.3400193206996702,True,0,0,2.6132289214530937,12.267527822204064,118.11266148001312,63.488,new main versus updated feature; merge cost not isolated
+insert,WAL1,log-default,2,1308394.644441,1273764.846434,1343024.442448,2283542.087203333,2261423.232769,2296488.128709,-42.70328312435887,False,0,0,2.050303420622414,8.746993784706175,116.06303237220976,26.624000000000002,new main versus updated feature; merge cost not isolated
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/README.md b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b2d28506
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# log-group-limit: correctness evidence for main integration
+
+Branch: `robj/log-group-limit`. Merge head when archived: `b4bc273a1beda264aa1220b32978ba9d66ba4050`. Integrated main: `7bb5fab305b9c6179e31f75998dabea833537a08`.
+
+`run_validation.py MODE` selected process-exit recovery, quick, log driver, and core suites. `run_validation.py MODE recovery` selected the final strengthened process-exit case after rebuild; its commands and successful outcomes are in `*-recovery-final-validation.json`. The first final debug rebuild used a nonexistent shorthand Make target and exited 2 before compiling. Its log is preserved beside the corrected explicit target build. All executed test runs had nonzero coverage and returned 0.
+
+Build logs describe compilation; JSON records retain the exact executed commands and available source, binary, and log hashes. The archive includes intermediate failures as well as successful final validation; an early failed log is not a claim that the final build failed. Tests with databases used real disk storage under the workspace. `shared/run_job.py` is the coordination wrapper used to serialize timed work against builds and tests. Its syntax is `python3 run_job.py --name NAME test -- COMMAND`; build jobs use the `build` mode.
+
+`shared/before.json` records the original project heads and backup refs. The scripts are archived byte for byte for command provenance; they contain original workspace paths and may depend on their original directory layout. Do not run them directly from this archive without adapting paths and choosing fresh scratch locations.
+
+Original evidence directory: `/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/log-group-limit`. Only regular files with `.json`, `.log`, `.py`, `.gdb`, or `.md` extensions and at most 1 MiB each were copied. Scratch directories, databases, executables, core dumps, symlinks, bytecode, and shared benchmark outputs are excluded. Raw logs retain their original bytes. `archive-manifest.json` hashes every archived file except itself; it does not hash database files.
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/archive-manifest.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/archive-manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..01f775915
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/archive-manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+{
+  "project": "log-group-limit",
+  "branch": "robj/log-group-limit",
+  "merge_head": "b4bc273a1beda264aa1220b32978ba9d66ba4050",
+  "integrated_main": "7bb5fab305b9c6179e31f75998dabea833537a08",
+  "files": [
+    {
+      "path": "README.md",
+      "bytes": 2094,
+      "sha256": "6be81c5876dea806b8f45ed81e1ef75dbc7a7ad163a042c339621a293682ae8d",
+      "source": "generated archive guide"
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "build-debug-recovery-final-corrected.log",
+      "bytes": 362,
+      "sha256": "ecf887ed5793d3d7bc72ff6d805327c7d013bad478d6b3f7a79d227dbff0bc2f",
+      "source": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/log-group-limit/build-debug-recovery-final-corrected.log"
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "build-debug-recovery-final.log",
+      "bytes": 140,
+      "sha256": "ac30bbfa60ec961b47f303ad1a339047f4ea734589c380b9ff61303e29e5977f",
+      "source": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/log-group-limit/build-debug-recovery-final.log"
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "build-debug-recovery.log",
+      "bytes": 346,
+      "sha256": "8cf1830b32bc8adf05e3908d952eafd5cc36c37ae85241d86fa7bf09afa6a572",
+      "source": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/log-group-limit/build-debug-recovery.log"
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "build-debug.log",
+      "bytes": 13147,
+      "sha256": "720692c2e1ffc6f50191f13787dff9bc76c206085581a06cb6ee80db2fe8b276",
+      "source": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/log-group-limit/build-debug.log"
+    },
+    {
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+    },
+    {
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+      "bytes": 13639,
+      "sha256": "eaa4b4efe46526aceddaabf3701d9b0049065154a58afb88547e2a6edc75d07b",
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+    },
+    {
+      "path": "build-sha256.json",
+      "bytes": 363,
+      "sha256": "72d633622b36d95fcac354dacac4112de7cb84cc0932d05116539bd405d00ea9",
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+    },
+    {
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+      "bytes": 326,
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+    },
+    {
+      "path": "debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log",
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+      "sha256": "8b608a9f7eea7090aa8e152fdc71465fbe7b2d331af69b5580a486f898f44956",
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+    },
+    {
+      "path": "debug-2-driver_test.log",
+      "bytes": 759,
+      "sha256": "9fe412117654c6e910b9592a4ed39b43f76a22651a9f05ea945c7428fd5d8ce7",
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+    },
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+    },
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+    },
+    {
+      "path": "debug-recovery-final-validation.json",
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+    },
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+    },
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+    },
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+    },
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+    },
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+    },
+    {
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+    }
+  ],
+  "manifest_excludes_itself": true,
+  "archived_payload_bytes": 90322
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-debug-recovery-final-corrected.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-debug-recovery-final-corrected.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1c6ca8dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-debug-recovery-final-corrected.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-recovery-final-debug-build-corrected build
+Checking for mismatched config...No mismatched config found
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c          [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.o]
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-debug-recovery-final.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-debug-recovery-final.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f2dd2038
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-debug-recovery-final.log
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-recovery-final-debug-build build
+make: *** No rule to make target 'unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test'.  Stop.
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-debug-recovery.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-debug-recovery.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26da171e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-debug-recovery.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-debug-recovery-build build
+Checking for mismatched config...No mismatched config found
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c          [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.o]
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-debug.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-debug.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fa78f8c7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-debug.log
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-debug build
+Checking for mismatched config...No mismatched config found
+Saving config to build-main-7bb5fab/debug/build-config.e33dfc688a9c2bf2dad4e17ef758ec3e
+Compiling            src/PackedArray.c                                  [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/PackedArray.o]
+Compiling            src/batch_rwlock.c                                 [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/batch_rwlock.o]
+Compiling            src/core.c                                         [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/core.o]
+Compiling            src/default_data_config.c                          [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/default_data_config.o]
+Compiling            src/memtable.c                                     [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/memtable.o]
+Compiling            src/merge.c                                        [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/merge.o]
+Compiling            src/notification.c                                 [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/notification.o]
+Compiling            src/routing_filter.c                               [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/routing_filter.o]
+Compiling            src/shard_log.c                                    [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/shard_log.o]
+Compiling            src/splinterdb.c                                   [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/splinterdb.o]
+Compiling            src/superblock.c                                   [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/superblock.o]
+Compiling            src/trunk.c                                        [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/trunk.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/avlTree.c                         [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/functional/avlTree.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/btree_test.c                      [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/functional/btree_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/cache_test.c                      [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/functional/cache_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/driver_test.c                     [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/functional/driver_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/filter_test.c                     [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/functional/filter_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/io_apis_test.c                    [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/functional/io_apis_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/log_test.c                        [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/functional/log_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/scan_benchmark.c                  [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/functional/scan_benchmark.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/splinter_test.c                   [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/functional/splinter_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/test_async.c                      [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/functional/test_async.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/test_dispatcher.c                 [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/functional/test_dispatcher.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/test_functionality.c              [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/functional/test_functionality.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/test_splinter_shadow.c            [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/functional/test_splinter_shadow.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/ycsb_test.c                       [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/functional/ycsb_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/config.c                                     [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/config.o]
+Compiling            tests/test_common.c                                [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/test_common.o]
+Compiling            tests/test_data.c                                  [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/test_data.o]
+Compiling            src/allocator.c                                    [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/allocator.o]
+Compiling            src/blob.c                                         [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/blob.o]
+Compiling            src/blob_build.c                                   [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/blob_build.o]
+Compiling            src/btree.c                                        [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/btree.o]
+Compiling            src/clockcache.c                                   [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/clockcache.o]
+Compiling            src/data_blob_build.c                              [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/data_blob_build.o]
+Compiling            src/data_internal.c                                [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/data_internal.o]
+Compiling            src/histogram.c                                    [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/histogram.o]
+Compiling            src/mini_allocator.c                               [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/mini_allocator.o]
+Compiling            src/ondisk_ref.c                                   [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/ondisk_ref.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/laio.c                          [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/platform_linux/laio.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/platform_assert.c               [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/platform_linux/platform_assert.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/platform_buffer.c               [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/platform_linux/platform_buffer.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/platform_condvar.c              [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/platform_linux/platform_condvar.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/platform_heap.c                 [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/platform_linux/platform_heap.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/platform_io.c                   [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/platform_linux/platform_io.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/platform_log.c                  [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/platform_linux/platform_log.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/platform_mutex.c                [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/platform_linux/platform_mutex.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/platform_threads.c              [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/platform_linux/platform_threads.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/platform_trace.c                [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/platform_linux/platform_trace.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/shmalloc.c                      [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/platform_linux/shmalloc.o]
+Compiling            src/rc_allocator.c                                 [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/rc_allocator.o]
+Compiling            src/task.c                                         [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/task.o]
+Compiling            src/util.c                                         [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/util.o]
+Compiling            src/writeback_set.c                                [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/src/writeback_set.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/btree_stress_test.c                     [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/btree_stress_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/btree_test.c                            [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/btree_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/btree_test_common.c                     [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/btree_test_common.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/limitations_test.c                      [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/limitations_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/main.c                                  [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/main.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/merge_test.c                            [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/merge_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/misc_test.c                             [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/misc_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/platform_apis_test.c                    [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/platform_apis_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/platform_threads_test.c                 [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/platform_threads_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_heap_id_mgmt_test.c          [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_heap_id_mgmt_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_optimize_test.c              [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_optimize_test.o]
+In file included from src/PackedArray.c:296,
+                 from src/PackedArray.c:356:
+src/PackedArray.c: In function ‘__PackedArray_unpack_21’:
+src/PackedArray.c:177: note: ‘-Wmisleading-indentation’ is disabled from this point onwards, since column-tracking was disabled due to the size of the code/headers
+  177 |         PACKEDARRAY_IMPL_UNPACK_CASE_BREAK
+src/PackedArray.c:177: note: adding ‘-flarge-source-files’ will allow for more column-tracking support, at the expense of compilation time and memory
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_quick_test.c                 [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_quick_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_stress_test.c                [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_stress_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/superblock_test.c                       [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/superblock_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/task_system_test.c                      [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/task_system_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/trunk_async_test.c                      [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/trunk_async_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/trunk_gc_test.c                         [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/trunk_gc_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/trunk_split_test.c                      [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/trunk_split_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/unit_tests_common.c                     [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/unit_tests_common.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/util_test.c                             [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/util_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/vector_test.c                           [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/vector_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/writable_buffer_test.c                  [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/writable_buffer_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/writeback_set_test.c                    [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/writeback_set_test.o]
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/btree_stress_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/btree_test
+Compiling            tests/unit/config_parse_test.c                     [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/config_parse_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/large_inserts_stress_test.c             [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/large_inserts_stress_test.o]
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/misc_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/platform_apis_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/platform_threads_test
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinter_test.c                         [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/splinter_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c          [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.o]
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/util_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/vector_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/writeback_set_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/lib/libsplinterdb.so
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/driver_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/config_parse_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/large_inserts_stress_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/limitations_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/merge_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/splinter_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_heap_id_mgmt_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_optimize_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_quick_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_stress_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/superblock_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/task_system_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/trunk_async_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/trunk_gc_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/trunk_split_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/writable_buffer_test
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-release-recovery-final.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-release-recovery-final.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b915e7e61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-release-recovery-final.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-recovery-final-release-build build
+Checking for mismatched config...No mismatched config found
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c          [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.o]
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-release.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-release.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..afbfba940
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-release.log
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-release build
+Checking for mismatched config...No mismatched config found
+Saving config to build-main-7bb5fab/release/build-config.fb6bc8eeb8390429253883c09491f5bd
+Compiling            src/PackedArray.c                                  [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/PackedArray.o]
+Compiling            src/batch_rwlock.c                                 [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/batch_rwlock.o]
+Compiling            src/core.c                                         [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/core.o]
+Compiling            src/default_data_config.c                          [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/default_data_config.o]
+Compiling            src/memtable.c                                     [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/memtable.o]
+Compiling            src/merge.c                                        [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/merge.o]
+Compiling            src/notification.c                                 [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/notification.o]
+Compiling            src/routing_filter.c                               [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/routing_filter.o]
+Compiling            src/shard_log.c                                    [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/shard_log.o]
+Compiling            src/splinterdb.c                                   [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/splinterdb.o]
+Compiling            src/superblock.c                                   [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/superblock.o]
+Compiling            src/trunk.c                                        [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/trunk.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/avlTree.c                         [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/functional/avlTree.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/btree_test.c                      [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/functional/btree_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/cache_test.c                      [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/functional/cache_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/driver_test.c                     [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/functional/driver_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/filter_test.c                     [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/functional/filter_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/io_apis_test.c                    [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/functional/io_apis_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/log_test.c                        [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/functional/log_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/scan_benchmark.c                  [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/functional/scan_benchmark.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/splinter_test.c                   [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/functional/splinter_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/test_async.c                      [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/functional/test_async.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/test_dispatcher.c                 [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/functional/test_dispatcher.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/test_functionality.c              [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/functional/test_functionality.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/test_splinter_shadow.c            [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/functional/test_splinter_shadow.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/ycsb_test.c                       [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/functional/ycsb_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/config.c                                     [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/config.o]
+Compiling            tests/test_common.c                                [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/test_common.o]
+Compiling            tests/test_data.c                                  [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/test_data.o]
+Compiling            src/allocator.c                                    [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/allocator.o]
+Compiling            src/blob.c                                         [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/blob.o]
+Compiling            src/blob_build.c                                   [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/blob_build.o]
+Compiling            src/btree.c                                        [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/btree.o]
+Compiling            src/clockcache.c                                   [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/clockcache.o]
+Compiling            src/data_blob_build.c                              [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/data_blob_build.o]
+Compiling            src/data_internal.c                                [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/data_internal.o]
+Compiling            src/histogram.c                                    [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/histogram.o]
+Compiling            src/mini_allocator.c                               [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/mini_allocator.o]
+Compiling            src/ondisk_ref.c                                   [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/ondisk_ref.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/laio.c                          [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/platform_linux/laio.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/platform_assert.c               [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/platform_linux/platform_assert.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/platform_buffer.c               [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/platform_linux/platform_buffer.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/platform_condvar.c              [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/platform_linux/platform_condvar.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/platform_heap.c                 [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/platform_linux/platform_heap.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/platform_io.c                   [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/platform_linux/platform_io.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/platform_log.c                  [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/platform_linux/platform_log.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/platform_mutex.c                [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/platform_linux/platform_mutex.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/platform_threads.c              [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/platform_linux/platform_threads.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/platform_trace.c                [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/platform_linux/platform_trace.o]
+Compiling            src/platform_linux/shmalloc.c                      [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/platform_linux/shmalloc.o]
+Compiling            src/rc_allocator.c                                 [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/rc_allocator.o]
+Compiling            src/task.c                                         [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/task.o]
+Compiling            src/util.c                                         [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/util.o]
+Compiling            src/writeback_set.c                                [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/src/writeback_set.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/btree_stress_test.c                     [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/btree_stress_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/btree_test.c                            [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/btree_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/btree_test_common.c                     [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/btree_test_common.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/limitations_test.c                      [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/limitations_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/main.c                                  [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/main.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/merge_test.c                            [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/merge_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/misc_test.c                             [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/misc_test.o]
+In file included from src/PackedArray.c:296,
+                 from src/PackedArray.c:356:
+src/PackedArray.c: In function ‘__PackedArray_unpack_21’:
+src/PackedArray.c:177: note: ‘-Wmisleading-indentation’ is disabled from this point onwards, since column-tracking was disabled due to the size of the code/headers
+  177 |         PACKEDARRAY_IMPL_UNPACK_CASE_BREAK
+src/PackedArray.c:177: note: adding ‘-flarge-source-files’ will allow for more column-tracking support, at the expense of compilation time and memory
+Compiling            tests/unit/platform_apis_test.c                    [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/platform_apis_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/platform_threads_test.c                 [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/platform_threads_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_heap_id_mgmt_test.c          [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_heap_id_mgmt_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_optimize_test.c              [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_optimize_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_quick_test.c                 [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_quick_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_stress_test.c                [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_stress_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/superblock_test.c                       [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/superblock_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/task_system_test.c                      [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/task_system_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/trunk_async_test.c                      [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/trunk_async_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/trunk_gc_test.c                         [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/trunk_gc_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/trunk_split_test.c                      [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/trunk_split_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/unit_tests_common.c                     [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/unit_tests_common.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/util_test.c                             [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/util_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/vector_test.c                           [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/vector_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/writable_buffer_test.c                  [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/writable_buffer_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/writeback_set_test.c                    [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/writeback_set_test.o]
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/btree_stress_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/btree_test
+Compiling            tests/unit/config_parse_test.c                     [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/config_parse_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/large_inserts_stress_test.c             [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/large_inserts_stress_test.o]
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/misc_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/platform_apis_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/platform_threads_test
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinter_test.c                         [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/splinter_test.o]
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/lib/libsplinterdb.so
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c          [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.o]
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/util_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/vector_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/writeback_set_test
+Building archive     build-main-7bb5fab/release/lib/libsplinterdb.a
+Compiling            benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c                      [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/benchmarks/insert_benchmark.o]
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/insert_benchmark
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/driver_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/config_parse_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/large_inserts_stress_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/limitations_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/merge_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/splinter_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_heap_id_mgmt_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_optimize_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_quick_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_stress_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/superblock_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/task_system_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/trunk_async_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/trunk_gc_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/trunk_split_test
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/writable_buffer_test
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-sha256.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-sha256.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e0f740ea8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/build-sha256.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "build-main-7bb5fab/release/lib/libsplinterdb.so": "52c4c8ac5e5ec99a0254a7b2a82521ac57b04fbc59612b0d01a66ddf412d7ff0",
+  "build-main-7bb5fab/release/lib/libsplinterdb.a": "545aa62cd6603e733928a2a350d43e237fbcc84d66c863062aac10eec75fc1a9",
+  "build-main-7bb5fab/debug/lib/libsplinterdb.so": "ed1ed1c20d8df790e06ddcc4548b0bd589bb18a346020f44b26068fcd7db94d5"
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aaa3ef581
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-debug-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_forked_child', test case 'automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_forked_child:automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit [OK]
+RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 741 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ba5b0d9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'all'.
+TEST 1/49 splinterdb_quick:test_get_config_returns_effective_config [OK]
+TEST 2/49 splinterdb_quick:test_get_cost_stats [OK]
+TEST 3/49 splinterdb_quick:test_checkpoint_log_grace_default [OK]
+TEST 4/49 splinterdb_quick:test_durable_barrier [OK]
+TEST 5/49 splinterdb_quick:test_logged_large_value_replaces_old_value [OK]
+TEST 6/49 splinterdb_quick:test_basic_flow [OK]
+TEST 7/49 splinterdb_quick:test_pthread_auto_registration [OK]
+TEST 8/49 splinterdb_quick:test_result_auto_registration_with_stats [OK]
+TEST 9/49 splinterdb_quick:test_stats_reset_clears_cache_io [OK]
+TEST 10/49 splinterdb_quick:test_final_merge_error_propagation [OK]
+TEST 11/49 splinterdb_quick:test_fetch_and_update_catches_up_after_rotation [OK]
+TEST 12/49 splinterdb_quick:test_fetch_and_update_rejects_incorporated_boundary [OK]
+TEST 13/49 splinterdb_quick:test_range_init_error_cleanup_preserves_branches setup_ordered_iterators: exception: Cannot allocate memory
+core_apply_to_range: range iterator init failed: Cannot allocate memory
+[OK]
+TEST 14/49 splinterdb_quick:stats_reset_excludes_active_operations [OK]
+TEST 15/49 splinterdb_quick:test_apis_for_large_key [OK]
+TEST 16/49 splinterdb_quick:test_key_size_gt_max_inline_key_size [OK]
+TEST 17/49 splinterdb_quick:test_value_size_gt_max_value_size [OK]
+TEST 18/49 splinterdb_quick:test_large_lookup_survives_memtable_recycle [OK]
+TEST 19/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_survives_memtable_recycle [OK]
+TEST 20/49 splinterdb_quick:test_variable_length_values [OK]
+TEST 21/49 splinterdb_quick:test_basic_iterator [OK]
+TEST 22/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_delete_current [OK]
+TEST 23/49 splinterdb_quick:test_empty_iterator [OK]
+TEST 24/49 splinterdb_quick:test_bounded_iterator [OK]
+TEST 25/49 splinterdb_quick:test_bounded_iterator_start_normalization [OK]
+TEST 26/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_startkey [OK]
+TEST 27/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_non_existent_startkey [OK]
+TEST 28/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_missing_startkey_in_sequence [OK]
+TEST 29/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_prev_and_next [OK]
+TEST 30/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_reversal_on_key_in_two_branches [OK]
+TEST 31/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_reversal_with_three_branches [OK]
+TEST 32/49 splinterdb_quick:test_rewriting_keys_does_not_grow_trunk [OK]
+TEST 33/49 splinterdb_quick:test_close_and_reopen [OK]
+TEST 34/49 splinterdb_quick:test_logged_close_and_reopen [OK]
+TEST 35/49 splinterdb_quick:test_repeated_insert_close_reopen [OK]
+TEST 36/49 splinterdb_quick:test_custom_data_config [OK]
+TEST 37/49 splinterdb_quick:test_existence_only_memtable_lookup [OK]
+TEST 38/49 splinterdb_quick:test_existence_only_trunk_lookup_skips_branches [OK]
+TEST 39/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_returns_old_value [OK]
+TEST 40/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_existence_only [OK]
+TEST 41/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_custom_merge_semantics [OK]
+TEST 42/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_merges_memtable_and_trunk [OK]
+TEST 43/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_respects_trunk_delete_shadow [OK]
+TEST 44/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_custom_comparator [OK]
+TEST 45/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_init_bug [OK]
+TEST 46/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_create_w_background_threads [OK]
+TEST 47/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_create_w_all_background_threads [OK]
+TEST 48/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_thread_handoff [OK]
+TEST 49/49 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'test_blob_tree_crash_recovery'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'test_blob_tree_crash_recovery'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery [OK]
+RESULTS: 49 tests (49 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 11801 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-2-driver_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-2-driver_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9eabd5362
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-2-driver_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-debug-2-driver_test test
+/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/driver_test: splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty
+Dispatch test log_test
+
+Started log_test!!
+Malformed log page sequence at page 23994368: group=3 page=0 follows group=1 page=0 (terminated).
+shard_log_iterator_init: record validation failed in group 1 at log page 161742848: Invalid argument; discarding this group and the rest
+Malformed log page sequence at page 162529280: group=1 page=0 follows group=1 page=0.
+shard_log_iterator_init: record validation failed in group 2 at log page 163319808: Input/output error; discarding this group and the rest
+log returned 500000 of 500000 entries
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-3-splinter_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-3-splinter_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..676de9bc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-3-splinter_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-debug-3-splinter_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinter', test case 'all'.
+TEST 1/37 splinter:test_blob_checksums [OK]
+TEST 2/37 splinter:test_inserts [OK]
+TEST 3/37 splinter:test_btree_pack_abort_releases_reserved_extents btree_pack error status: 5
+[OK]
+TEST 4/37 splinter:test_btree_pack_rejects_counter_overflow btree_pack: output statistics exceed the on-disk limit
+btree_pack error status: 28
+[OK]
+TEST 5/37 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_pivot_bundle [OK]
+TEST 6/37 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_pivot_stats trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_node_find_pivot failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_node_find_pivot_async failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 7/37 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_child_height trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_node_handle_init_async failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 8/37 splinter:test_two_log_checkpoint [OK]
+TEST 9/37 splinter:test_logged_large_insert_shares_blob_extents [OK]
+TEST 10/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_waits_for_visible_insert_log_write [OK]
+TEST 11/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_packs_concurrent_small_tails [OK]
+TEST 12/37 splinter:test_shard_log_first_fit_decreasing_packing [OK]
+TEST 13/37 splinter:test_shard_log_page_alloc_failure_retries_open_buffer shard_log_graduate_buffer: out of log space
+shard_log_graduate_group: failed to terminate group 1: No space left on device
+[OK]
+TEST 14/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_without_log_publishes_root [OK]
+TEST 15/37 splinter:test_checkpoint_reports_terminal_incorporation_failure trunk_node_serialize():2789: cache_alloc() failedserialize_nodes():2973: node_serialize() failedserialize_nodes_and_save_contingent_compactions: serialize_nodes failed: 12
+restore_balance_leaf():6102: serialize_nodes() failed: Cannot allocate memorytrunk_flush_prepare: flush_then_compact failed: 12
+trunk_incorporate_prepare failed: Cannot allocate memory
+Memtable incorporation failed: generation=0 state=INCORPORATION_ASSIGNED status=Cannot allocate memory memtable_root=1179648
+memtable flush failed: Cannot allocate memory
+Shutdown found memtable from failed incorporation: generation=0 state=INCORPORATION_FAILED status=Cannot allocate memory memtable_root=1179648 compacted_root=0
+[OK]
+TEST 16/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_reopens_writers_before_device_barrier [OK]
+TEST 17/37 splinter:test_concurrent_durable_barriers_coalesce [OK]
+TEST 18/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_waits_for_checkpoint_publication [OK]
+TEST 19/37 splinter:test_log_prepare_failure_leaves_update_unapplied core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_unmount: failed to publish the unmount root: Input/output error
+core_unmount: shutdown retained recovery state; the next mount must recover
+[OK]
+TEST 20/37 splinter:test_checkpoint_advance_retries_cut_publish_failure core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+[OK]
+TEST 21/37 splinter:test_checkpoint_advance_retries_completion_failure core_checkpoint_advance: completion publish failed: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: completion publish failed: Input/output error
+[OK]
+TEST 22/37 splinter:test_self_managed_checkpoints_reclaim_log_space [OK]
+TEST 23/37 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint [OK]
+TEST 24/37 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_grace_allows_natural_rotation [OK]
+TEST 25/37 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_grace_forces_overwrite_rotation [OK]
+TEST 26/37 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_on_overwrites [OK]
+TEST 27/37 splinter:test_recover_allocations_reproduces_persisted_map [OK]
+TEST 28/37 splinter:test_unmount_skips_allocator_map_that_needs_rebuild core_unmount: allocator reference accounting is incomplete; leaving allocation state invalid for rebuild on the next mount
+[OK]
+TEST 29/37 splinter:test_late_reclamation_failure_requires_recovery WARNING: abandoned reclamation of mini allocator at 7471104 (type misc): Connection timed out. Remaining space is unavailable until reopen; clean allocation state will not be written. Recovery is required.
+WARNING: core_unmount: reclamation failed (Connection timed out); remaining space was retained. Shutdown requires recovery and the next open will rebuild allocation state.
+core_unmount: allocator reference accounting is incomplete; leaving allocation state invalid for rebuild on the next mount
+[OK]
+TEST 30/37 splinter:test_mount_active_checkpoint_stays_mountable [OK]
+TEST 31/37 splinter:test_lookups [OK]
+TEST 32/37 splinter:test_splinter_print_diags [OK]
+TEST 33/37 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_reports_failure_and_retries [OK]
+TEST 34/37 splinter:test_cache_read_errors_reach_core_operations ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup: btree_lookup_and_merge failed: 110
+trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup failed: 110
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async: btree_lookup_and_merge_async failed: 110
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async failed: 110
+[OK]
+TEST 35/37 splinter:test_blob_descriptor_sizes [OK]
+TEST 36/37 splinter:test_blob_trees [OK]
+TEST 37/37 splinter:test_blob_height_three_and_large_stats [OK]
+RESULTS: 37 tests (37 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 102093 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa5d5131c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-debug-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_forked_child', test case 'automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_forked_child:automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit [OK]
+RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 673 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-recovery-final-validation.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-recovery-final-validation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ec33a0bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-recovery-final-validation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+[
+  {
+    "name": "debug-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "main-merge-log-group-debug-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/log-group-limit/scratch/debug-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 673 ms"
+    ],
+    "seconds": 0.7169167995452881,
+    "binary_sha256": "13af214dcd09504785362e5c703c6db86d8a63b3527850be7d3c53231a4dcd54",
+    "log_sha256": "836321b74957f79ef96bdbd561995ae5b4f880aa826033d3233083115f1b2467"
+  }
+]
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-validation.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-validation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ea580818
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/debug-validation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+[
+  {
+    "name": "debug-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "main-merge-log-group-debug-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/log-group-limit/scratch/debug-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 741 ms"
+    ],
+    "seconds": 0.8161189556121826,
+    "binary_sha256": "cc62e4af2f8ae774b3ff70a760c900efa1fc6dbaba2c6b1d07cadf132846cabd",
+    "log_sha256": "0ba41c8bdefeab2c96b3ad2d2bc603bc9673ca49bcc53a22e8e6bc54311b8159"
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test",
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "main-merge-log-group-debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_quick_test"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/log-group-limit/scratch/debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 49 tests (49 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 11801 ms"
+    ],
+    "seconds": 11.893809795379639,
+    "binary_sha256": "e696329bdb747febffa6eb3649bec0c49018f032818a726384f028f97c9eeb52",
+    "log_sha256": "8b608a9f7eea7090aa8e152fdc71465fbe7b2d331af69b5580a486f898f44956"
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "debug-2-driver_test",
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "main-merge-log-group-debug-2-driver_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/driver_test",
+      "log_test",
+      "--db-location",
+      "log.db",
+      "--cache-capacity-mib",
+      "64",
+      "--db-capacity-gib",
+      "4"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/log-group-limit/scratch/debug-2-driver_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "results": [],
+    "seconds": 2.9199235439300537,
+    "binary_sha256": "71a000919cdf0db7112aff47b6dd98044b377e89096d9a3d1a8d3a5ae10c0690",
+    "log_sha256": "9fe412117654c6e910b9592a4ed39b43f76a22651a9f05ea945c7428fd5d8ce7"
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "debug-3-splinter_test",
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "main-merge-log-group-debug-3-splinter_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/splinter_test"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/log-group-limit/scratch/debug-3-splinter_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 37 tests (37 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 102093 ms"
+    ],
+    "seconds": 102.12716889381409,
+    "binary_sha256": "c0f5bdd8b0f783cec8431903a7dc5ac6ef331db98463ff23049753a1892753dc",
+    "log_sha256": "6cd9efa20071e15bf21fab5c40a447b9f33497dfa711e38a22b9f6dabe16b1e6"
+  }
+]
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a723a0acb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-release-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_forked_child', test case 'automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_forked_child:automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit [OK]
+RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 588 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ba1e0629
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-release-1-splinterdb_quick_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'all'.
+TEST 1/49 splinterdb_quick:test_get_cost_stats [OK]
+TEST 2/49 splinterdb_quick:test_checkpoint_log_grace_default [OK]
+TEST 3/49 splinterdb_quick:test_durable_barrier [OK]
+TEST 4/49 splinterdb_quick:test_logged_large_value_replaces_old_value [OK]
+TEST 5/49 splinterdb_quick:test_basic_flow [OK]
+TEST 6/49 splinterdb_quick:test_pthread_auto_registration [OK]
+TEST 7/49 splinterdb_quick:test_result_auto_registration_with_stats [OK]
+TEST 8/49 splinterdb_quick:test_stats_reset_clears_cache_io [OK]
+TEST 9/49 splinterdb_quick:test_final_merge_error_propagation [OK]
+TEST 10/49 splinterdb_quick:test_fetch_and_update_catches_up_after_rotation [OK]
+TEST 11/49 splinterdb_quick:test_fetch_and_update_rejects_incorporated_boundary [OK]
+TEST 12/49 splinterdb_quick:test_range_init_error_cleanup_preserves_branches setup_ordered_iterators: exception: Cannot allocate memory
+core_apply_to_range: range iterator init failed: Cannot allocate memory
+[OK]
+TEST 13/49 splinterdb_quick:stats_reset_excludes_active_operations [OK]
+TEST 14/49 splinterdb_quick:test_apis_for_large_key [OK]
+TEST 15/49 splinterdb_quick:test_key_size_gt_max_inline_key_size [OK]
+TEST 16/49 splinterdb_quick:test_value_size_gt_max_value_size [OK]
+TEST 17/49 splinterdb_quick:test_large_lookup_survives_memtable_recycle [OK]
+TEST 18/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_survives_memtable_recycle [OK]
+TEST 19/49 splinterdb_quick:test_variable_length_values [OK]
+TEST 20/49 splinterdb_quick:test_basic_iterator [OK]
+TEST 21/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_delete_current [OK]
+TEST 22/49 splinterdb_quick:test_empty_iterator [OK]
+TEST 23/49 splinterdb_quick:test_bounded_iterator [OK]
+TEST 24/49 splinterdb_quick:test_bounded_iterator_start_normalization [OK]
+TEST 25/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_startkey [OK]
+TEST 26/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_non_existent_startkey [OK]
+TEST 27/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_missing_startkey_in_sequence [OK]
+TEST 28/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_prev_and_next [OK]
+TEST 29/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_reversal_on_key_in_two_branches [OK]
+TEST 30/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_reversal_with_three_branches [OK]
+TEST 31/49 splinterdb_quick:test_rewriting_keys_does_not_grow_trunk [OK]
+TEST 32/49 splinterdb_quick:test_close_and_reopen [OK]
+TEST 33/49 splinterdb_quick:test_logged_close_and_reopen [OK]
+TEST 34/49 splinterdb_quick:test_repeated_insert_close_reopen [OK]
+TEST 35/49 splinterdb_quick:test_custom_data_config [OK]
+TEST 36/49 splinterdb_quick:test_existence_only_memtable_lookup [OK]
+TEST 37/49 splinterdb_quick:test_existence_only_trunk_lookup_skips_branches [OK]
+TEST 38/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_returns_old_value [OK]
+TEST 39/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_existence_only [OK]
+TEST 40/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_custom_merge_semantics [OK]
+TEST 41/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_merges_memtable_and_trunk [OK]
+TEST 42/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_respects_trunk_delete_shadow [OK]
+TEST 43/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_custom_comparator [OK]
+TEST 44/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_init_bug [OK]
+TEST 45/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_create_w_background_threads [OK]
+TEST 46/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_create_w_all_background_threads [OK]
+TEST 47/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_thread_handoff [OK]
+TEST 48/49 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'test_blob_tree_crash_recovery'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'test_blob_tree_crash_recovery'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery [OK]
+TEST 49/49 splinterdb_quick:test_get_config_returns_effective_config [OK]
+RESULTS: 49 tests (49 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 9074 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-2-driver_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-2-driver_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4df0e2409
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-2-driver_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-release-2-driver_test test
+/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/driver_test: splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty
+Dispatch test log_test
+
+Started log_test!!
+Malformed log page sequence at page 16261120: group=3 page=0 follows group=1 page=0 (terminated).
+shard_log_iterator_init: record validation failed in group 1 at log page 154009600: Invalid argument; discarding this group and the rest
+Malformed log page sequence at page 154796032: group=1 page=0 follows group=1 page=0.
+shard_log_iterator_init: record validation failed in group 2 at log page 155586560: Input/output error; discarding this group and the rest
+log returned 500000 of 500000 entries
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-3-splinter_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-3-splinter_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2e38a257
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-3-splinter_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-release-3-splinter_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinter', test case 'all'.
+TEST 1/37 splinter:test_inserts [OK]
+TEST 2/37 splinter:test_btree_pack_abort_releases_reserved_extents btree_pack error status: 5
+[OK]
+TEST 3/37 splinter:test_btree_pack_rejects_counter_overflow btree_pack: output statistics exceed the on-disk limit
+btree_pack error status: 28
+[OK]
+TEST 4/37 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_pivot_bundle [OK]
+TEST 5/37 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_pivot_stats trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_node_find_pivot failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_node_find_pivot_async failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 6/37 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_child_height trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_node_handle_init_async failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 7/37 splinter:test_two_log_checkpoint [OK]
+TEST 8/37 splinter:test_logged_large_insert_shares_blob_extents [OK]
+TEST 9/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_waits_for_visible_insert_log_write [OK]
+TEST 10/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_packs_concurrent_small_tails [OK]
+TEST 11/37 splinter:test_shard_log_first_fit_decreasing_packing [OK]
+TEST 12/37 splinter:test_shard_log_page_alloc_failure_retries_open_buffer shard_log_graduate_buffer: out of log space
+shard_log_graduate_group: failed to terminate group 1: No space left on device
+[OK]
+TEST 13/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_without_log_publishes_root [OK]
+TEST 14/37 splinter:test_checkpoint_reports_terminal_incorporation_failure trunk_node_serialize():2789: cache_alloc() failedserialize_nodes():2973: node_serialize() failedserialize_nodes_and_save_contingent_compactions: serialize_nodes failed: 12
+restore_balance_leaf():6102: serialize_nodes() failed: Cannot allocate memorytrunk_flush_prepare: flush_then_compact failed: 12
+trunk_incorporate_prepare failed: Cannot allocate memory
+Memtable incorporation failed: generation=0 state=INCORPORATION_ASSIGNED status=Cannot allocate memory memtable_root=1179648
+memtable flush failed: Cannot allocate memory
+Shutdown found memtable from failed incorporation: generation=0 state=INCORPORATION_FAILED status=Cannot allocate memory memtable_root=1179648 compacted_root=0
+[OK]
+TEST 15/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_reopens_writers_before_device_barrier [OK]
+TEST 16/37 splinter:test_concurrent_durable_barriers_coalesce [OK]
+TEST 17/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_waits_for_checkpoint_publication [OK]
+TEST 18/37 splinter:test_log_prepare_failure_leaves_update_unapplied core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_unmount: failed to publish the unmount root: Input/output error
+core_unmount: shutdown retained recovery state; the next mount must recover
+[OK]
+TEST 19/37 splinter:test_checkpoint_advance_retries_cut_publish_failure core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+[OK]
+TEST 20/37 splinter:test_checkpoint_advance_retries_completion_failure core_checkpoint_advance: completion publish failed: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: completion publish failed: Input/output error
+[OK]
+TEST 21/37 splinter:test_self_managed_checkpoints_reclaim_log_space [OK]
+TEST 22/37 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint [OK]
+TEST 23/37 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_grace_allows_natural_rotation [OK]
+TEST 24/37 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_grace_forces_overwrite_rotation [OK]
+TEST 25/37 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_on_overwrites [OK]
+TEST 26/37 splinter:test_recover_allocations_reproduces_persisted_map [OK]
+TEST 27/37 splinter:test_unmount_skips_allocator_map_that_needs_rebuild core_unmount: allocator reference accounting is incomplete; leaving allocation state invalid for rebuild on the next mount
+[OK]
+TEST 28/37 splinter:test_late_reclamation_failure_requires_recovery WARNING: abandoned reclamation of mini allocator at 7471104 (type misc): Connection timed out. Remaining space is unavailable until reopen; clean allocation state will not be written. Recovery is required.
+WARNING: core_unmount: reclamation failed (Connection timed out); remaining space was retained. Shutdown requires recovery and the next open will rebuild allocation state.
+core_unmount: allocator reference accounting is incomplete; leaving allocation state invalid for rebuild on the next mount
+[OK]
+TEST 29/37 splinter:test_mount_active_checkpoint_stays_mountable [OK]
+TEST 30/37 splinter:test_lookups [OK]
+TEST 31/37 splinter:test_splinter_print_diags [OK]
+TEST 32/37 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_reports_failure_and_retries [OK]
+TEST 33/37 splinter:test_cache_read_errors_reach_core_operations ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup: btree_lookup_and_merge failed: 110
+trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup failed: 110
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async: btree_lookup_and_merge_async failed: 110
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async failed: 110
+[OK]
+TEST 34/37 splinter:test_blob_descriptor_sizes [OK]
+TEST 35/37 splinter:test_blob_trees [OK]
+TEST 36/37 splinter:test_blob_height_three_and_large_stats [OK]
+TEST 37/37 splinter:test_blob_checksums [OK]
+RESULTS: 37 tests (37 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 44871 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1143f52c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-release-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_forked_child', test case 'automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_forked_child:automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit [OK]
+RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 558 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-recovery-final-validation.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-recovery-final-validation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c3ad24071
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-recovery-final-validation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+[
+  {
+    "name": "release-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "main-merge-log-group-release-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/log-group-limit/scratch/release-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 558 ms"
+    ],
+    "seconds": 0.6161184310913086,
+    "binary_sha256": "2d9796495f433336cb854ea6b160c6abf3f7a744b1d41bd84457ca0cc264631f",
+    "log_sha256": "ceb1faadced23206e2cbe07b75ff5e3e0e57f4a215b6b9f8bb0fe2ee32c116d5"
+  }
+]
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-validation.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-validation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..51f805430
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/release-validation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+[
+  {
+    "name": "release-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "main-merge-log-group-release-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/log-group-limit/scratch/release-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 588 ms"
+    ],
+    "seconds": 0.6658544540405273,
+    "binary_sha256": "3239fafdeed91ddb75fce173ab32d1ffce41fe7cae365df694cec8842b08b9bc",
+    "log_sha256": "b90ffabc5d2e6559294cc592a95ab58f8efddaf49ef3ab2999740797b9a0f9e8"
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "release-1-splinterdb_quick_test",
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "main-merge-log-group-release-1-splinterdb_quick_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_quick_test"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/log-group-limit/scratch/release-1-splinterdb_quick_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 49 tests (49 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 9074 ms"
+    ],
+    "seconds": 9.135363340377808,
+    "binary_sha256": "ebc8fa5b97abf6a5ed77521d4d2b69e1d4379c0922318d351fc7837f65c89b23",
+    "log_sha256": "975f243f06f53784eb32e1feb5ca243cb64e4cdb98686eb48d36a4c2b12c8b26"
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "release-2-driver_test",
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "main-merge-log-group-release-2-driver_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/driver_test",
+      "log_test",
+      "--db-location",
+      "log.db",
+      "--cache-capacity-mib",
+      "64",
+      "--db-capacity-gib",
+      "4"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/log-group-limit/scratch/release-2-driver_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "results": [],
+    "seconds": 1.71773362159729,
+    "binary_sha256": "dcc8bb40140c89d7120ee8a47fe13527c8ebe4ff5523ebdb9af75496e16328f9",
+    "log_sha256": "273f15379ef69cb015129bb65f436a35a30c5191bcb243ec5e14c19218bb81b6"
+  },
+  {
+    "name": "release-3-splinter_test",
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "main-merge-log-group-release-3-splinter_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/splinter_test"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/log-group-limit/scratch/release-3-splinter_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 37 tests (37 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 44871 ms"
+    ],
+    "seconds": 44.93918514251709,
+    "binary_sha256": "6b30f8ed7ca5ba00281582bf87903822519030abc33265f7c49a4854bf9b3970",
+    "log_sha256": "d207e5b2a94c3f3244db4a0739bfce58c1180479eec9095d547f06ffd42e8279"
+  }
+]
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/run_validation.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/run_validation.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f74779843
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/run_validation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+import subprocess, hashlib, json, re, sys, os, time
+root=Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+wt=Path('/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit')
+coordinator=root.parents[1]/'run_job.py'
+mode=sys.argv[1]
+jobs=[('unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test',['automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit']),('unit/splinterdb_quick_test',[]),('driver_test',['log_test','--db-location','log.db','--cache-capacity-mib','64','--db-capacity-gib','4']),('unit/splinter_test',[])]
+validation_id=mode
+if len(sys.argv)>2:
+ jobs=jobs[:1]
+ validation_id=mode+"-recovery-final"
+records=[]
+for index,(suite,flags) in enumerate(jobs):
+ name=f'{validation_id}-{index}-{Path(suite).name}'
+ scratch=root/'scratch'/name;scratch.mkdir(parents=True,exist_ok=True)
+ link=scratch/'build-main-7bb5fab'
+ if not link.exists(): link.symlink_to(wt/'build-main-7bb5fab',target_is_directory=True)
+ binary=wt/'build-main-7bb5fab'/mode/'bin'/suite
+ command=[sys.executable,str(coordinator),'--name','main-merge-log-group-'+name,'test','--',str(binary),*flags]
+ start=time.time()
+ with (root/(name+'.log')).open('w') as f:
+  result=subprocess.run(command,cwd=scratch,stdout=f,stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,timeout=600)
+ log=(root/(name+'.log')).read_text()
+ counts=re.findall(r'RESULTS:.*',log)
+ record=dict(name=name,command=command,cwd=str(scratch),returncode=result.returncode,results=counts,seconds=time.time()-start,binary_sha256=hashlib.sha256(binary.read_bytes()).hexdigest(),log_sha256=hashlib.sha256((root/(name+'.log')).read_bytes()).hexdigest())
+ records.append(record)
+ (root/(validation_id+'-validation.json')).write_text(json.dumps(records,indent=2)+'\n')
+ print(name,result.returncode,counts,flush=True)
+ if result.returncode or (suite.startswith('unit/') and (not counts or '0 tests' in counts[-1])): sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/shared/before.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/shared/before.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2143ea26f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/shared/before.json
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+{
+  "main": "db3047a812d9b193b87f92fc0be7b75e923b89ee",
+  "target": "7bb5fab305b9c6179e31f75998dabea833537a08",
+  "projects": [
+    {
+      "name": "cache-errors",
+      "branch": "robj/cache-errors",
+      "worktree": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/cache-errors",
+      "head": "2907e97e90a7861e789192485e0892522a9feb3a",
+      "backup_ref": "refs/heads/backup/projects-before-main-7bb5fab/cache-errors"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-handoff",
+      "branch": "robj/cache-handoff",
+      "worktree": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/cache-handoff",
+      "head": "c76b6923eb5b915792e1e8303d266fb072f9348f",
+      "backup_ref": "refs/heads/backup/projects-before-main-7bb5fab/cache-handoff"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "disk-format",
+      "branch": "robj/disk-format",
+      "worktree": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/disk-format",
+      "head": "fb878f134c245276629828203a186dd2f26df981",
+      "backup_ref": "refs/heads/backup/projects-before-main-7bb5fab/disk-format"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "filtered-ranges",
+      "branch": "robj/filtered-ranges",
+      "worktree": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/filtered-ranges",
+      "head": "b8ce54bf9b793c3576a9f96c19d4a51846e83269",
+      "backup_ref": "refs/heads/backup/projects-before-main-7bb5fab/filtered-ranges"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "log-group-limit",
+      "branch": "robj/log-group-limit",
+      "worktree": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit",
+      "head": "f295866abe0cd5d16c7954c7748afc2ddcdc6843",
+      "backup_ref": "refs/heads/backup/projects-before-main-7bb5fab/log-group-limit"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "branch-pointers",
+      "branch": "robj/branch-pointers",
+      "worktree": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/branch-pointers",
+      "head": "37787ae95aadc84fca543af0592a24448576dcd9",
+      "backup_ref": "refs/heads/backup/projects-before-main-7bb5fab/branch-pointers"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "branch-prefix",
+      "branch": "robj/branch-prefix",
+      "worktree": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/branch-prefix",
+      "head": "919b61f04355248a26d054a0a7948d5fbb33832a",
+      "backup_ref": "refs/heads/backup/projects-before-main-7bb5fab/branch-prefix"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "lazy-merge",
+      "branch": "robj/lazy-merge",
+      "worktree": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/lazy-merge",
+      "head": "9754337703a754546bd2ab38028856df185f897a",
+      "backup_ref": "refs/heads/backup/projects-before-main-7bb5fab/lazy-merge"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-directory",
+      "branch": "robj/cache-directory",
+      "worktree": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/cache-directory",
+      "head": "9ecae65d8f0dd114132adf06fa326cb2389f5dc0",
+      "backup_ref": "refs/heads/backup/projects-before-main-7bb5fab/cache-directory"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "async-durable-barrier",
+      "branch": "robj/async-durable-barrier",
+      "worktree": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/async-durable-barrier",
+      "head": "c99b1dcd66ed3648eb592f45182eb8021a94cd7e",
+      "backup_ref": "refs/heads/backup/projects-before-main-7bb5fab/async-durable-barrier"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-errors-direct24",
+      "branch": "robj/cache-errors-direct24",
+      "worktree": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/cache-errors-direct24",
+      "head": "573ba9ef6a2fe8d1293017556c29036340ea98ff",
+      "backup_ref": "refs/heads/backup/projects-before-main-7bb5fab/cache-errors-direct24"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-errors-null",
+      "branch": "robj/cache-errors-null",
+      "worktree": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/cache-errors-null",
+      "head": "7d1f0a56ebc253bccc1bd74799eed7bf6e0d7fb3",
+      "backup_ref": "refs/heads/backup/projects-before-main-7bb5fab/cache-errors-null"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-invalid-addresses",
+      "branch": "robj/cache-invalid-addresses",
+      "worktree": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/cache-invalid-addresses",
+      "head": "193ba3e485df4e7438ee0fda78bb162258e3f054",
+      "backup_ref": "refs/heads/backup/projects-before-main-7bb5fab/cache-invalid-addresses"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/shared/run_job.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/shared/run_job.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..299c91084
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/shared/run_job.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Coordinate this campaign's builds/tests and disk-backed benchmarks."""
+import argparse
+import fcntl
+import json
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+import time
+
+ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
+p = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+p.add_argument('mode', choices=['build', 'test', 'benchmark'])
+p.add_argument('--name', required=True)
+p.add_argument('--db-dir', type=Path)
+p.add_argument('command', nargs=argparse.REMAINDER)
+a = p.parse_args()
+command = a.command[1:] if a.command[:1] == ['--'] else a.command
+if not command:
+    p.error('command required after --')
+if a.mode == 'benchmark':
+    if a.db_dir is None:
+        p.error('benchmark requires --db-dir')
+    a.db_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    db_dir = a.db_dir.resolve()
+    if not db_dir.is_relative_to(ROOT / 'benchmarks'):
+        p.error('benchmark database directory must be under the campaign benchmarks directory')
+    fs = subprocess.check_output(['findmnt', '-n', '-o', 'FSTYPE,SOURCE', '-T', str(db_dir)], text=True).strip()
+    if fs.split()[0] in {'tmpfs', 'ramfs'} or not fs.split()[1].startswith('/dev/'):
+        p.error('benchmark storage must be a verified disk filesystem: ' + fs)
+    bench_lock = open(ROOT / 'coordination' / 'benchmark.lock', 'a+')
+    fcntl.flock(bench_lock, fcntl.LOCK_EX)
+    print('Benchmark database storage:', fs, str(db_dir), flush=True)
+machine_lock = open(ROOT / 'coordination' / 'machine.lock', 'a+')
+fcntl.flock(machine_lock, fcntl.LOCK_EX if a.mode == 'benchmark' else fcntl.LOCK_SH)
+record = dict(name=a.name, mode=a.mode, cwd=os.getcwd(), command=command,
+              started=time.time(), pid=os.getpid())
+if a.db_dir is not None:
+    record['db_dir'] = str(a.db_dir.resolve())
+print('Starting', a.name, a.mode, flush=True)
+try:
+    # Tool commands run in distinct PID namespaces; GNU make's FIFO names
+    # otherwise collide when several builds choose /tmp/GMfifo8.
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix='splinter-' + a.name + '-', dir='/tmp') as temporary:
+        environment = dict(os.environ, TMPDIR=temporary)
+        result = subprocess.run(command, env=environment)
+    record['returncode'] = result.returncode
+finally:
+    record['finished'] = time.time()
+    with open(ROOT / 'coordination' / 'jobs.jsonl', 'a') as journal:
+        fcntl.flock(journal, fcntl.LOCK_EX)
+        journal.write(json.dumps(record) + '\n')
+raise SystemExit(result.returncode)
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/shared/test_root_branches.py b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/shared/test_root_branches.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c83e1f546
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/shared/test_root_branches.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Focused merge regression checks; invoke inside run_job.py test."""
+import hashlib
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+
+project, mode = sys.argv[1:]
+campaign = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2]
+tree = campaign / 'worktrees' / project
+out = Path(__file__).resolve().parent / project
+scratch = out / ('scratch-' + mode)
+scratch.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+build = tree / 'build-main-7bb5fab'
+link = scratch / build.name
+if not link.exists():
+    link.symlink_to(build, target_is_directory=True)
+base = build / mode / 'bin'
+commands = []
+unit = lambda name: str(base / 'unit' / (name + '_test'))
+if project == 'cache-invalid-addresses':
+    commands.append(('writeback', [unit('writeback_set')]))
+else:
+    commands.append(('merge', [unit('merge')]))
+commands.append(('quick', [unit('splinterdb_quick')]))
+core_options = ['--db-location', str(scratch / 'core.db'),
+                '--cache-capacity-mib', '128', '--db-capacity-gib', '64']
+commands += [('cache-core', [unit('splinter'), *core_options, 'test_cache_read_errors_']),
+             ('blob-core', [unit('splinter'), *core_options, 'test_blob_'])]
+if project == 'cache-invalid-addresses' and mode == 'debug':
+    for flag in ['prefetch-admission', 'async']:
+        commands.append((flag, [str(base / 'driver_test'), 'cache_test', '--' + flag,
+                              '--db-location', str(scratch / (flag + '.db')),
+                              '--cache-capacity-mib', '32', '--db-capacity-gib', '1']))
+if project == 'filtered-ranges':
+    commands.append(('filter', [str(base / 'driver_test'), 'filter_test',
+                               '--db-location', str(scratch / 'filter.db'),
+                               '--cache-capacity-mib', '64', '--db-capacity-gib', '4']))
+validation = out / ('validation-' + mode + '.json')
+old_records = json.loads(validation.read_text()) if validation.exists() else []
+records = []
+for name, cmd in commands:
+    previous = next((r for r in old_records if r['name'] == name), None)
+    if previous and previous['returncode'] == 0 and previous['command'] == cmd:
+        records.append(previous)
+        continue
+    print(project, mode, name, flush=True)
+    log = out / (mode + '-' + name + '.log')
+    if log.exists():
+        log.rename(log.with_suffix('.initial.log'))
+        (out / (mode + '-' + name + '.initial.json')).write_text(json.dumps(previous, indent=2) + '\n')
+    record = dict(name=name, command=cmd, started=time.time())
+    with log.open('w') as stream:
+        result = subprocess.run(cmd, cwd=scratch, stdout=stream, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+    content = log.read_text()
+    record.update(returncode=result.returncode, finished=time.time(),
+                  log_sha256=hashlib.sha256(log.read_bytes()).hexdigest(),
+                  summaries=[line for line in content.splitlines() if 'RESULTS:' in line])
+    records.append(record)
+    validation.write_text(json.dumps(records, indent=2) + '\n')
+    if result.returncode:
+        raise SystemExit(result.returncode)
+    if name not in ['prefetch-admission', 'async', 'filter']:
+        assert re.search(r'RESULTS: [1-9][0-9]* tests', content), (name, content)
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/source-sha256.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/source-sha256.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3d51f3924
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/tests/source-sha256.json
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+{
+  "src/notification.h": "47eb73f5813d6f54658f339ce44d6a475f8f64f2b2eb6368261e839a090f083f",
+  "src/default_data_config.c": "161352f5247978f3d57033818d05a79d0a1a0d0ffac2bc9f25f4f33eabca2227",
+  "src/allocator.h": "bc0621be7903d64e25059140005dafeea3f2a4a4ae0e658686501e52e4be934f",
+  "src/histogram.c": "24e09dfabd6085021d8a06ef9b10f6e85b24914d95831be359df09f8a9729aff",
+  "src/allocator.c": "96c7f0a5e0808719cf114d267c84da1f057b5eed748b0672d60686d7f130b96f",
+  "src/util.c": "969df408c4c393f73feb05dfa37ebe1ed8be627cef630061830e4992c4c1fd9c",
+  "src/clockcache.c": "e0ef2e19a8280849df4ee80d9b8a54a0faaf56a13faefe7a91d54f5b7269f933",
+  "src/btree_private.h": "43693dd3048ae050b3358ccfc9b91371a3d9dff4f3d6d5c8b07445897dee09f6",
+  "src/histogram.h": "7ccfde6d3ada7ead18fe477c06a6b021db83ca8c041ab0998ca023b945a3c1c7",
+  "src/PackedArray.h": "e46f854b487a8b130f0613efcab11836012d27c8aacf9ca9e76a2de1a7eb6874",
+  "src/splinterdb.c": "d03a3e25c4b0708d5a1b7dc7394419e6b6f1b082bc29a50c05d0001964c22d3c",
+  "src/blob_build.c": "e484e9c14fd8a9b3c1d211485c35931c944fc66ac4ee78ea20ffc5b3f074b10b",
+  "src/log_data.h": "06ab1d39b77abb01ec66a901fa52354908be26db8daef52899f5c03a6db2462e",
+  "src/iterator.h": "2fcddeb9fa6bd49f4e3da933224219bdb830f9e2f11638ea1ed13eba534fa27f",
+  "src/writeback_set.c": "cb485716f57a3183ce82543848edaf61f6568c9ff0445ea5ff989f95c00848ff",
+  "src/trunk.c": "892373ec383717289a6220b4351b670637e7c41877a97eb0edcb27a9e4e270f2",
+  "src/shard_log.c": "77dfc3f225a09324cdc0b5e28d874fb4ca82bc31c0916c5f1a648a415e7b9407",
+  "src/clockcache.h": "68f4e7b019d0440f85929bfc0da1891ce941318ee7dfd14a3d4d923e3d4e72d8",
+  "src/mini_allocator.c": "d9444da13fca2000f4128500b84be2b778300a4befc93f72e52b071b83c6491e",
+  "src/rc_allocator.c": "a145d39af39caf9dec6f1e1e24b6606ed615587d8dee52a23e0df410b2d07545",
+  "src/superblock.c": "34dd4c724e53c98f170c024c70dd22dae0a466806c167134200f92128420dfba",
+  "src/log.h": "f42ec9687403e10d83c05ab8941303bde0840caa20f117eb08de3c2f0d6cab25",
+  "src/blob_build.h": "38176881cf9159247e6f578bbc7abb725cfa969c493715df7d1388cb7cbfd119",
+  "src/batch_rwlock.c": "c043d9e5ead75cd9e1266a6f51fb555012269f3822d7f0233dc2abbd962c3aae",
+  "src/merge.h": "c17e2a0b6272ec52e6d1e80acd9df7dc85221f186e6c60e323c37b467dc5c41a",
+  "src/merge.c": "df98421e597d1edeac871755f0473055b590791af8efad495575d20260e46a12",
+  "src/btree.c": "f637081a194302c584cccfd8d717253817794b34bbca754bd2c9e597acc534b9",
+  "src/btree.h": "6ed244b6731c490f224c7b5fea7b5a9dc27eca1aa808e6dab6b44a0c7b511638",
+  "src/core.h": "7cf4d086f6d4dcaa4cbd161fef786dbe3cc502ced4512b7fe547c2aa2020462e",
+  "src/vector.h": "6855dd0430f1a868d098797cbd4f3453ab542b5f6fbe716c79871124bee200a9",
+  "src/prefetch.h": "9d55d9dad64e3795c81856bc38688936e4e74e488dfe2d29a1f5438ad000df42",
+  "src/superblock.h": "72cd00ce0a7c43d1c25905d6bd39a400fa3245c133a3f559c58ae34a962157f2",
+  "src/writeback_set.h": "68d6f589d24719a09e2680b05a1eb7e36c22b1fab978768f5b54f958f667aec9",
+  "src/PackedArray.c": "97b64eb0a4f550e55f3385d39d729a878fbc581909ea16ec3b8987a7f46604cc",
+  "src/rc_allocator.h": "65f01decb7244b8f6a6c9e7acb47d4ccb4f2f3f369461e70aff33211f03ee39b",
+  "src/data_internal.c": "0a42dd477aaa6ad6c4910841045c4c768ad8d248c0126c64c51035f53e769cde",
+  "src/batch_rwlock.h": "0ff5f0bd7fdf5f9a63ca2f77c387d574d8009ad726b47283c93566cf06bc0927",
+  "src/notification.c": "2f3bcda49d8ce35ad532fef8ec8f4aeca48bec280cdf6210c21d55cf2aa4a661",
+  "src/pcq.h": "862cd346b0097014ccae797dc1463e7b3fc387f409319d5adcef7613b6f82f84",
+  "src/trunk.h": "05c5c5313f5a42b68482d03b58d2f17081c6da468a0ce888b0b0b38cc069baf2",
+  "src/task.h": "35405e04fbdcef9bc5c5d6ef43debc4b0889d6bc4d8d530649b0c45a34012825",
+  "src/memtable.h": "244cac7cf304df85a25c8bede2df106d6f840d65bbd1a3551b3d9f2ed9129fc1",
+  "src/routing_filter.c": "3e722a880217cc4f5831f162dd6b3853a5d0d3f67ca3d3421b2144650657f73a",
+  "src/data_blob_build.h": "dd7f263a0b1138325b211c561ba7289183a2cc8472978cba3ca430295e11e5f3",
+  "src/blob.c": "7d46871423a15992f697cabb363316183cb842a11c26017f8566267174e5ae45",
+  "src/util.h": "9fa455f5a6268fa4a6864d444849b0872391af00512932c1587363cfd38304ef",
+  "src/core.c": "f23741615d0ab3d7c24d1828b332e77af9af669d47e998cbfd23586792f85e52",
+  "src/lookup_result.h": "7528b988a28ef91b6bd7a4fa10dfa51b9ce2475e801b3b6a8bf30adf88f1ef16",
+  "src/ondisk_ref.c": "2ace8cbbce3f80a54ff7762ad03a79a564665fa660394f1d3446235a3e40ed7b",
+  "src/task.c": "35886e598b4464af16e76497917955d3d55c6c077fbcf80fb3fd2284c8ddc08d",
+  "src/cache.h": "d4c1e133d6423fff324d0ebcf5c95e13647c0022a3458935156746b90d816d6d",
+  "src/ondisk_ref.h": "643325c8b4f16fab41d8c884c97bdfcf6c86e5178398508fa0f81b6b0606926d",
+  "src/routing_filter.h": "579a3a4cc00b9cb125479b23eaa93e4a8309a195fe4082d988b629d4b95a2c91",
+  "src/memtable.c": "7db3b4754497c73b4071c7e7e591cc76fc226197fb70d98fb46caf139b3953f4",
+  "src/data_internal.h": "98b4ebe77576c4cbb7dd9984ca5e297851175494062073f1a4c137c5afb8b587",
+  "src/mini_allocator.h": "8d5242f5e4df5443baeab7a494a3c3b2f1491216abfd914c6dbc273370e45683",
+  "src/data_blob_build.c": "13475faa56bba94ee26ef7fec4e4da8a5045e0efe510a63291fd5e2697cb5d22",
+  "src/blob.h": "8f68d2f67de8a9d81a422b28d47aa636cc7234fccc3dbabe59f2355bc361e93c",
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+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/disk/03-log-group-limit.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/disk/03-log-group-limit.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..598073ad9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/disk/03-log-group-limit.log
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+kvbench version=log-group-limit splinter=splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty db=/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/disk/scratch.db mode=open n=2000000 cache_mib=64 disk_gib=8 log=0 threads=8 mt_bg=0 normal_bg=0 memtable_mib=4 secs=5.0 warmup=1.0 rep=3 sabotage=0
+open took 0.006 s
+phase warm: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed count)
+== warm                   T=8  ops=2000000    secs=   0.12 ops/s=   17347475  lat us p50=nan p99=nan p99.9=nan max=0.0 mean=nan
+   cpu=0.49s ops/cpu-s=4040959 rd=146.5 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase point:uniform@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+   found=855293 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@8        T=8  ops=855293     secs=   5.00 ops/s=     171052  lat us p50=50.69 p99=97.28 p99.9=125.95 max=2687.5 mean=46.73
+   cpu=4.98s ops/cpu-s=171628 rd=3229.2 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase range:uniform:1@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:1@8] progress 326700 ops (+32668 ops/s)
+== range:uniform:1@8      T=8  ops=335507     secs=   5.00 ops/s=      67098  lat us p50=115.71 p99=231.42 p99.9=290.82 max=1555.5 mean=119.16
+   cpu=42.41s ops/cpu-s=7911 rd=19796.5 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=115.71 p99=231.42 mean=118.29  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.82 us  tuples/s=67098
+phase range:uniform:10000@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+close took 0.086 s
+== range:uniform:10000@8  T=8  ops=4371       secs=   5.00 ops/s=        874  lat us p50=9568.26 p99=21757.95 p99.9=24903.68 max=25633.6 mean=9150.37
+   cpu=14.38s ops/cpu-s=304 rd=2373969.8 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=251.90 p99=843.78 mean=290.35  per-tuple=887.3 ns  deinit mean=1.23 us  tuples/s=8727359
+   insert/run=5.00s drain(close)=0.09s total=5.09s drain_cpu=0.01s drain_rd=0 drain_wr=274432 wamp=nan db_apparent=2513178624 db_alloc=472989696
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/disk/19-log-group-limit.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/disk/19-log-group-limit.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e6b47728
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/disk/19-log-group-limit.log
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+kvbench version=log-group-limit splinter=splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty db=/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/disk/scratch.db mode=open n=2000000 cache_mib=64 disk_gib=8 log=0 threads=8 mt_bg=0 normal_bg=0 memtable_mib=4 secs=5.0 warmup=1.0 rep=19 sabotage=0
+open took 0.007 s
+phase warm: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed count)
+== warm                   T=8  ops=2000000    secs=   0.13 ops/s=   15701946  lat us p50=nan p99=nan p99.9=nan max=0.0 mean=nan
+   cpu=0.52s ops/cpu-s=3842415 rd=146.5 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=2
+phase point:uniform@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+   found=754359 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@8        T=8  ops=754359     secs=   5.00 ops/s=     150867  lat us p50=61.95 p99=103.42 p99.9=133.12 max=3790.2 mean=52.99
+   cpu=4.35s ops/cpu-s=173391 rd=3228.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase range:uniform:1@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:1@8] progress 293739 ops (+29372 ops/s)
+== range:uniform:1@8      T=8  ops=300962     secs=   5.00 ops/s=      60189  lat us p50=130.05 p99=260.10 p99.9=331.78 max=2373.6 mean=132.84
+   cpu=42.35s ops/cpu-s=7107 rd=19803.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=128.00 p99=260.10 mean=131.91  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.88 us  tuples/s=60189
+phase range:uniform:10000@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+close took 0.051 s
+== range:uniform:10000@8  T=8  ops=4027       secs=   5.00 ops/s=        805  lat us p50=10354.69 p99=24379.39 p99.9=28573.70 max=32413.5 mean=9927.38
+   cpu=13.90s ops/cpu-s=290 rd=2357818.1 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=266.24 p99=909.31 mean=310.60  per-tuple=963.1 ns  deinit mean=1.27 us  tuples/s=8038851
+   insert/run=5.00s drain(close)=0.05s total=5.05s drain_cpu=0.01s drain_rd=0 drain_wr=274432 wamp=nan db_apparent=2513178624 db_alloc=472985600
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5d9b43e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..873df9d04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=154
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=153
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=155
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=158
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=160
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=156
+start_monotonic_ns=1819310321403324 main_address=0x55ae49bcfa80
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=157
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=159
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=11214430 elapsed_s=5.064 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.214 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c04324ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-10-log-disabled.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-11-log-default.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-11-log-default.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b646b132
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-11-log-default.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-11-log-default.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-11-log-default.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ab853d9d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-11-log-default.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=171
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=172
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=174
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=173
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=167
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=168
+start_monotonic_ns=1819315673468183 main_address=0x5589a4276a80
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=169
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=170
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=6386198 elapsed_s=5.014 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.197 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-11-log-default.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-11-log-default.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb9eeceef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-11-log-default.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
+0,1273764.846434,5.013640,6386198,0.006235,0.001040,0.026368,0.111616,106.628388,0.006235,0.001040,0.026368,0.111616,106.628388,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-13-log-default.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-13-log-default.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..072715895
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-13-log-default.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-13-log-default.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-13-log-default.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..17abb5813
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-13-log-default.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=198
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=195
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=196
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=197
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=199
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=202
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=201
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=200
+start_monotonic_ns=1819326283246380 main_address=0x560e22223a80
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=6731538 elapsed_s=5.012 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.181 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-13-log-default.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-13-log-default.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc015bd0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-13-log-default.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
+0,1343024.442448,5.012223,6731538,0.005911,0.001072,0.026880,0.107520,108.269751,0.005911,0.001072,0.026880,0.107520,108.269751,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..109043505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4fb5a2277
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=213
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=216
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=215
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=209
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=212
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=214
+start_monotonic_ns=1819331581927555 main_address=0x562a240bfa80
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=211
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=210
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=11475367 elapsed_s=5.008 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.194 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..28620527e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/insert/wal1-14-log-disabled.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/log-group-limit-build.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/log-group-limit-build.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c0e7786e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/log-group-limit-build.json
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+{
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+  "head": "b4bc273a1beda264aa1220b32978ba9d66ba4050",
+  "library": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-7bb5fab/release/lib/libsplinterdb.a",
+  "library_sha256": "545aa62cd6603e733928a2a350d43e237fbcc84d66c863062aac10eec75fc1a9",
+  "binaries": {
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+        "-pthread",
+        "-Werror",
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+        "-fPIC",
+        "-DSPLINTERDB_PLATFORM_DIR=platform_linux",
+        "-O3",
+        "-ffast-math",
+        "-flto",
+        "-march=native",
+        "-DKVBENCH_CLOSE_HAS_FORCE",
+        "-I",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/include",
+        "-I",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/src",
+        "-I",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/src/platform_linux",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/sources/kvbench.c",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-7bb5fab/release/lib/libsplinterdb.a",
+        "-laio",
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+        "-lm",
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+        "-o",
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+      "binary_sha256": "d43c64a0faed0fb18cd58c5fea5ad2a8809278e780653048041372c6c9ac3bf9",
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+      "source_sha256": "45cf9d2e1f74e90719885955d5a78651cc5c1d97cda2daed534a3c0cb07f48a9"
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+    "src/platform_linux/platform_sleep.h": "34aeaea35133bf33e47eb1d9ace429297644e13bc100d90ebbd205bceb58d3ab",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_sort.h": "d374788510f94a8c3b86ff6bfa1f6a3ff8ac33168eb26f6f7774984252f6d01e",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_spinlock.h": "7b3f0409109f3341f2287fe7cd8fb69faac4a74b009a44c1eb83220f71e94de0",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_status.h": "2749285ea1322e5c1639019b728fde4b87b0cae6f71a7fc16e420bd592d38c00",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_string.h": "fa41faf9c6661c62ece783740250232709656b0a8677f542e390a5f3b0d834a6",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_threads.c": "789465a2c6ac7ac501e5878f429cc0dd9b163145a522e247a4833e3de7af8f2a",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_threads.h": "653e070115131756e6aaffc3c2764a6437fb39ff96df4afc8a01e6e751c9d622",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_time.h": "f212a08cf8432693711cecfd389f9ed3d0a70e0c056dc062321bd11c4a8cbec7",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_trace.c": "4a68e89f214920dd2762d072a0ad8e7c80d9b1733a64e4a7e3dd4bb04b91c352",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_trace.h": "345f7283b01e5a9b4d5da7bea66ad44ff61f53155417c97990e23bb8fedadf33",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_typed_alloc.h": "42c1d2bbd56c183d11768a5f43d440cf3c1bfe329c4352afa6acd3bc2b191a8e",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_units.h": "1cb22a07b33ec8b58f9381438f480f561d12b838f315a117cc1f979e95b1ef65",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_util.h": "4fa2702b3919eb1a7efcf29457f5ee9a3d7a7b4c38fed4606264562022fa2638",
+    "src/platform_linux/poison.h": "a32dfa445439eb08913e519117e7b11f72b2c3550577a74769ed935a792c42c5",
+    "src/platform_linux/shmalloc.c": "e4631d63a9db1ad58472ad3d034d081f2bb9a97f34c5898f7c848dda923727f8",
+    "src/platform_linux/shmalloc.h": "081a82473f6021f8ed628e79f8ae5dc7104988981f8c3b25749ea42c8158113d",
+    "src/prefetch.h": "9d55d9dad64e3795c81856bc38688936e4e74e488dfe2d29a1f5438ad000df42",
+    "src/rc_allocator.c": "a145d39af39caf9dec6f1e1e24b6606ed615587d8dee52a23e0df410b2d07545",
+    "src/rc_allocator.h": "65f01decb7244b8f6a6c9e7acb47d4ccb4f2f3f369461e70aff33211f03ee39b",
+    "src/routing_filter.c": "3e722a880217cc4f5831f162dd6b3853a5d0d3f67ca3d3421b2144650657f73a",
+    "src/routing_filter.h": "579a3a4cc00b9cb125479b23eaa93e4a8309a195fe4082d988b629d4b95a2c91",
+    "src/shard_log.c": "77dfc3f225a09324cdc0b5e28d874fb4ca82bc31c0916c5f1a648a415e7b9407",
+    "src/shard_log.h": "c442a66ee7d0f5489bd53dafcbba1a6ee9c8d39993c8395bd76a5dea6a6bd78a",
+    "src/splinterdb.c": "d03a3e25c4b0708d5a1b7dc7394419e6b6f1b082bc29a50c05d0001964c22d3c",
+    "src/splinterdb_tests_private.h": "579031767b8869f49cf1e3fc94caeec13a1362dfd047782538df40b281c93414",
+    "src/superblock.c": "34dd4c724e53c98f170c024c70dd22dae0a466806c167134200f92128420dfba",
+    "src/superblock.h": "72cd00ce0a7c43d1c25905d6bd39a400fa3245c133a3f559c58ae34a962157f2",
+    "src/task.c": "35886e598b4464af16e76497917955d3d55c6c077fbcf80fb3fd2284c8ddc08d",
+    "src/task.h": "35405e04fbdcef9bc5c5d6ef43debc4b0889d6bc4d8d530649b0c45a34012825",
+    "src/trunk.c": "892373ec383717289a6220b4351b670637e7c41877a97eb0edcb27a9e4e270f2",
+    "src/trunk.h": "05c5c5313f5a42b68482d03b58d2f17081c6da468a0ce888b0b0b38cc069baf2",
+    "src/util.c": "969df408c4c393f73feb05dfa37ebe1ed8be627cef630061830e4992c4c1fd9c",
+    "src/util.h": "9fa455f5a6268fa4a6864d444849b0872391af00512932c1587363cfd38304ef",
+    "src/vector.h": "6855dd0430f1a868d098797cbd4f3453ab542b5f6fbe716c79871124bee200a9",
+    "src/writeback_set.c": "cb485716f57a3183ce82543848edaf61f6568c9ff0445ea5ff989f95c00848ff",
+    "src/writeback_set.h": "68d6f589d24719a09e2680b05a1eb7e36c22b1fab978768f5b54f958f667aec9"
+  },
+  "library_build_configuration": {
+    "build-config.fb6bc8eeb8390429253883c09491f5bd": {
+      "sha256": "6175d0eb3d9e955cc1b7cac7c9ea7374d4e748be197241c3544628b50146d8e6",
+      "text": "BUILD_ROOT=build-main-7bb5fab\nMAKEFLAGS= -j6 --jobserver-auth=fifo:/tmp/splinter-main-merge-log-group-release-oe36vpaw/GMfifo7 -- BUILD_MODE=release BUILD_ROOT=build-main-7bb5fab\nBUILD_MODE=release\nQT_ACCESSIBILITY=1\nCC = cc\nDEPFLAGS = -MMD -MP\nCFLAGS = -D_GNU_SOURCE -ggdb -Wall -pthread -Wfatal-errors -Werror -Wvla -DXXH_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY -fPIC -DSPLINTERDB_PLATFORM_DIR=platform_linux -O3 -ffast-math -flto -DPLATFORM_MEMORY_FAULT_INJECTION=0\nTEST_MEMORY_FAULT_DISABLED_CFLAGS = -DPLATFORM_MEMORY_FAULT_INJECTION_DISABLED_IN_THIS_FILE\nINCLUDE = -I include -I src -I src/platform_linux -I tests\nTARGET_ARCH =\nLD = cc\nLDFLAGS = -ggdb -pthread -O3 -ffast-math -flto\nLIBS = -lm -lpthread -laio -lxxhash\nAR = ar\n"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/resident/03-log-group-limit.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/resident/03-log-group-limit.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ab3ceafb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/resident/03-log-group-limit.log
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+kvbench version=log-group-limit splinter=splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty db=/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident/scratch.db mode=open n=200000 cache_mib=128 disk_gib=8 log=0 threads=8 mt_bg=0 normal_bg=0 memtable_mib=4 secs=6.0 warmup=1.0 rep=3 sabotage=0
+open took 0.006 s
+phase warm: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed count)
+== warm                   T=8  ops=200000     secs=   0.02 ops/s=    8284680  lat us p50=nan p99=nan p99.9=nan max=0.0 mean=nan
+   cpu=0.06s ops/cpu-s=3419388 rd=138.4 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase point:uniform@1: T=1 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+   found=6957499 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@1        T=1  ops=6957499    secs=   6.00 ops/s=    1159552  lat us p50=0.82 p99=1.14 p99.9=1.46 max=60.1 mean=0.84
+   cpu=6.00s ops/cpu-s=1159943 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase point:uniform@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [point:uniform@8] progress 21607393 ops (+2160505 ops/s)
+   found=32718651 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@8        T=8  ops=32718651   secs=   6.00 ops/s=    5452872  lat us p50=1.39 p99=1.97 p99.9=2.53 max=98.0 mean=1.43
+   cpu=47.99s ops/cpu-s=681761 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase range:uniform:1@1: T=1 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:1@1] progress 750757 ops (+1844474502668927488 ops/s)
+== range:uniform:1@1      T=1  ops=648869     secs=   6.00 ops/s=     108141  lat us p50=9.09 p99=10.62 p99.9=15.74 max=38.0 mean=9.22
+   cpu=6.00s ops/cpu-s=108140 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=8.83 p99=10.37 mean=8.93  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.27 us  tuples/s=108141
+phase range:uniform:1@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+== range:uniform:1@8      T=8  ops=3266566    secs=   6.00 ops/s=     544408  lat us p50=13.44 p99=19.20 p99.9=29.44 max=124.6 mean=14.65
+   cpu=47.99s ops/cpu-s=68066 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=12.93 p99=18.69 mean=14.02  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.59 us  tuples/s=544408
+phase range:uniform:10000@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:10000@8] progress 11767 ops (+1844546843491461632 ops/s)
+close took 0.084 s
+== range:uniform:10000@8  T=8  ops=23787      secs=   6.00 ops/s=       3964  lat us p50=1884.16 p99=2457.60 p99.9=2588.67 max=4670.6 mean=2017.85
+   cpu=47.99s ops/cpu-s=496 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=17.15 p99=26.37 mean=17.61  per-tuple=205.0 ns  deinit mean=0.84 us  tuples/s=38671658
+   insert/run=6.00s drain(close)=0.08s total=6.08s drain_cpu=0.01s drain_rd=0 drain_wr=311296 wamp=nan db_apparent=162664448 db_alloc=28655616
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/resident/19-log-group-limit.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/resident/19-log-group-limit.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d2478471
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/benchmarks/resident/19-log-group-limit.log
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+kvbench version=log-group-limit splinter=splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty db=/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/main-7bb5fab/resident/scratch.db mode=open n=200000 cache_mib=128 disk_gib=8 log=0 threads=8 mt_bg=0 normal_bg=0 memtable_mib=4 secs=6.0 warmup=1.0 rep=19 sabotage=0
+open took 0.006 s
+phase warm: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed count)
+== warm                   T=8  ops=200000     secs=   0.02 ops/s=    8143044  lat us p50=nan p99=nan p99.9=nan max=0.0 mean=nan
+   cpu=0.06s ops/cpu-s=3457874 rd=138.4 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=3
+phase point:uniform@1: T=1 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+   found=6831460 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@1        T=1  ops=6831460    secs=   6.00 ops/s=    1138527  lat us p50=0.84 p99=1.17 p99.9=1.46 max=125.7 mean=0.85
+   cpu=6.00s ops/cpu-s=1138589 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase point:uniform@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [point:uniform@8] progress 22271541 ops (+2226906 ops/s)
+   found=33300870 notfound=0
+== point:uniform@8        T=8  ops=33300870   secs=   6.00 ops/s=    5549943  lat us p50=1.39 p99=1.94 p99.9=2.46 max=84.5 mean=1.40
+   cpu=47.99s ops/cpu-s=693893 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+phase range:uniform:1@1: T=1 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:1@1] progress 722963 ops (+1844521071040999680 ops/s)
+== range:uniform:1@1      T=1  ops=623544     secs=   6.00 ops/s=     103919  lat us p50=9.60 p99=12.16 p99.9=15.74 max=71.7 mean=9.59
+   cpu=6.00s ops/cpu-s=103925 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=9.34 p99=11.90 mean=9.29  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.28 us  tuples/s=103919
+phase range:uniform:1@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+== range:uniform:1@8      T=8  ops=3143838    secs=   6.00 ops/s=     523954  lat us p50=13.95 p99=20.22 p99.9=30.46 max=178.0 mean=15.22
+   cpu=48.02s ops/cpu-s=65465 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=13.44 p99=19.71 mean=14.57  per-tuple=nan ns  deinit mean=0.61 us  tuples/s=523954
+phase range:uniform:10000@8: T=8 dist=uniform (fixed duration)
+  [range:uniform:10000@8] progress 11858 ops (+1844547500104964864 ops/s)
+close took 0.069 s
+== range:uniform:10000@8  T=8  ops=23584      secs=   6.00 ops/s=       3931  lat us p50=1916.93 p99=2457.60 p99.9=2523.14 max=2673.5 mean=2035.18
+   cpu=47.99s ops/cpu-s=491 rd=0.0 B/op wr=0.0 B/op violations=0 errors=0 swapin=0 swapout=0 majflt=0
+   startup us p50=17.66 p99=28.93 mean=17.90  per-tuple=206.7 ns  deinit mean=0.84 us  tuples/s=38343633
+   insert/run=6.00s drain(close)=0.07s total=6.07s drain_cpu=0.01s drain_rd=0 drain_wr=311296 wamp=nan db_apparent=162664448 db_alloc=28655616
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/build-debug-recovery-final-corrected.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/build-debug-recovery-final-corrected.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1c6ca8dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/build-debug-recovery-final-corrected.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-recovery-final-debug-build-corrected build
+Checking for mismatched config...No mismatched config found
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c          [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.o]
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/build-debug-recovery-final.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/build-debug-recovery-final.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f2dd2038
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/build-debug-recovery-final.log
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-recovery-final-debug-build build
+make: *** No rule to make target 'unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test'.  Stop.
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/build-debug-recovery.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/build-debug-recovery.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26da171e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/build-debug-recovery.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-debug-recovery-build build
+Checking for mismatched config...No mismatched config found
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c          [build-main-7bb5fab/debug/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.o]
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/build-release-recovery-final.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/build-release-recovery-final.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b915e7e61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/build-release-recovery-final.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-recovery-final-release-build build
+Checking for mismatched config...No mismatched config found
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c          [build-main-7bb5fab/release/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.o]
+Linking              build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/debug-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/debug-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aaa3ef581
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/debug-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-debug-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_forked_child', test case 'automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_forked_child:automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit [OK]
+RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 741 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ba5b0d9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'all'.
+TEST 1/49 splinterdb_quick:test_get_config_returns_effective_config [OK]
+TEST 2/49 splinterdb_quick:test_get_cost_stats [OK]
+TEST 3/49 splinterdb_quick:test_checkpoint_log_grace_default [OK]
+TEST 4/49 splinterdb_quick:test_durable_barrier [OK]
+TEST 5/49 splinterdb_quick:test_logged_large_value_replaces_old_value [OK]
+TEST 6/49 splinterdb_quick:test_basic_flow [OK]
+TEST 7/49 splinterdb_quick:test_pthread_auto_registration [OK]
+TEST 8/49 splinterdb_quick:test_result_auto_registration_with_stats [OK]
+TEST 9/49 splinterdb_quick:test_stats_reset_clears_cache_io [OK]
+TEST 10/49 splinterdb_quick:test_final_merge_error_propagation [OK]
+TEST 11/49 splinterdb_quick:test_fetch_and_update_catches_up_after_rotation [OK]
+TEST 12/49 splinterdb_quick:test_fetch_and_update_rejects_incorporated_boundary [OK]
+TEST 13/49 splinterdb_quick:test_range_init_error_cleanup_preserves_branches setup_ordered_iterators: exception: Cannot allocate memory
+core_apply_to_range: range iterator init failed: Cannot allocate memory
+[OK]
+TEST 14/49 splinterdb_quick:stats_reset_excludes_active_operations [OK]
+TEST 15/49 splinterdb_quick:test_apis_for_large_key [OK]
+TEST 16/49 splinterdb_quick:test_key_size_gt_max_inline_key_size [OK]
+TEST 17/49 splinterdb_quick:test_value_size_gt_max_value_size [OK]
+TEST 18/49 splinterdb_quick:test_large_lookup_survives_memtable_recycle [OK]
+TEST 19/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_survives_memtable_recycle [OK]
+TEST 20/49 splinterdb_quick:test_variable_length_values [OK]
+TEST 21/49 splinterdb_quick:test_basic_iterator [OK]
+TEST 22/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_delete_current [OK]
+TEST 23/49 splinterdb_quick:test_empty_iterator [OK]
+TEST 24/49 splinterdb_quick:test_bounded_iterator [OK]
+TEST 25/49 splinterdb_quick:test_bounded_iterator_start_normalization [OK]
+TEST 26/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_startkey [OK]
+TEST 27/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_non_existent_startkey [OK]
+TEST 28/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_missing_startkey_in_sequence [OK]
+TEST 29/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_prev_and_next [OK]
+TEST 30/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_reversal_on_key_in_two_branches [OK]
+TEST 31/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_reversal_with_three_branches [OK]
+TEST 32/49 splinterdb_quick:test_rewriting_keys_does_not_grow_trunk [OK]
+TEST 33/49 splinterdb_quick:test_close_and_reopen [OK]
+TEST 34/49 splinterdb_quick:test_logged_close_and_reopen [OK]
+TEST 35/49 splinterdb_quick:test_repeated_insert_close_reopen [OK]
+TEST 36/49 splinterdb_quick:test_custom_data_config [OK]
+TEST 37/49 splinterdb_quick:test_existence_only_memtable_lookup [OK]
+TEST 38/49 splinterdb_quick:test_existence_only_trunk_lookup_skips_branches [OK]
+TEST 39/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_returns_old_value [OK]
+TEST 40/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_existence_only [OK]
+TEST 41/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_custom_merge_semantics [OK]
+TEST 42/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_merges_memtable_and_trunk [OK]
+TEST 43/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_respects_trunk_delete_shadow [OK]
+TEST 44/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_custom_comparator [OK]
+TEST 45/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_init_bug [OK]
+TEST 46/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_create_w_background_threads [OK]
+TEST 47/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_create_w_all_background_threads [OK]
+TEST 48/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_thread_handoff [OK]
+TEST 49/49 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'test_blob_tree_crash_recovery'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'test_blob_tree_crash_recovery'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery [OK]
+RESULTS: 49 tests (49 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 11801 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/debug-2-driver_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/debug-2-driver_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9eabd5362
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/debug-2-driver_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-debug-2-driver_test test
+/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/driver_test: splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty
+Dispatch test log_test
+
+Started log_test!!
+Malformed log page sequence at page 23994368: group=3 page=0 follows group=1 page=0 (terminated).
+shard_log_iterator_init: record validation failed in group 1 at log page 161742848: Invalid argument; discarding this group and the rest
+Malformed log page sequence at page 162529280: group=1 page=0 follows group=1 page=0.
+shard_log_iterator_init: record validation failed in group 2 at log page 163319808: Input/output error; discarding this group and the rest
+log returned 500000 of 500000 entries
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/debug-3-splinter_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/debug-3-splinter_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..676de9bc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/debug-3-splinter_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-debug-3-splinter_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinter', test case 'all'.
+TEST 1/37 splinter:test_blob_checksums [OK]
+TEST 2/37 splinter:test_inserts [OK]
+TEST 3/37 splinter:test_btree_pack_abort_releases_reserved_extents btree_pack error status: 5
+[OK]
+TEST 4/37 splinter:test_btree_pack_rejects_counter_overflow btree_pack: output statistics exceed the on-disk limit
+btree_pack error status: 28
+[OK]
+TEST 5/37 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_pivot_bundle [OK]
+TEST 6/37 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_pivot_stats trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_node_find_pivot failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_node_find_pivot_async failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 7/37 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_child_height trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_node_handle_init_async failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 8/37 splinter:test_two_log_checkpoint [OK]
+TEST 9/37 splinter:test_logged_large_insert_shares_blob_extents [OK]
+TEST 10/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_waits_for_visible_insert_log_write [OK]
+TEST 11/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_packs_concurrent_small_tails [OK]
+TEST 12/37 splinter:test_shard_log_first_fit_decreasing_packing [OK]
+TEST 13/37 splinter:test_shard_log_page_alloc_failure_retries_open_buffer shard_log_graduate_buffer: out of log space
+shard_log_graduate_group: failed to terminate group 1: No space left on device
+[OK]
+TEST 14/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_without_log_publishes_root [OK]
+TEST 15/37 splinter:test_checkpoint_reports_terminal_incorporation_failure trunk_node_serialize():2789: cache_alloc() failedserialize_nodes():2973: node_serialize() failedserialize_nodes_and_save_contingent_compactions: serialize_nodes failed: 12
+restore_balance_leaf():6102: serialize_nodes() failed: Cannot allocate memorytrunk_flush_prepare: flush_then_compact failed: 12
+trunk_incorporate_prepare failed: Cannot allocate memory
+Memtable incorporation failed: generation=0 state=INCORPORATION_ASSIGNED status=Cannot allocate memory memtable_root=1179648
+memtable flush failed: Cannot allocate memory
+Shutdown found memtable from failed incorporation: generation=0 state=INCORPORATION_FAILED status=Cannot allocate memory memtable_root=1179648 compacted_root=0
+[OK]
+TEST 16/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_reopens_writers_before_device_barrier [OK]
+TEST 17/37 splinter:test_concurrent_durable_barriers_coalesce [OK]
+TEST 18/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_waits_for_checkpoint_publication [OK]
+TEST 19/37 splinter:test_log_prepare_failure_leaves_update_unapplied core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_unmount: failed to publish the unmount root: Input/output error
+core_unmount: shutdown retained recovery state; the next mount must recover
+[OK]
+TEST 20/37 splinter:test_checkpoint_advance_retries_cut_publish_failure core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+[OK]
+TEST 21/37 splinter:test_checkpoint_advance_retries_completion_failure core_checkpoint_advance: completion publish failed: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: completion publish failed: Input/output error
+[OK]
+TEST 22/37 splinter:test_self_managed_checkpoints_reclaim_log_space [OK]
+TEST 23/37 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint [OK]
+TEST 24/37 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_grace_allows_natural_rotation [OK]
+TEST 25/37 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_grace_forces_overwrite_rotation [OK]
+TEST 26/37 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_on_overwrites [OK]
+TEST 27/37 splinter:test_recover_allocations_reproduces_persisted_map [OK]
+TEST 28/37 splinter:test_unmount_skips_allocator_map_that_needs_rebuild core_unmount: allocator reference accounting is incomplete; leaving allocation state invalid for rebuild on the next mount
+[OK]
+TEST 29/37 splinter:test_late_reclamation_failure_requires_recovery WARNING: abandoned reclamation of mini allocator at 7471104 (type misc): Connection timed out. Remaining space is unavailable until reopen; clean allocation state will not be written. Recovery is required.
+WARNING: core_unmount: reclamation failed (Connection timed out); remaining space was retained. Shutdown requires recovery and the next open will rebuild allocation state.
+core_unmount: allocator reference accounting is incomplete; leaving allocation state invalid for rebuild on the next mount
+[OK]
+TEST 30/37 splinter:test_mount_active_checkpoint_stays_mountable [OK]
+TEST 31/37 splinter:test_lookups [OK]
+TEST 32/37 splinter:test_splinter_print_diags [OK]
+TEST 33/37 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_reports_failure_and_retries [OK]
+TEST 34/37 splinter:test_cache_read_errors_reach_core_operations ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup: btree_lookup_and_merge failed: 110
+trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup failed: 110
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async: btree_lookup_and_merge_async failed: 110
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async failed: 110
+[OK]
+TEST 35/37 splinter:test_blob_descriptor_sizes [OK]
+TEST 36/37 splinter:test_blob_trees [OK]
+TEST 37/37 splinter:test_blob_height_three_and_large_stats [OK]
+RESULTS: 37 tests (37 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 102093 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/debug-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/debug-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aa5d5131c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/debug-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-debug-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_forked_child', test case 'automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_forked_child:automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit [OK]
+RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 673 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/debug-recovery-final-validation.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/debug-recovery-final-validation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ec33a0bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/debug-recovery-final-validation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+[
+  {
+    "name": "debug-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "main-merge-log-group-debug-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-7bb5fab/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/log-group-limit/scratch/debug-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 673 ms"
+    ],
+    "seconds": 0.7169167995452881,
+    "binary_sha256": "13af214dcd09504785362e5c703c6db86d8a63b3527850be7d3c53231a4dcd54",
+    "log_sha256": "836321b74957f79ef96bdbd561995ae5b4f880aa826033d3233083115f1b2467"
+  }
+]
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/release-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/release-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a723a0acb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/release-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-release-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_forked_child', test case 'automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_forked_child:automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit [OK]
+RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 588 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/release-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/release-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5ba1e0629
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/release-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-release-1-splinterdb_quick_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'all'.
+TEST 1/49 splinterdb_quick:test_get_cost_stats [OK]
+TEST 2/49 splinterdb_quick:test_checkpoint_log_grace_default [OK]
+TEST 3/49 splinterdb_quick:test_durable_barrier [OK]
+TEST 4/49 splinterdb_quick:test_logged_large_value_replaces_old_value [OK]
+TEST 5/49 splinterdb_quick:test_basic_flow [OK]
+TEST 6/49 splinterdb_quick:test_pthread_auto_registration [OK]
+TEST 7/49 splinterdb_quick:test_result_auto_registration_with_stats [OK]
+TEST 8/49 splinterdb_quick:test_stats_reset_clears_cache_io [OK]
+TEST 9/49 splinterdb_quick:test_final_merge_error_propagation [OK]
+TEST 10/49 splinterdb_quick:test_fetch_and_update_catches_up_after_rotation [OK]
+TEST 11/49 splinterdb_quick:test_fetch_and_update_rejects_incorporated_boundary [OK]
+TEST 12/49 splinterdb_quick:test_range_init_error_cleanup_preserves_branches setup_ordered_iterators: exception: Cannot allocate memory
+core_apply_to_range: range iterator init failed: Cannot allocate memory
+[OK]
+TEST 13/49 splinterdb_quick:stats_reset_excludes_active_operations [OK]
+TEST 14/49 splinterdb_quick:test_apis_for_large_key [OK]
+TEST 15/49 splinterdb_quick:test_key_size_gt_max_inline_key_size [OK]
+TEST 16/49 splinterdb_quick:test_value_size_gt_max_value_size [OK]
+TEST 17/49 splinterdb_quick:test_large_lookup_survives_memtable_recycle [OK]
+TEST 18/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_survives_memtable_recycle [OK]
+TEST 19/49 splinterdb_quick:test_variable_length_values [OK]
+TEST 20/49 splinterdb_quick:test_basic_iterator [OK]
+TEST 21/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_delete_current [OK]
+TEST 22/49 splinterdb_quick:test_empty_iterator [OK]
+TEST 23/49 splinterdb_quick:test_bounded_iterator [OK]
+TEST 24/49 splinterdb_quick:test_bounded_iterator_start_normalization [OK]
+TEST 25/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_startkey [OK]
+TEST 26/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_non_existent_startkey [OK]
+TEST 27/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_missing_startkey_in_sequence [OK]
+TEST 28/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_prev_and_next [OK]
+TEST 29/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_reversal_on_key_in_two_branches [OK]
+TEST 30/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_reversal_with_three_branches [OK]
+TEST 31/49 splinterdb_quick:test_rewriting_keys_does_not_grow_trunk [OK]
+TEST 32/49 splinterdb_quick:test_close_and_reopen [OK]
+TEST 33/49 splinterdb_quick:test_logged_close_and_reopen [OK]
+TEST 34/49 splinterdb_quick:test_repeated_insert_close_reopen [OK]
+TEST 35/49 splinterdb_quick:test_custom_data_config [OK]
+TEST 36/49 splinterdb_quick:test_existence_only_memtable_lookup [OK]
+TEST 37/49 splinterdb_quick:test_existence_only_trunk_lookup_skips_branches [OK]
+TEST 38/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_returns_old_value [OK]
+TEST 39/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_existence_only [OK]
+TEST 40/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_custom_merge_semantics [OK]
+TEST 41/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_merges_memtable_and_trunk [OK]
+TEST 42/49 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_respects_trunk_delete_shadow [OK]
+TEST 43/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_custom_comparator [OK]
+TEST 44/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_init_bug [OK]
+TEST 45/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_create_w_background_threads [OK]
+TEST 46/49 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_create_w_all_background_threads [OK]
+TEST 47/49 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_thread_handoff [OK]
+TEST 48/49 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'test_blob_tree_crash_recovery'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'test_blob_tree_crash_recovery'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery [OK]
+TEST 49/49 splinterdb_quick:test_get_config_returns_effective_config [OK]
+RESULTS: 49 tests (49 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 9074 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/release-2-driver_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/release-2-driver_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4df0e2409
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/release-2-driver_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-release-2-driver_test test
+/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/driver_test: splinterdb_build_version f295866a-dirty
+Dispatch test log_test
+
+Started log_test!!
+Malformed log page sequence at page 16261120: group=3 page=0 follows group=1 page=0 (terminated).
+shard_log_iterator_init: record validation failed in group 1 at log page 154009600: Invalid argument; discarding this group and the rest
+Malformed log page sequence at page 154796032: group=1 page=0 follows group=1 page=0.
+shard_log_iterator_init: record validation failed in group 2 at log page 155586560: Input/output error; discarding this group and the rest
+log returned 500000 of 500000 entries
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/release-3-splinter_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/release-3-splinter_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2e38a257
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/release-3-splinter_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-release-3-splinter_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinter', test case 'all'.
+TEST 1/37 splinter:test_inserts [OK]
+TEST 2/37 splinter:test_btree_pack_abort_releases_reserved_extents btree_pack error status: 5
+[OK]
+TEST 3/37 splinter:test_btree_pack_rejects_counter_overflow btree_pack: output statistics exceed the on-disk limit
+btree_pack error status: 28
+[OK]
+TEST 4/37 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_pivot_bundle [OK]
+TEST 5/37 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_pivot_stats trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_node_find_pivot failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_node_find_pivot_async failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 6/37 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_child_height trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_node_handle_init_async failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 7/37 splinter:test_two_log_checkpoint [OK]
+TEST 8/37 splinter:test_logged_large_insert_shares_blob_extents [OK]
+TEST 9/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_waits_for_visible_insert_log_write [OK]
+TEST 10/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_packs_concurrent_small_tails [OK]
+TEST 11/37 splinter:test_shard_log_first_fit_decreasing_packing [OK]
+TEST 12/37 splinter:test_shard_log_page_alloc_failure_retries_open_buffer shard_log_graduate_buffer: out of log space
+shard_log_graduate_group: failed to terminate group 1: No space left on device
+[OK]
+TEST 13/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_without_log_publishes_root [OK]
+TEST 14/37 splinter:test_checkpoint_reports_terminal_incorporation_failure trunk_node_serialize():2789: cache_alloc() failedserialize_nodes():2973: node_serialize() failedserialize_nodes_and_save_contingent_compactions: serialize_nodes failed: 12
+restore_balance_leaf():6102: serialize_nodes() failed: Cannot allocate memorytrunk_flush_prepare: flush_then_compact failed: 12
+trunk_incorporate_prepare failed: Cannot allocate memory
+Memtable incorporation failed: generation=0 state=INCORPORATION_ASSIGNED status=Cannot allocate memory memtable_root=1179648
+memtable flush failed: Cannot allocate memory
+Shutdown found memtable from failed incorporation: generation=0 state=INCORPORATION_FAILED status=Cannot allocate memory memtable_root=1179648 compacted_root=0
+[OK]
+TEST 15/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_reopens_writers_before_device_barrier [OK]
+TEST 16/37 splinter:test_concurrent_durable_barriers_coalesce [OK]
+TEST 17/37 splinter:test_durable_barrier_waits_for_checkpoint_publication [OK]
+TEST 18/37 splinter:test_log_prepare_failure_leaves_update_unapplied core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_unmount: failed to publish the unmount root: Input/output error
+core_unmount: shutdown retained recovery state; the next mount must recover
+[OK]
+TEST 19/37 splinter:test_checkpoint_advance_retries_cut_publish_failure core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+[OK]
+TEST 20/37 splinter:test_checkpoint_advance_retries_completion_failure core_checkpoint_advance: completion publish failed: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: completion publish failed: Input/output error
+[OK]
+TEST 21/37 splinter:test_self_managed_checkpoints_reclaim_log_space [OK]
+TEST 22/37 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint [OK]
+TEST 23/37 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_grace_allows_natural_rotation [OK]
+TEST 24/37 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_grace_forces_overwrite_rotation [OK]
+TEST 25/37 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_on_overwrites [OK]
+TEST 26/37 splinter:test_recover_allocations_reproduces_persisted_map [OK]
+TEST 27/37 splinter:test_unmount_skips_allocator_map_that_needs_rebuild core_unmount: allocator reference accounting is incomplete; leaving allocation state invalid for rebuild on the next mount
+[OK]
+TEST 28/37 splinter:test_late_reclamation_failure_requires_recovery WARNING: abandoned reclamation of mini allocator at 7471104 (type misc): Connection timed out. Remaining space is unavailable until reopen; clean allocation state will not be written. Recovery is required.
+WARNING: core_unmount: reclamation failed (Connection timed out); remaining space was retained. Shutdown requires recovery and the next open will rebuild allocation state.
+core_unmount: allocator reference accounting is incomplete; leaving allocation state invalid for rebuild on the next mount
+[OK]
+TEST 29/37 splinter:test_mount_active_checkpoint_stays_mountable [OK]
+TEST 30/37 splinter:test_lookups [OK]
+TEST 31/37 splinter:test_splinter_print_diags [OK]
+TEST 32/37 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_reports_failure_and_retries [OK]
+TEST 33/37 splinter:test_cache_read_errors_reach_core_operations ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup: btree_lookup_and_merge failed: 110
+trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup failed: 110
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async: btree_lookup_and_merge_async failed: 110
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async failed: 110
+[OK]
+TEST 34/37 splinter:test_blob_descriptor_sizes [OK]
+TEST 35/37 splinter:test_blob_trees [OK]
+TEST 36/37 splinter:test_blob_height_three_and_large_stats [OK]
+TEST 37/37 splinter:test_blob_checksums [OK]
+RESULTS: 37 tests (37 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 44871 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/release-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/release-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1143f52c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/release-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting main-merge-log-group-release-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_forked_child', test case 'automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_forked_child:automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit [OK]
+RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 558 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/release-recovery-final-validation.json b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/release-recovery-final-validation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c3ad24071
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab/tests/release-recovery-final-validation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+[
+  {
+    "name": "release-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "main-merge-log-group-release-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-7bb5fab/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-7bb5fab/log-group-limit/scratch/release-recovery-final-0-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 558 ms"
+    ],
+    "seconds": 0.6161184310913086,
+    "binary_sha256": "2d9796495f433336cb854ea6b160c6abf3f7a744b1d41bd84457ca0cc264631f",
+    "log_sha256": "ceb1faadced23206e2cbe07b75ff5e3e0e57f4a215b6b9f8bb0fe2ee32c116d5"
+  }
+]
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/.clang-format b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/.clang-format
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e3845288a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/.clang-format
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+DisableFormat: true
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/.gitattributes b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f2663f4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+*.csv whitespace=cr-at-eol
+*.patch -whitespace
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/README.md b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc5777b9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# Log-group default and PR validation
+
+The candidate is `robj/log-group-limit` at parent `dd0d59c5` plus
+[`default1024.patch`](default1024.patch). Main is `fc0bc8f7`, already included
+in the branch. The only runtime change in this patch is selecting 1024 pages
+in both default-setting paths through a shared constant. The public config
+test asserts the effective default; the flat-blob recovery fixture now exceeds
+1024 pages per insert. Earlier explicitly selected 1024-page measurements
+remain in the 2026-10-13 asynchronous-policy archive.
+
+## Correctness and build checks
+
+Debug and release builds pass. Each mode passes 44 core cases, 56 public API
+cases and one process-exit regression with three data shapes, followed by the
+functional log suite replaying 500,000/500,000 records. The process-exit fixture
+drains already-submitted work, exits without close or an explicit barrier, and
+verifies every value after reopening. It covers small records, flat blobs and
+multilevel blobs. Fault tests cover submission failure, durability failure and
+retry, and automatic barriers overlapping explicit barriers without making
+inserts wait for the earlier device barrier.
+
+Raw logs, commands, binary hashes and counts are in [`tests/`](tests).
+`run_validation.py` records the four commands for each mode. Build logs use
+`make -j4 BUILD_ROOT=build-main-fc0bc8f7 BUILD_MODE=debug|release all`, adding
+`benchmarks` for release. Full source formatting and the final diff whitespace
+checks pass. The full CI compiler/sanitizer/stress matrix was not run here.
+
+## Fresh benchmark screen
+
+Twelve ten-second closed-loop insertion runs use CPU affinity 0-11, a 256 MiB
+cache, a 16 GiB logical database, 8 MiB memtables, one memtable worker, three
+normal workers, and 16-byte keys and values. WAL is enabled; automatic
+checkpoints and explicit periodic barriers are disabled. All databases are
+opened with `O_DIRECT` on ext4 `/dev/mapper/snafu-root_crypt`. Campaign locks
+serialize benchmarks and exclude concurrent campaign builds/tests; the
+serialization audit found no overlap. Successful scratch databases are deleted.
+
+For each of one and eight writers, the order is main, default, explicit 1024,
+explicit 1024, default, main. Candidate default means the API config contains
+zero. Main has no size-triggered barrier policy. Both use the same frozen
+insertion harness source, with the main-only compatibility macro; the harness
+snapshot retains its historical help text. It does not define the default.
+`build_benchmarks.py` records commands and library/source/binary hashes in the
+two build manifests. The original main executable is verified and reused.
+
+| Writers | Policy | Inserts/s | Change vs main | Including close |
+| ---: | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: |
+| 1 | Main | 863,309 | 0.00% | 0.00% |
+| 1 | Default 1024 | 860,522 | -0.32% | -0.08% |
+| 1 | Explicit 1024 | 861,242 | -0.24% | -0.10% |
+| 8 | Main | 1,825,188 | 0.00% | 0.00% |
+| 8 | Default 1024 | 1,810,417 | -0.81% | -2.02% |
+| 8 | Explicit 1024 | 1,824,948 | -0.01% | -2.26% |
+
+Cells are arithmetic means of two samples. Including-close throughput divides
+each run's inserts by its insertion duration plus close duration before
+averaging. Eight-writer close times average 1.23 seconds for main, 1.36 for
+default and 1.47 for explicit; individual main closes range 0.71-1.74 seconds.
+With only two short samples, these differences do not establish exact overhead
+or tail-latency neutrality. No substantial insertion-throughput regression is
+apparent. Earlier larger policy comparisons and their control-drift caveats
+remain relevant. The guarantee differs from main: added automatic durability
+has real storage work to perform.
+
+All runs completed with positive insertion counts, successful API returns and
+clean close, with no automatic-barrier warning. The benchmark does not read
+back every key; separate tests validate correctness and recovery. Raw time
+series, latency summaries, commands and manifests are in
+[`performance/`](performance); [`summary.json`](summary.json) also reports
+CPU cost and latency percentiles. No timings or samples were discarded.
+
+## Reproduction
+
+`build_benchmarks.py`, `run_benchmarks.py`, `runner_core.py` and
+`insert_benchmark.c` preserve the executed sources. They refer to this
+campaign's absolute paths and verify input hashes before each run. Adjust
+paths and use a new output directory for a new campaign; existing result
+directories and database files are deliberately refused.
+
+Invoke the benchmark through the campaign coordinator:
+
+```sh
+python3 .cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py \
+  --name log-pr-1024-default-screen \
+  --db-dir /home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-pr-1024-20261014 \
+  benchmark -- python3 .cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-pr-1024-20261014/run_benchmarks.py
+```
+
+`sha256.json` covers the archived files other than itself. Original binary
+hashes are in manifests; binaries and database images are not committed.
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/archive.py b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/archive.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..430756213
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/archive.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+import csv,hashlib,json,shutil,statistics,subprocess
+coord=Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+camp=coord.parent.parent
+wt=camp/'worktrees/log-group-limit'
+runs=camp/'benchmarks/log-pr-1024-20261014/default-check'
+archive=wt/'benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr'
+manifest=json.loads((runs/'manifest.json').read_text())
+assert manifest['complete'] and len(manifest['runs'])==12
+assert all(r['verified'] and r['returncode']==0 for r in manifest['runs'])
+for mode in ['debug','release']:
+ tests=json.loads((coord/(mode+'-validation.json')).read_text())
+ assert len(tests)==4 and all(t['returncode']==0 for t in tests)
+ assert 'log returned 500000 of 500000 entries' in (coord/(mode+'-3-driver_test.log')).read_text()
+archive.mkdir(parents=True,exist_ok=True)
+(archive/'.clang-format').write_text('DisableFormat: true\n')
+(archive/'.gitattributes').write_text('*.csv whitespace=cr-at-eol\n*.patch -whitespace\n')
+shutil.copytree(runs,archive/'performance',dirs_exist_ok=True)
+for name in ['build_benchmarks.py','run_benchmarks.py','runner_core.py','insert_benchmark.c','run_validation.py','format_final.py','archive.py','main-build.json','candidate-build.json','default1024.patch','benchmark-build.log','benchmark.log','format.log','debug-build-matched.log','release-build-matched.log']:
+ shutil.copyfile(coord/name,archive/name)
+(archive/'tests').mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+for mode in ['debug','release']:
+ for p in coord.glob(mode+'-[0-9]-*.log'):shutil.copyfile(p,archive/'tests'/p.name)
+ shutil.copyfile(coord/(mode+'-validation.json'),archive/'tests'/(mode+'-validation.json'))
+rows=list(csv.DictReader((runs/'results.csv').open()))
+summary=[]
+metrics=['ops_s','drain_ops_s','close_s','cpu_us_op','p99_us','p999_us']
+for threads in [1,8]:
+ means={}
+ for profile in ['main','default1024','explicit1024']:
+  cells=[r for r in rows if int(r['threads'])==threads and r['version']==profile]
+  means[profile]={metric:statistics.mean(float(r[metric]) for r in cells) for metric in metrics}
+ for profile in means:
+  record=dict(threads=threads,profile=profile,n=2,**means[profile])
+  record['throughput_change_percent']=100*(record['ops_s']/means['main']['ops_s']-1)
+  record['including_close_change_percent']=100*(record['drain_ops_s']/means['main']['drain_ops_s']-1)
+  record['throughput_samples']=[float(r['ops_s']) for r in rows if int(r['threads'])==threads and r['version']==profile]
+  summary.append(record)
+(archive/'summary.json').write_text(json.dumps(summary,indent=2)+'\n')
+print(json.dumps(summary,indent=2))
+files={str(p.relative_to(archive)):hashlib.sha256(p.read_bytes()).hexdigest() for p in sorted(archive.rglob('*')) if p.is_file() and p.name!='sha256.json'}
+(archive/'sha256.json').write_text(json.dumps(files,indent=2)+'\n')
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/benchmark-build.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/benchmark-build.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..255408a29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/benchmark-build.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting log-pr-1024-benchmark-build build
+lto-wrapper: warning: using serial compilation of 13 LTRANS jobs
+lto-wrapper: note: see the ‘-flto’ option documentation for more information
+Matched-source benchmark build complete
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/benchmark.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/benchmark.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bea6d031c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/benchmark.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+Benchmark database storage: ext4 /dev/mapper/snafu-root_crypt[/home/rob/projects/splinterdb] /home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-pr-1024-20261014
+Starting log-pr-1024-default-screen benchmark
+t1-r0-0-main
+t1-r0-1-default1024
+t1-r0-2-explicit1024
+t1-r0-3-explicit1024
+t1-r0-4-default1024
+t1-r0-5-main
+t8-r0-0-main
+t8-r0-1-default1024
+t8-r0-2-explicit1024
+t8-r0-3-explicit1024
+t8-r0-4-default1024
+t8-r0-5-main
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/build_benchmarks.py b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/build_benchmarks.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c5af25df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/build_benchmarks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+import hashlib,json,subprocess,shutil
+out=Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+camp=out.parent.parent
+wt=camp/'worktrees/log-group-limit'
+old=out.parent/'main-fc0bc8f7'
+def sha(p):return hashlib.sha256(Path(p).read_bytes()).hexdigest()
+main=json.loads((old/'main-build.json').read_text())
+main['binaries']={'insert_benchmark':main['binaries']['insert_benchmark']}
+assert sha(main['library'])==main['library_sha256']
+assert sha(main['binaries']['insert_benchmark']['binary'])==main['binaries']['insert_benchmark']['binary_sha256']
+assert sha(out/'insert_benchmark.c')==main['binaries']['insert_benchmark']['source_sha256']
+(out/'main-build.json').write_text(json.dumps(main,indent=2)+'\n')
+lib=wt/'build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/lib/libsplinterdb.a'
+exe=out/'insert_benchmark'
+source=out/'insert_benchmark.c'
+cmd=['gcc','-D_GNU_SOURCE','-ggdb','-Wall','-pthread','-Werror','-DXXH_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY','-fPIC','-DSPLINTERDB_PLATFORM_DIR=platform_linux','-O3','-ffast-math','-flto','-march=native','-I',str(wt/'include'),'-I',str(wt/'src'),'-I',str(wt/'src/platform_linux'),str(source),str(lib),'-laio','-lxxhash','-lm','-lpthread','-o',str(exe)]
+subprocess.run(cmd,check=True)
+record=dict(profile='candidate',tree=str(wt),head=subprocess.check_output(['git','rev-parse','HEAD'],cwd=wt,text=True).strip(),patch='default1024.patch',library=str(lib),library_sha256=sha(lib),source_files_sha256={},binaries={'insert_benchmark':dict(command=cmd,binary=str(exe),binary_sha256=sha(exe),source=str(source),source_sha256=sha(source))})
+record['library_build_configs']={str(p):{'sha256':sha(p),'text':p.read_text()} for p in sorted(lib.parent.parent.glob('build-config.*'))}
+for sub in ['src','include']:
+ for p in sorted((wt/sub).rglob('*')):
+  if p.is_file():record['source_files_sha256'][str(p.relative_to(wt))]=sha(p)
+(out/'candidate-build.json').write_text(json.dumps(record,indent=2)+'\n')
+(out/'default1024.patch').write_bytes(subprocess.check_output(['git','diff','HEAD','--','src','include','tests','benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c'],cwd=wt))
+print('Matched-source benchmark build complete')
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/candidate-build.json b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/candidate-build.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3186c2d3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/candidate-build.json
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+{
+  "profile": "candidate",
+  "tree": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit",
+  "head": "dd0d59c512d8e4f8c26756e39dceda547507a9fa",
+  "patch": "default1024.patch",
+  "library": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/lib/libsplinterdb.a",
+  "library_sha256": "1af02b2e05cee2cadfe28b929bf9fd0e8adfdb69a5c4b989cf3204b084db9c7d",
+  "source_files_sha256": {
+    "src/PackedArray.c": "97b64eb0a4f550e55f3385d39d729a878fbc581909ea16ec3b8987a7f46604cc",
+    "src/PackedArray.h": "e46f854b487a8b130f0613efcab11836012d27c8aacf9ca9e76a2de1a7eb6874",
+    "src/allocator.c": "96c7f0a5e0808719cf114d267c84da1f057b5eed748b0672d60686d7f130b96f",
+    "src/allocator.h": "06da1d6a491a15ef5229e8e2e4b4ad6468cb3c9ba620e0d956032dc0a1b6aec1",
+    "src/batch_rwlock.c": "c043d9e5ead75cd9e1266a6f51fb555012269f3822d7f0233dc2abbd962c3aae",
+    "src/batch_rwlock.h": "0ff5f0bd7fdf5f9a63ca2f77c387d574d8009ad726b47283c93566cf06bc0927",
+    "src/blob.c": "75e01e92c06d775b1cb36ea63a7cddf191b5179b94c3e9cd6b5b23ab0480485b",
+    "src/blob.h": "8f68d2f67de8a9d81a422b28d47aa636cc7234fccc3dbabe59f2355bc361e93c",
+    "src/blob_build.c": "e484e9c14fd8a9b3c1d211485c35931c944fc66ac4ee78ea20ffc5b3f074b10b",
+    "src/blob_build.h": "38176881cf9159247e6f578bbc7abb725cfa969c493715df7d1388cb7cbfd119",
+    "src/btree.c": "8b059dfa240564a7fca21379b467afc7635b9128d2ca72555300333ae06dbc97",
+    "src/btree.h": "2dc405429d4d84f606412d3a16dc07dd2aee2877524d658e946cb1a8bf1d865e",
+    "src/btree_private.h": "43693dd3048ae050b3358ccfc9b91371a3d9dff4f3d6d5c8b07445897dee09f6",
+    "src/cache.h": "d4c1e133d6423fff324d0ebcf5c95e13647c0022a3458935156746b90d816d6d",
+    "src/clockcache.c": "e0ef2e19a8280849df4ee80d9b8a54a0faaf56a13faefe7a91d54f5b7269f933",
+    "src/clockcache.h": "68f4e7b019d0440f85929bfc0da1891ce941318ee7dfd14a3d4d923e3d4e72d8",
+    "src/core.c": "7f4c49cc68de619c588abd65df69583b0c1cb4634da5e2096cd7538f96cc0025",
+    "src/core.h": "c820a39abdcf0e69bb7aba1f8f9741d72e77609df4b85dbd2233b693559869ec",
+    "src/data_blob_build.c": "13475faa56bba94ee26ef7fec4e4da8a5045e0efe510a63291fd5e2697cb5d22",
+    "src/data_blob_build.h": "dd7f263a0b1138325b211c561ba7289183a2cc8472978cba3ca430295e11e5f3",
+    "src/data_internal.c": "0a42dd477aaa6ad6c4910841045c4c768ad8d248c0126c64c51035f53e769cde",
+    "src/data_internal.h": "98b4ebe77576c4cbb7dd9984ca5e297851175494062073f1a4c137c5afb8b587",
+    "src/default_data_config.c": "161352f5247978f3d57033818d05a79d0a1a0d0ffac2bc9f25f4f33eabca2227",
+    "src/histogram.c": "24e09dfabd6085021d8a06ef9b10f6e85b24914d95831be359df09f8a9729aff",
+    "src/histogram.h": "7ccfde6d3ada7ead18fe477c06a6b021db83ca8c041ab0998ca023b945a3c1c7",
+    "src/iterator.h": "2fcddeb9fa6bd49f4e3da933224219bdb830f9e2f11638ea1ed13eba534fa27f",
+    "src/log.h": "da650095ba27154c029a2ef10c5fcac963002e294ad65688b80b5805786b8a45",
+    "src/log_data.h": "8b9198c49c95367f5c66cfa23ec1a3b6cab2abd875fe74c4afb4dafb5a5c44fe",
+    "src/lookup_result.h": "7528b988a28ef91b6bd7a4fa10dfa51b9ce2475e801b3b6a8bf30adf88f1ef16",
+    "src/memtable.c": "7db3b4754497c73b4071c7e7e591cc76fc226197fb70d98fb46caf139b3953f4",
+    "src/memtable.h": "244cac7cf304df85a25c8bede2df106d6f840d65bbd1a3551b3d9f2ed9129fc1",
+    "src/merge.c": "0b9547090a291b88f957689d8786fbaab35a2e2a18a4ae72b532c11415f5a9a7",
+    "src/merge.h": "771c1c2b5c581901c67aefa07d9e8c9d4f730e1137633b5b5efe35d14a6bd0d1",
+    "src/mini_allocator.c": "d620cbdff9867ce64c752992ede58783010fb09366220ad3bd6d8518911205ca",
+    "src/mini_allocator.h": "39d245b58914d28b26dfe230b9de15582382cec1c2a90fa14db19f5f2c203632",
+    "src/notification.c": "54af1fe6af2e5fc84fbee21a74ff55069a8aa7e4ec7f9d8c9485e85e91669b58",
+    "src/notification.h": "f4df33131f407e6a957602a05c72f4bca7efed98b1a39134f94bf889a6ca5f29",
+    "src/ondisk_ref.c": "2ace8cbbce3f80a54ff7762ad03a79a564665fa660394f1d3446235a3e40ed7b",
+    "src/ondisk_ref.h": "643325c8b4f16fab41d8c884c97bdfcf6c86e5178398508fa0f81b6b0606926d",
+    "src/pcq.h": "862cd346b0097014ccae797dc1463e7b3fc387f409319d5adcef7613b6f82f84",
+    "src/platform_linux/async.h": "41383b57e21f0f51d737749a4ce7c2c5330ac9363e742330625c9aedd4f13a52",
+    "src/platform_linux/laio.c": "0ce628806e6896070359a9e39d069f326f460ab697c6c17ff17d171614290881",
+    "src/platform_linux/laio.h": "f3987e22f1fd7a9d6b46c79f84e75559aec5410239a13d52a7a5343ba792b28e",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform.h": "f1c3d7c5bcd089ed7a7df129d3b8d00d7617de9a7aa6f9d1f7deeb739281e768",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_assert.c": "112e803b6db03dd8c14a3bfc3f1139bbcc4b81f1d5e24a232b7b99ce89146c2d",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_assert.h": "751dccceac9ce4a97d25d441b5216ced5ee5f079a13c9ccd43551b0994aa7cc2",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_backtrace.h": "ef13ccbf4ae4747b0de244a37c026ad8769018d84f9fc4d6493db43d9714358c",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_buffer.c": "b790d645b3dc5f638da871bf9611865dc700927f3b594a1d645b0350bd1bd027",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_buffer.h": "72e016dbb19b8250378b3a5c79fbebf9c3d72a31d07a232f36431e04f0e4afa6",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_condvar.c": "e595f69194accb3f3460d6fc9a4a9144bd7f495dbeb77f11bf3616dc0e9b03ec",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_condvar.h": "a4ee02ae5069637bce4cae07f3ed9869925f17a9e6e1b04d69baedfc148fd493",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_hash.h": "f69f5ed6218bfe62c62718b387e1c110e9fca46c07603d4d51ccc4fc782b09ab",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_heap.c": "72bb2753f525e56f8c398988a787feb38f02efaa749e5d57cb476f967269c479",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_heap.h": "921f3113d20b44c36817c284702e965e01769596ff012edd6ceaa70cbdbbd10a",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_io.c": "875a7331f8bfa46e9a6961f50acb40b107d40883839c94def52a289a521c66be",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_io.h": "69ae9556daf1c7a69e007abd494bf9c86ec81c08bca1e032663009cef95b2fac",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_log.c": "318bd17c858475a3a91c5e9641b52808f7c4194e1c6fc9a7d801392b04c49538",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_log.h": "569484386150fcfbf5dde722c5b8e34d67d65be3454e3e009cb9df41f11efea6",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_machine.h": "c02745313c7268dbe99efa2b93dd4d37640b5a7aa2e88c78fd5b73742f252c7d",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_mutex.c": "7ec1dd6a5397217d28fd85c10648d29a70bf66649f59f76d7387236031b15bf3",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_mutex.h": "688991d6a7dc57a7a88f565541561344cdfbb1733ca6073f1655d6c436ed6544",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_random.h": "184ac9da9c38a6c10275891be61ccb91beaf2234ebb9ce046d059cb16824d68f",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_semaphore.h": "9fdb7cfeaf36c8bf9aa346a16466ed6bc50bea76fdb5722c86001563d55bedfe",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_sleep.h": "34aeaea35133bf33e47eb1d9ace429297644e13bc100d90ebbd205bceb58d3ab",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_sort.h": "d374788510f94a8c3b86ff6bfa1f6a3ff8ac33168eb26f6f7774984252f6d01e",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_spinlock.h": "7b3f0409109f3341f2287fe7cd8fb69faac4a74b009a44c1eb83220f71e94de0",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_status.h": "2749285ea1322e5c1639019b728fde4b87b0cae6f71a7fc16e420bd592d38c00",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_string.h": "fa41faf9c6661c62ece783740250232709656b0a8677f542e390a5f3b0d834a6",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_threads.c": "789465a2c6ac7ac501e5878f429cc0dd9b163145a522e247a4833e3de7af8f2a",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_threads.h": "653e070115131756e6aaffc3c2764a6437fb39ff96df4afc8a01e6e751c9d622",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_time.h": "f212a08cf8432693711cecfd389f9ed3d0a70e0c056dc062321bd11c4a8cbec7",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_trace.c": "4a68e89f214920dd2762d072a0ad8e7c80d9b1733a64e4a7e3dd4bb04b91c352",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_trace.h": "345f7283b01e5a9b4d5da7bea66ad44ff61f53155417c97990e23bb8fedadf33",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_typed_alloc.h": "42c1d2bbd56c183d11768a5f43d440cf3c1bfe329c4352afa6acd3bc2b191a8e",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_units.h": "1cb22a07b33ec8b58f9381438f480f561d12b838f315a117cc1f979e95b1ef65",
+    "src/platform_linux/platform_util.h": "4fa2702b3919eb1a7efcf29457f5ee9a3d7a7b4c38fed4606264562022fa2638",
+    "src/platform_linux/poison.h": "a32dfa445439eb08913e519117e7b11f72b2c3550577a74769ed935a792c42c5",
+    "src/platform_linux/shmalloc.c": "e4631d63a9db1ad58472ad3d034d081f2bb9a97f34c5898f7c848dda923727f8",
+    "src/platform_linux/shmalloc.h": "081a82473f6021f8ed628e79f8ae5dc7104988981f8c3b25749ea42c8158113d",
+    "src/prefetch.h": "9d55d9dad64e3795c81856bc38688936e4e74e488dfe2d29a1f5438ad000df42",
+    "src/rc_allocator.c": "23ef0da6fb2d5114fe403403c8e535bf8ba19ed2c8bef4397212933cedfc8b9e",
+    "src/rc_allocator.h": "5f1fae7e32207a4e0cd5c4f799c9b802ce116dd381ee5c074c21d64a229dc3ad",
+    "src/routing_filter.c": "b367f375536ad2119515ee450235ffd27a588a8a73e3495250abd44ac48f453a",
+    "src/routing_filter.h": "66a6f52a7773857e52b1440f32c46f492210d9dd54c0e3145cbed553fa959f3d",
+    "src/shard_log.c": "2ce39e31f8c770f60bfdfac354a9af304fbd89ff0e260efbc6b05098a56cd9e5",
+    "src/shard_log.h": "9d4f1514380d9ede38b08842344eb1c41e93c4565ae36c5741b6d742f4689350",
+    "src/splinterdb.c": "658a74458e2c07b363e85e78d81313dcad7ca4c705bdceb40b16a78d1c167b01",
+    "src/splinterdb_tests_private.h": "579031767b8869f49cf1e3fc94caeec13a1362dfd047782538df40b281c93414",
+    "src/superblock.c": "e3fbe387ac4fef197c11977e35e3aecf0d31c27c9d4932e4ec54b1bfc391620a",
+    "src/superblock.h": "cec63cb28426e2d23140b3ac310a86ae9635d6b3ec429abe7c469bc0de06aa73",
+    "src/task.c": "470418c0da14795c4697c51ef7b22e128b691c1c24a704791eea09a10b9373a4",
+    "src/task.h": "ebcc3bd29cef9ee8718c6ff0186863fff0dad03bcfaa43e5eacaf83c1933d01d",
+    "src/trunk.c": "013d25adbdc62c98935e8043ce0afba76565ce1971b664d7ce1eec2aab2167c3",
+    "src/trunk.h": "3c5081230d6fdfcf2e8aa2bbcff093c7694154b465d7e77cb28d48cb0412c855",
+    "src/util.c": "969df408c4c393f73feb05dfa37ebe1ed8be627cef630061830e4992c4c1fd9c",
+    "src/util.h": "9fa455f5a6268fa4a6864d444849b0872391af00512932c1587363cfd38304ef",
+    "src/vector.h": "6855dd0430f1a868d098797cbd4f3453ab542b5f6fbe716c79871124bee200a9",
+    "src/writeback_set.c": "cb485716f57a3183ce82543848edaf61f6568c9ff0445ea5ff989f95c00848ff",
+    "src/writeback_set.h": "68d6f589d24719a09e2680b05a1eb7e36c22b1fab978768f5b54f958f667aec9",
+    "include/splinterdb/data.h": "57be61933a057f52f679dfcf21755a8645e6228cd1a7cdee983f5d57768923ab",
+    "include/splinterdb/default_data_config.h": "179386f3e224d322a9d7ac97afd929292994a1d890a3254705f9ebea525bce32",
+    "include/splinterdb/platform_linux/public_platform.h": "c5ded82c5b5bb5bbcedf06a66951eb98dc8892f7b3c4f8ce07c474db98ac68a0",
+    "include/splinterdb/public_platform.h": "4ce9da3fea9a54fb7bb613ec1458f11f043525efb7d0bc55182f7183dd4a4f6e",
+    "include/splinterdb/public_util.h": "4e8f6b30408fb4174894d4ba809acff4e96f559370c7749b65bb3724a853603f",
+    "include/splinterdb/splinterdb.h": "18ef6fd1d5aa273370aa7483c66bbc5dc87b6880b23fca945e5bd9bd9dd82aeb"
+  },
+  "binaries": {
+    "insert_benchmark": {
+      "command": [
+        "gcc",
+        "-D_GNU_SOURCE",
+        "-ggdb",
+        "-Wall",
+        "-pthread",
+        "-Werror",
+        "-DXXH_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY",
+        "-fPIC",
+        "-DSPLINTERDB_PLATFORM_DIR=platform_linux",
+        "-O3",
+        "-ffast-math",
+        "-flto",
+        "-march=native",
+        "-I",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/include",
+        "-I",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/src",
+        "-I",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/src/platform_linux",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-pr-1024-20261014/insert_benchmark.c",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/lib/libsplinterdb.a",
+        "-laio",
+        "-lxxhash",
+        "-lm",
+        "-lpthread",
+        "-o",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-pr-1024-20261014/insert_benchmark"
+      ],
+      "binary": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-pr-1024-20261014/insert_benchmark",
+      "binary_sha256": "f3e40bf7df9b039d6b2e366a46d02cd66798b002dd01bb5d5aff68c9b4c3b6e7",
+      "source": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-pr-1024-20261014/insert_benchmark.c",
+      "source_sha256": "da57ae18e97c88352479be897eedee0ecc9b54bb2b968c579421738dadd8d8b4"
+    }
+  },
+  "library_build_configs": {
+    "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/build-config.fb6bc8eeb8390429253883c09491f5bd": {
+      "sha256": "cfc28a3afe21caf2d8b1257c9014c27c1a9365d2e39601fe18e4d8f0b002b035",
+      "text": "BUILD_ROOT=build-main-fc0bc8f7\nMAKEFLAGS= -j6 --jobserver-auth=fifo:/tmp/splinter-log-async-fc0-build-release-42zytmqa/GMfifo7 -- BUILD_MODE=release BUILD_ROOT=build-main-fc0bc8f7\nBUILD_MODE=release\nQT_ACCESSIBILITY=1\nCC = cc\nDEPFLAGS = -MMD -MP\nCFLAGS = -D_GNU_SOURCE -ggdb -Wall -pthread -Wfatal-errors -Werror -Wvla -DXXH_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY -fPIC -DSPLINTERDB_PLATFORM_DIR=platform_linux -O3 -ffast-math -flto -DPLATFORM_MEMORY_FAULT_INJECTION=0\nTEST_MEMORY_FAULT_DISABLED_CFLAGS = -DPLATFORM_MEMORY_FAULT_INJECTION_DISABLED_IN_THIS_FILE\nINCLUDE = -I include -I src -I src/platform_linux -I tests\nTARGET_ARCH =\nLD = cc\nLDFLAGS = -ggdb -pthread -O3 -ffast-math -flto\nLIBS = -lm -lpthread -laio -lxxhash\nAR = ar\n"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/debug-build-matched.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/debug-build-matched.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98fcd56c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/debug-build-matched.log
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+Starting log-pr-1024-debug-build-matched build
+Checking for mismatched config...No mismatched config found
+Compiling            src/btree.c                                        [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/src/btree.o]
+Compiling            src/core.c                                         [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/src/core.o]
+Compiling            src/merge.c                                        [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/src/merge.o]
+Compiling            src/memtable.c                                     [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/src/memtable.o]
+Compiling            src/notification.c                                 [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/src/notification.o]
+Compiling            src/routing_filter.c                               [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/src/routing_filter.o]
+Compiling            src/shard_log.c                                    [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/src/shard_log.o]
+Compiling            src/splinterdb.c                                   [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/src/splinterdb.o]
+Compiling            src/superblock.c                                   [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/src/superblock.o]
+Compiling            src/trunk.c                                        [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/src/trunk.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/btree_test.c                      [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/functional/btree_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/cache_test.c                      [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/functional/cache_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/driver_test.c                     [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/functional/driver_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/filter_test.c                     [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/functional/filter_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/log_test.c                        [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/functional/log_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/scan_benchmark.c                  [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/functional/scan_benchmark.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/splinter_test.c                   [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/functional/splinter_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/test_async.c                      [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/functional/test_async.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/test_dispatcher.c                 [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/functional/test_dispatcher.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/test_functionality.c              [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/functional/test_functionality.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/ycsb_test.c                       [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/functional/ycsb_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/config.c                                     [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/config.o]
+Compiling            tests/test_common.c                                [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/test_common.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/btree_stress_test.c                     [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/unit/btree_stress_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/btree_test.c                            [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/unit/btree_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/btree_test_common.c                     [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/unit/btree_test_common.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/limitations_test.c                      [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/unit/limitations_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/merge_test.c                            [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/unit/merge_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/notification_test.c                     [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/unit/notification_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_optimize_test.c              [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_optimize_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_quick_test.c                 [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_quick_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_stress_test.c                [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_stress_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/superblock_test.c                       [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/unit/superblock_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/trunk_async_test.c                      [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/unit/trunk_async_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/trunk_gc_test.c                         [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/unit/trunk_gc_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/trunk_split_test.c                      [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/unit/trunk_split_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/writeback_set_test.c                    [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/unit/writeback_set_test.o]
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/btree_stress_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/btree_test
+Compiling            tests/unit/config_parse_test.c                     [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/unit/config_parse_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/large_inserts_stress_test.c             [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/unit/large_inserts_stress_test.o]
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/platform_apis_test
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinter_test.c                         [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/unit/splinter_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c          [build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.o]
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/writeback_set_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/lib/libsplinterdb.so
+Building archive     build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/lib/libsplinterdb.a
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/splinter_inspect
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/driver_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/config_parse_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/large_inserts_stress_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/limitations_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/merge_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/notification_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_heap_id_mgmt_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_optimize_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_quick_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_stress_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/superblock_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/task_system_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/trunk_async_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/trunk_gc_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/trunk_split_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/writable_buffer_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/examples/splinterdb_custom_ipv4_addr_sortcmp_example
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/examples/splinterdb_intro_example
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/examples/splinterdb_iterators_example
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/examples/splinterdb_optimize_example
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/examples/splinterdb_wide_values_example
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/splinter_test
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/default1024.patch b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/default1024.patch
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8a753e4bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/default1024.patch
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+diff --git a/benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c b/benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c
+index 8f531470..a51b0a71 100644
+--- a/benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c
++++ b/benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c
+@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ usage(const char *name)
+       "  --barrier-ms N     call splinterdb_durable_barrier from a "
+       "dedicated thread every N ms (default 0 = disabled)\n"
+       "  --log-group-size-pages N  automatic durability threshold "
+-      "(0 = default, UINT64_MAX = disabled)\n"
++      "(0 = 1024 pages, UINT64_MAX = disabled)\n"
+       "  --trace NEW_CSV    trace internal tasks and waits (optional)\n"
+       "  --direct          use O_DIRECT (default buffered I/O)\n"
+       "  --no-log          disable WAL (default enabled)\n"
+diff --git a/include/splinterdb/splinterdb.h b/include/splinterdb/splinterdb.h
+index 61401daa..a00f6ab8 100644
+--- a/include/splinterdb/splinterdb.h
++++ b/include/splinterdb/splinterdb.h
+@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ typedef struct splinterdb_config {
+    _Bool use_log;
+ 
+    // Best-effort automatic durability threshold, in pages. Zero selects
+-   // MAX_THREADS pages; UINT64_MAX disables it. Each new staging page and
++   // 1024 pages; UINT64_MAX disables it. Each new staging page and
+    // each blob's logical bytes (rounded to pages) count toward the threshold.
+    // Crossing it submits a fire-and-forget durable barrier after publishing
+    // the update. Concurrent writers and large blobs may overshoot. Failures
+diff --git a/src/shard_log.c b/src/shard_log.c
+index 602bac67..65cee52c 100644
+--- a/src/shard_log.c
++++ b/src/shard_log.c
+@@ -2624,7 +2624,7 @@ shard_log_config_init(shard_log_config *log_cfg,
+    log_cfg->cache_cfg        = cache_cfg;
+    log_cfg->data_cfg         = data_cfg;
+    log_cfg->seed             = HASH_SEED;
+-   log_cfg->group_size_pages = MAX_THREADS;
++   log_cfg->group_size_pages = SHARD_LOG_DEFAULT_GROUP_SIZE_PAGES;
+    log_cfg->blob_cfg         = (blob_build_config){
+               .extent_batch             = 1,
+               .page_batch               = 2,
+diff --git a/src/shard_log.h b/src/shard_log.h
+index 7603e8e0..b0c2e5db 100644
+--- a/src/shard_log.h
++++ b/src/shard_log.h
+@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
+ #include "platform_mutex.h"
+ #include "writeback_set.h"
+ 
++#define SHARD_LOG_DEFAULT_GROUP_SIZE_PAGES UINT64_C(1024)
++
+ /* Validate the version persisted in a log head before accessing its stream. */
+ platform_status
+ shard_log_validate_format_version(uint16 format_version);
+diff --git a/src/splinterdb.c b/src/splinterdb.c
+index 44f716dc..823b1455 100644
+--- a/src/splinterdb.c
++++ b/src/splinterdb.c
+@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ splinterdb_config_set_defaults(splinterdb_config *cfg)
+       cfg->prefetch_budget = CORE_DEFAULT_PREFETCH_BUDGET;
+    }
+    if (!cfg->log_group_size_pages) {
+-      cfg->log_group_size_pages = MAX_THREADS;
++      cfg->log_group_size_pages = SHARD_LOG_DEFAULT_GROUP_SIZE_PAGES;
+    }
+    if (!cfg->checkpoint_log_size_bytes) {
+       /*
+diff --git a/tests/config.c b/tests/config.c
+index e42843ca..0437283a 100644
+--- a/tests/config.c
++++ b/tests/config.c
+@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ config_usage()
+    platform_error_log("\t--no-stats\n");
+    platform_error_log("\t--log\n");
+    platform_error_log("\t--no-log\n");
+-   platform_error_log("\t--log-group-size-pages (0 => MAX_THREADS)\n");
++   platform_error_log("\t--log-group-size-pages (0 => 1024)\n");
+    platform_error_log("\t--checkpoint-log-size-gib\n");
+    platform_error_log("\t--checkpoint-log-size-mib\n");
+    platform_error_log("\t--checkpoint-log-size-bytes (0 => cache capacity)\n");
+diff --git a/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c b/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c
+index c2d715ec..d9b916ad 100644
+--- a/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c
++++ b/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c
+@@ -108,9 +108,10 @@ CTEST2(splinterdb_forked_child, automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit)
+          .checkpoint_log_grace_bytes = UINT64_MAX,
+       };
+       const uint64 count = variant ? 4 : 32;
+-      /* The final case exceeds a 128-byte descriptor's direct extent array,
++      /* Both blob cases cross the default 1024-page threshold per insert.
++       * The final case exceeds a 128-byte descriptor's direct extent array,
+        * so automatic durability must include blob pointer pages as well. */
+-      const uint64 value_sizes[] = {128, 64 * 4096 + 1, 8 * Mega + 1};
++      const uint64 value_sizes[] = {128, 1024 * 4096 + 1, 8 * Mega + 1};
+       const uint64 value_size    = value_sizes[variant];
+       char        *value         = malloc(value_size);
+       ASSERT_NOT_NULL(value);
+diff --git a/tests/unit/splinterdb_quick_test.c b/tests/unit/splinterdb_quick_test.c
+index c94f110a..ceca0e49 100644
+--- a/tests/unit/splinterdb_quick_test.c
++++ b/tests/unit/splinterdb_quick_test.c
+@@ -256,6 +256,7 @@ CTEST2(splinterdb_quick, test_get_config_returns_effective_config)
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(24 * Mega, cfg->memtable_capacity);
+    ASSERT_EQUAL(8, cfg->fanout);
+    ASSERT_EQUAL_U(UINT64_MAX, cfg->reclaim_threshold);
++   ASSERT_EQUAL(1024, cfg->log_group_size_pages);
+ }
+ 
+ CTEST2(splinterdb_quick, test_get_cost_stats)
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/format.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/format.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c2830e523
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/format.log
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Format OK
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/format_final.py b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/format_final.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf699f752
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/format_final.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+import subprocess,tarfile,io,tempfile,shutil
+wt=Path('/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit')
+with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix='log-async-format-') as d:
+ root=Path(d)
+ tarfile.open(fileobj=io.BytesIO(subprocess.check_output(['git','archive','HEAD'],cwd=wt))).extractall(root,filter='data')
+ for p in subprocess.check_output(['git','diff','--name-only','HEAD'],cwd=wt,text=True).splitlines():
+  target=root/p
+  if (wt/p).exists():target.parent.mkdir(parents=True,exist_ok=True);shutil.copyfile(wt/p,target)
+  elif target.exists():target.unlink()
+ subprocess.run(['bash','format-check.sh'],cwd=root,check=True)
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/insert_benchmark.c b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/insert_benchmark.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f5314708
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/insert_benchmark.c
@@ -0,0 +1,998 @@
+// Copyright 2026 VMware, Inc.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+/* Concurrent random insertion and point queries, sampled independently. */
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdatomic.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/statvfs.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "splinterdb/default_data_config.h"
+#include "splinterdb/splinterdb.h"
+#ifndef KVBENCH_NO_TRACE
+#   include "platform_trace.h"
+#endif
+#include "platform_threads.h"
+
+#define GIB             (UINT64_C(1) << 30)
+#define MAX_WORKERS     64
+#define MAX_RECORD_PART 1024
+#define HIST_SUB_BITS   5
+#define HIST_SUB        (1u << HIST_SUB_BITS)
+#define HIST_BUCKETS    (64 * HIST_SUB)
+
+typedef struct latency_histogram {
+   uint64_t buckets[HIST_BUCKETS];
+   uint64_t count;
+   uint64_t sum_ns;
+   uint64_t max_ns;
+} latency_histogram;
+
+typedef struct options {
+   const char *filename;
+   const char *csv;
+   const char *summary;
+   const char *trace;
+   uint64_t    records, data_gib, cache_mib, disk_gib, seed, id_base;
+   uint64_t    inserts, queries, memtable_bg, normal_bg, memtable_mib;
+   uint64_t    key_size, value_size, report_ms, seconds, min_free_gib;
+   uint64_t    queue_scale, barrier_ms, target_insert_ops_s;
+   uint64_t    log_group_size_pages;
+   bool        full_query_range, direct, use_log, open_existing;
+} options;
+
+typedef struct benchmark benchmark;
+typedef struct worker {
+   _Alignas(64) atomic_uint_fast64_t completed;
+   atomic_uint_fast64_t hits, max_ns, response_max_ns, active_since_ns;
+   atomic_bool          done;
+   pthread_t            thread;
+   benchmark           *bench;
+   uint64_t             index;
+   bool                 query;
+   latency_histogram    service_latency;
+   latency_histogram    response_latency;
+} worker;
+
+struct benchmark {
+   options              opt;
+   splinterdb          *db;
+   atomic_bool          start, stop;
+   uint64_t             start_ns;
+   atomic_uint_fast64_t arrival_sequence;
+   atomic_int           error;
+   worker               workers[MAX_WORKERS];
+   pthread_t            barrier_thread;
+   atomic_bool          barrier_started, barrier_done;
+   atomic_uint_fast64_t barrier_count, barrier_sum_ns, barrier_max_ns;
+};
+
+static volatile sig_atomic_t interrupted;
+
+static void
+handle_signal(int signo)
+{
+   interrupted = signo;
+}
+
+static uint64_t
+now_ns(void)
+{
+   struct timespec ts;
+   clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
+   return (uint64_t)ts.tv_sec * 1000000000 + ts.tv_nsec;
+}
+
+/* A bijection on 64-bit integers, so the random insertion keys are unique. */
+static uint64_t
+mix(uint64_t x)
+{
+   x = (x ^ (x >> 30)) * UINT64_C(0xbf58476d1ce4e5b9);
+   x = (x ^ (x >> 27)) * UINT64_C(0x94d049bb133111eb);
+   return x ^ (x >> 31);
+}
+
+static uint64_t
+next_random(uint64_t *state)
+{
+   *state += UINT64_C(0x9e3779b97f4a7c15);
+   return mix(*state);
+}
+
+static void
+make_key(const options *opt, uint64_t id, char *key)
+{
+   uint64_t x = mix(id + opt->seed);
+   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < opt->key_size; i++) {
+      key[i] = (char)(x >> (56 - 8 * (i % 8)));
+   }
+}
+
+static void
+record_max(atomic_uint_fast64_t *slot, uint64_t ns)
+{
+   uint64_t old = atomic_load_explicit(slot, memory_order_relaxed);
+   while (old < ns
+          && !atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(
+             slot, &old, ns, memory_order_relaxed, memory_order_relaxed))
+   {
+   }
+}
+
+static void
+record_latency(worker *w, uint64_t ns)
+{
+   record_max(&w->max_ns, ns);
+}
+
+static unsigned
+histogram_index(uint64_t value)
+{
+   if (value < HIST_SUB) {
+      return (unsigned)value;
+   }
+   unsigned exponent = 63 - __builtin_clzll(value);
+   unsigned sub =
+      (unsigned)((value >> (exponent - HIST_SUB_BITS)) & (HIST_SUB - 1));
+   return (exponent - HIST_SUB_BITS + 1) * HIST_SUB + sub;
+}
+
+static uint64_t
+histogram_value(unsigned index)
+{
+   if (index < HIST_SUB) {
+      return index;
+   }
+   unsigned exponent = index / HIST_SUB + HIST_SUB_BITS - 1;
+   unsigned sub      = index % HIST_SUB;
+   uint64_t low =
+      (UINT64_C(1) << exponent) | ((uint64_t)sub << (exponent - HIST_SUB_BITS));
+   uint64_t width = UINT64_C(1) << (exponent - HIST_SUB_BITS);
+   return low + width / 2;
+}
+
+static void
+histogram_add(latency_histogram *histogram, uint64_t value)
+{
+   histogram->buckets[histogram_index(value)]++;
+   histogram->count++;
+   histogram->sum_ns += value;
+   histogram->max_ns = MAX(histogram->max_ns, value);
+}
+
+static void
+histogram_merge(latency_histogram *result, const latency_histogram *source)
+{
+   for (unsigned i = 0; i < HIST_BUCKETS; i++) {
+      result->buckets[i] += source->buckets[i];
+   }
+   result->count += source->count;
+   result->sum_ns += source->sum_ns;
+   result->max_ns = MAX(result->max_ns, source->max_ns);
+}
+
+static double
+histogram_percentile_ms(const latency_histogram *histogram, double percentile)
+{
+   if (histogram->count == 0) {
+      return 0;
+   }
+   uint64_t target = (uint64_t)(percentile * histogram->count);
+   if (target == 0) {
+      target = 1;
+   }
+   uint64_t cumulative = 0;
+   for (unsigned i = 0; i < HIST_BUCKETS; i++) {
+      cumulative += histogram->buckets[i];
+      if (cumulative >= target) {
+         return histogram_value(i) / 1e6;
+      }
+   }
+   return histogram->max_ns / 1e6;
+}
+
+static void
+wait_until(benchmark *b, uint64_t deadline)
+{
+   while (!atomic_load_explicit(&b->stop, memory_order_relaxed)) {
+      uint64_t now = now_ns();
+      if (now >= deadline) {
+         return;
+      }
+      uint64_t remaining = deadline - now;
+      if (remaining > UINT64_C(10000000)) {
+         remaining = UINT64_C(10000000);
+      }
+      struct timespec delay = {.tv_sec  = remaining / UINT64_C(1000000000),
+                               .tv_nsec = remaining % UINT64_C(1000000000)};
+      nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
+   }
+}
+
+static void *
+run_worker(void *arg)
+{
+   worker        *w = arg;
+   benchmark     *b = w->bench;
+   const options *o = &b->opt;
+   char           key[MAX_RECORD_PART], value[MAX_RECORD_PART];
+   memset(value, 'v', o->value_size);
+   int rc = platform_register_thread();
+   if (rc) {
+      atomic_store(&b->error, rc);
+      atomic_store(&b->stop, true);
+      atomic_store(&w->done, true);
+      return NULL;
+   }
+   splinterdb_lookup_result result;
+   fprintf(stderr,
+           "worker=%lu kind=%s tid=%lu os_tid=%d\n",
+           w->index,
+           w->query ? "query" : "insert",
+           platform_get_tid(),
+           gettid());
+   if (w->query) {
+      splinterdb_lookup_result_init(
+         b->db, &result, SPLINTERDB_LOOKUP_VALUE, sizeof(value), value);
+   }
+   while (!atomic_load_explicit(&b->start, memory_order_acquire)) {
+      struct timespec delay = {.tv_nsec = 1000000};
+      nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
+   }
+   uint64_t completed = 0, hits = 0;
+   uint64_t random = o->seed + w->index + 1;
+   while (!atomic_load_explicit(&b->stop, memory_order_relaxed)) {
+      uint64_t scheduled = 0;
+      uint64_t arrival   = UINT64_MAX;
+      if (!w->query && o->target_insert_ops_s != 0) {
+         arrival = atomic_fetch_add_explicit(
+            &b->arrival_sequence, 1, memory_order_relaxed);
+         if (arrival >= o->records) {
+            break;
+         }
+         scheduled = b->start_ns
+                     + (uint64_t)((__uint128_t)arrival * UINT64_C(1000000000)
+                                  / o->target_insert_ops_s);
+         wait_until(b, scheduled);
+         if (atomic_load_explicit(&b->stop, memory_order_relaxed)) {
+            break;
+         }
+      }
+      uint64_t id;
+      if (!w->query) {
+         uint64_t offset = o->target_insert_ops_s != 0
+                              ? arrival
+                              : completed * o->inserts + w->index;
+         if (offset >= o->records) {
+            break;
+         }
+         id = o->id_base + offset;
+      } else if (o->full_query_range) {
+         id = o->id_base + next_random(&random) % o->records;
+      } else {
+         uint64_t source    = next_random(&random) % o->inserts;
+         uint64_t available = atomic_load_explicit(
+            &b->workers[source].completed, memory_order_acquire);
+         if (!available) {
+            struct timespec delay = {.tv_nsec = 100000};
+            nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
+            continue;
+         }
+         id = o->id_base + (next_random(&random) % available) * o->inserts
+              + source;
+      }
+      make_key(o, id, key);
+      uint64_t start = now_ns();
+      atomic_store_explicit(&w->active_since_ns, start, memory_order_relaxed);
+      if (w->query) {
+         rc = splinterdb_lookup(b->db, slice_create(o->key_size, key), &result);
+         if (!rc && splinterdb_lookup_found(&result)) {
+            hits++;
+         }
+      } else {
+         rc = splinterdb_insert(b->db,
+                                slice_create(o->key_size, key),
+                                slice_create(o->value_size, value),
+                                NULL);
+      }
+      uint64_t end = now_ns();
+      record_latency(w, end - start);
+      histogram_add(&w->service_latency, end - start);
+      if (!w->query) {
+         uint64_t response = scheduled == 0 ? end - start : end - scheduled;
+         histogram_add(&w->response_latency, response);
+         record_max(&w->response_max_ns, response);
+      }
+      atomic_store_explicit(&w->active_since_ns, 0, memory_order_relaxed);
+      if (rc) {
+         fprintf(stderr, "worker %lu: operation failed: %d\n", w->index, rc);
+         atomic_store(&b->error, rc);
+         atomic_store(&b->stop, true);
+         break;
+      }
+      completed++;
+      atomic_store_explicit(&w->hits, hits, memory_order_relaxed);
+      atomic_store_explicit(&w->completed, completed, memory_order_release);
+   }
+   if (w->query) {
+      splinterdb_lookup_result_deinit(&result);
+   }
+   platform_deregister_thread();
+   atomic_store(&w->done, true);
+   return NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Dedicated thread that calls splinterdb_durable_barrier() on a fixed period,
+ * independent of insert/query progress. If a barrier call takes longer than
+ * the period, the next call follows immediately (no attempt to catch up on
+ * skipped slots).
+ */
+static void *
+run_barrier(void *arg)
+{
+   benchmark     *b  = arg;
+   const options *o  = &b->opt;
+   int            rc = platform_register_thread();
+   if (rc) {
+      atomic_store(&b->error, rc);
+      atomic_store(&b->stop, true);
+      atomic_store(&b->barrier_done, true);
+      return NULL;
+   }
+   while (!atomic_load_explicit(&b->start, memory_order_acquire)) {
+      struct timespec delay = {.tv_nsec = 1000000};
+      nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
+   }
+   uint64_t period_ns = o->barrier_ms * UINT64_C(1000000);
+   uint64_t next      = now_ns() + period_ns;
+   while (!atomic_load_explicit(&b->stop, memory_order_relaxed)) {
+      uint64_t now = now_ns();
+      if (now < next) {
+         uint64_t        remaining = next - now;
+         struct timespec delay     = {.tv_sec  = remaining / 1000000000,
+                                      .tv_nsec = remaining % 1000000000};
+         nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
+         continue;
+      }
+      uint64_t start = now_ns();
+#ifdef KVBENCH_NO_DURABLE_BARRIER
+      rc = ENOTSUP;
+#else
+      rc = splinterdb_durable_barrier(b->db, SPLINTERDB_NOTIFICATION_BLOCKING);
+#endif
+      uint64_t elapsed = now_ns() - start;
+      if (rc) {
+         fprintf(stderr, "barrier: durable_barrier failed: %d\n", rc);
+         atomic_store(&b->error, rc);
+         atomic_store(&b->stop, true);
+         break;
+      }
+      atomic_fetch_add_explicit(&b->barrier_count, 1, memory_order_relaxed);
+      atomic_fetch_add_explicit(
+         &b->barrier_sum_ns, elapsed, memory_order_relaxed);
+      record_max(&b->barrier_max_ns, elapsed);
+      next += period_ns;
+   }
+   platform_deregister_thread();
+   atomic_store(&b->barrier_done, true);
+   return NULL;
+}
+
+static void
+usage(const char *name)
+{
+   fprintf(
+      stderr,
+      "Usage: %s --db NEW_IMAGE --csv NEW_CSV [options]\n"
+      "  --open             open an existing image instead of creating one\n"
+      "  --id-base N        first logical id inserted (default 0)\n"
+      "  --data-gib N       logical key+value GiB (default 60)\n"
+      "  --records N        override logical data target\n"
+      "  --cache-mib N      default 3072\n"
+      "  --disk-gib N       image capacity (default 512; grows lazily)\n"
+      "  --inserters N      default 8\n"
+      "  --readers N        default 8\n"
+      "  --memtable-bg N    default 1\n"
+      "  --normal-bg N      default 4\n"
+      "  --memtable-mib N   default 24\n"
+      "  --key-size N       default 16, minimum 8\n"
+      "  --value-size N     default 16\n"
+      "  --query-range inserted|all (default inserted)\n"
+      "  --queue-scale N    foreground task threshold (default 100)\n"
+      "  --report-ms N      default 1000\n"
+      "  --seconds N        optional time limit (0 = no limit)\n"
+      "  --target-insert-ops-s N  aggregate open-loop arrival rate; "
+      "requires --seconds (default 0 = closed loop)\n"
+      "  --summary NEW_CSV  write aggregate latency percentiles\n"
+      "  --min-free-gib N   stop before filesystem fills (default 8)\n"
+      "  --seed N           default 1\n"
+      "  --barrier-ms N     call splinterdb_durable_barrier from a "
+      "dedicated thread every N ms (default 0 = disabled)\n"
+      "  --log-group-size-pages N  automatic durability threshold "
+      "(0 = default, UINT64_MAX = disabled)\n"
+      "  --trace NEW_CSV    trace internal tasks and waits (optional)\n"
+      "  --direct          use O_DIRECT (default buffered I/O)\n"
+      "  --no-log          disable WAL (default enabled)\n"
+      "Automatic checkpoints are disabled. Existing files are refused.\n"
+      "Load measurements exclude create, final drain and close.\n",
+      name);
+}
+
+static bool
+parse_number(const char *s, uint64_t *out)
+{
+   char *end;
+   errno                    = 0;
+   unsigned long long value = strtoull(s, &end, 10);
+   if (errno || s == end || *end || *s == '-') {
+      return false;
+   }
+   *out = value;
+   return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+parse_options(int argc, char **argv, options *o)
+{
+   *o = (options){.data_gib     = 60,
+                  .cache_mib    = 3072,
+                  .disk_gib     = 512,
+                  .seed         = 1,
+                  .inserts      = 8,
+                  .queries      = 8,
+                  .memtable_bg  = 1,
+                  .normal_bg    = 4,
+                  .memtable_mib = 24,
+                  .key_size     = 16,
+                  .value_size   = 16,
+                  .report_ms    = 1000,
+                  .min_free_gib = 8,
+                  .queue_scale  = 100,
+                  .use_log      = true};
+   for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+      if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--direct")) {
+         o->direct = true;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--no-log")) {
+         o->use_log = false;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--open")) {
+         o->open_existing = true;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (i + 1 >= argc) {
+         return false;
+      }
+      const char *name = argv[i++], *value = argv[i];
+      if (!strcmp(name, "--db")) {
+         o->filename = value;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(name, "--csv")) {
+         o->csv = value;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(name, "--summary")) {
+         o->summary = value;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(name, "--trace")) {
+         o->trace = value;
+         continue;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(name, "--query-range")) {
+         if (strcmp(value, "inserted") && strcmp(value, "all")) {
+            return false;
+         }
+         o->full_query_range = !strcmp(value, "all");
+         continue;
+      }
+      struct {
+         const char *name;
+         uint64_t   *value;
+      } numbers[] = {
+         {"--data-gib", &o->data_gib},
+         {"--records", &o->records},
+         {"--cache-mib", &o->cache_mib},
+         {"--disk-gib", &o->disk_gib},
+         {"--inserters", &o->inserts},
+         {"--readers", &o->queries},
+         {"--memtable-bg", &o->memtable_bg},
+         {"--normal-bg", &o->normal_bg},
+         {"--memtable-mib", &o->memtable_mib},
+         {"--key-size", &o->key_size},
+         {"--value-size", &o->value_size},
+         {"--report-ms", &o->report_ms},
+         {"--seconds", &o->seconds},
+         {"--min-free-gib", &o->min_free_gib},
+         {"--seed", &o->seed},
+         {"--id-base", &o->id_base},
+         {"--queue-scale", &o->queue_scale},
+         {"--barrier-ms", &o->barrier_ms},
+         {"--log-group-size-pages", &o->log_group_size_pages},
+         {"--target-insert-ops-s", &o->target_insert_ops_s},
+      };
+      bool found = false;
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < sizeof(numbers) / sizeof(numbers[0]); j++) {
+         if (!strcmp(name, numbers[j].name)) {
+            if (!parse_number(value, numbers[j].value)) {
+               return false;
+            }
+            found = true;
+            break;
+         }
+      }
+      if (!found) {
+         return false;
+      }
+   }
+   if (!o->filename || !o->csv || !o->inserts || o->inserts > MAX_WORKERS
+       || o->queries > MAX_WORKERS - o->inserts || o->key_size < 8
+       || o->key_size > MAX_RECORD_PART || o->value_size > MAX_RECORD_PART
+       || !o->report_ms || o->report_ms > 60000 || !o->cache_mib
+       || o->cache_mib > UINT64_MAX / (1 << 20) || !o->disk_gib
+       || o->disk_gib > INT64_MAX / GIB || o->data_gib > UINT64_MAX / GIB
+       || o->min_free_gib > UINT64_MAX / GIB || !o->memtable_mib
+       || o->memtable_mib > UINT64_MAX / (1 << 20) || o->memtable_bg > 32
+       || o->normal_bg > 32
+       || o->inserts + o->queries + o->memtable_bg + o->normal_bg + 1
+             > MAX_WORKERS
+       || o->seconds > UINT64_MAX / 1000000000
+       || o->barrier_ms > UINT64_MAX / 1000000
+       || (o->target_insert_ops_s != 0 && (o->seconds == 0 || o->queries != 0)))
+   {
+      return false;
+   }
+#ifdef KVBENCH_NO_DURABLE_BARRIER
+   if (o->barrier_ms != 0) {
+      return false;
+   }
+#endif
+#ifdef KVBENCH_NO_TRACE
+   if (o->trace != NULL) {
+      return false;
+   }
+#endif
+   if (!o->records) {
+      o->records = o->data_gib * GIB / (o->key_size + o->value_size);
+   }
+   return o->records > 0 && o->records <= UINT64_MAX / MAX_WORKERS
+          && o->records <= UINT64_MAX / (o->key_size + o->value_size)
+          && o->id_base <= UINT64_MAX - o->records;
+}
+
+static void
+process_io(uint64_t *reads, uint64_t *writes)
+{
+   *reads = *writes = 0;
+   FILE *file       = fopen("/proc/self/io", "r");
+   if (!file) {
+      return;
+   }
+   char     name[64];
+   uint64_t value;
+   while (fscanf(file, "%63s %" SCNu64, name, &value) == 2) {
+      if (!strcmp(name, "read_bytes:")) {
+         *reads = value;
+      }
+      if (!strcmp(name, "write_bytes:")) {
+         *writes = value;
+      }
+   }
+   fclose(file);
+}
+
+static int
+write_summary(const benchmark *b, uint64_t inserted, double elapsed_s)
+{
+   const options *o = &b->opt;
+   if (o->summary == NULL) {
+      return 0;
+   }
+
+   latency_histogram insert_service = {0}, insert_response = {0};
+   latency_histogram query_service = {0};
+   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < o->inserts + o->queries; i++) {
+      if (b->workers[i].query) {
+         histogram_merge(&query_service, &b->workers[i].service_latency);
+      } else {
+         histogram_merge(&insert_service, &b->workers[i].service_latency);
+         histogram_merge(&insert_response, &b->workers[i].response_latency);
+      }
+   }
+
+   FILE *summary = fopen(o->summary, "wx");
+   if (summary == NULL) {
+      return errno;
+   }
+   fprintf(summary,
+           "target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,"
+           "insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,"
+           "insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,"
+           "insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,"
+           "insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,"
+           "insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,"
+           "query_service_max_ms\n");
+   fprintf(
+      summary,
+      "%lu,%.6f,%.6f,%lu,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,"
+      "%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f,%.6f\n",
+      o->target_insert_ops_s,
+      elapsed_s == 0 ? 0 : inserted / elapsed_s,
+      elapsed_s,
+      inserted,
+      insert_service.count ? insert_service.sum_ns / 1e6 / insert_service.count
+                           : 0,
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&insert_service, 0.50),
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&insert_service, 0.99),
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&insert_service, 0.999),
+      insert_service.max_ns / 1e6,
+      insert_response.count
+         ? insert_response.sum_ns / 1e6 / insert_response.count
+         : 0,
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&insert_response, 0.50),
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&insert_response, 0.99),
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&insert_response, 0.999),
+      insert_response.max_ns / 1e6,
+      query_service.count ? query_service.sum_ns / 1e6 / query_service.count
+                          : 0,
+      histogram_percentile_ms(&query_service, 0.99),
+      query_service.max_ns / 1e6);
+   int rc = ferror(summary) ? EIO : 0;
+   if (fclose(summary) != 0 && rc == 0) {
+      rc = errno;
+   }
+   return rc;
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+   benchmark b = {0};
+   if (argc == 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "--help")) {
+      usage(argv[0]);
+      return 0;
+   }
+   if (!parse_options(argc, argv, &b.opt)) {
+      usage(argv[0]);
+      return 2;
+   }
+   const options *o = &b.opt;
+   if (o->trace) {
+#ifdef KVBENCH_NO_TRACE
+      return 2;
+#else
+      int trace_rc = platform_trace_open(o->trace);
+      if (trace_rc) {
+         fprintf(stderr, "trace open failed: %s\n", strerror(trace_rc));
+         return 1;
+      }
+#endif
+   }
+   FILE *csv = fopen(o->csv, "wx");
+   if (!csv) {
+      perror(o->csv);
+      return 1;
+   }
+   int fd = open(o->filename,
+                 O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC | (o->open_existing ? 0 : O_CREAT | O_EXCL),
+                 0600);
+   if (fd < 0) {
+      perror(o->filename);
+      fclose(csv);
+      return 1;
+   }
+   struct statvfs space;
+   if (fstatvfs(fd, &space) != 0
+       || (uint64_t)space.f_bavail * space.f_frsize < o->min_free_gib * GIB)
+   {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Insufficient free space\n");
+      close(fd);
+      fclose(csv);
+      return 1;
+   }
+
+   data_config data_cfg;
+   default_data_config_init(&data_cfg);
+   splinterdb_config cfg = {.filename   = o->filename,
+                            .disk_size  = o->disk_gib * GIB,
+                            .cache_size = o->cache_mib * (1 << 20),
+                            .data_cfg   = &data_cfg,
+                            .io_flags   = O_RDWR | (o->direct ? O_DIRECT : 0),
+                            .num_memtable_bg_threads = o->memtable_bg,
+                            .num_normal_bg_threads   = o->normal_bg,
+                            .memtable_capacity   = o->memtable_mib * (1 << 20),
+                            .queue_scale_percent = o->queue_scale,
+                            .use_log             = o->use_log,
+                            .checkpoint_log_size_bytes = UINT64_MAX,
+                            .use_stats                 = true};
+#ifndef KVBENCH_NO_LOG_GROUP_LIMIT
+   cfg.log_group_size_pages = o->log_group_size_pages;
+#else
+   if (o->log_group_size_pages != 0) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "This build has no automatic log-group limit\n");
+      return 1;
+   }
+#endif
+   platform_set_log_streams(stderr, stderr);
+   fprintf(
+      stderr,
+      "version=%s records=%lu key=%lu value=%lu cache_mib=%lu "
+      "disk_gib=%lu inserters=%lu readers=%lu memtable_bg=%lu normal_bg=%lu "
+      "memtable_mib=%lu queue_scale=%lu log=%d checkpoints=disabled "
+      "direct=%d query_range=%s seed=%lu report_ms=%lu barrier_ms=%lu "
+      "target_insert_ops_s=%lu id_base=%lu mode=%s\n",
+      splinterdb_get_version(),
+      o->records,
+      o->key_size,
+      o->value_size,
+      o->cache_mib,
+      o->disk_gib,
+      o->inserts,
+      o->queries,
+      o->memtable_bg,
+      o->normal_bg,
+      o->memtable_mib,
+      o->queue_scale,
+      o->use_log,
+      o->direct,
+      o->full_query_range ? "all" : "inserted",
+      o->seed,
+      o->report_ms,
+      o->barrier_ms,
+      o->target_insert_ops_s,
+      o->id_base,
+      o->open_existing ? "open" : "create");
+   int rc = o->open_existing ? splinterdb_open(&cfg, &b.db)
+                             : splinterdb_create(&cfg, &b.db);
+   if (rc) {
+      fprintf(
+         stderr, "%s failed: %d\n", o->open_existing ? "open" : "create", rc);
+      close(fd);
+      fclose(csv);
+      return 1;
+   }
+
+   signal(SIGINT, handle_signal);
+   signal(SIGTERM, handle_signal);
+   uint64_t started = 0;
+   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < o->inserts + o->queries; i++) {
+      worker *w = &b.workers[i];
+      w->bench  = &b;
+      w->index  = i;
+      w->query  = i >= o->inserts;
+      rc        = pthread_create(&w->thread, NULL, run_worker, w);
+      if (rc) {
+         atomic_store(&b.error, rc);
+         atomic_store(&b.stop, true);
+         break;
+      }
+      started++;
+   }
+   if (o->barrier_ms && !atomic_load(&b.stop)) {
+      rc = pthread_create(&b.barrier_thread, NULL, run_barrier, &b);
+      if (rc) {
+         atomic_store(&b.error, rc);
+         atomic_store(&b.stop, true);
+      } else {
+         atomic_store(&b.barrier_started, true);
+      }
+   }
+   fprintf(
+      csv,
+      "elapsed_s,interval_s,inserted,logical_gib,insert_ops_s,query_ops_s,"
+      "hit_pct,insert_max_ms,query_max_ms,active_max_ms,cpu_cores,max_rss_mib,"
+      "read_mib_s,write_mib_s,image_gib,free_gib,inserters_running,"
+      "barrier_ops_s,barrier_avg_ms,barrier_max_ms,target_insert_ops_s,"
+      "offered_insert_ops_s,insert_backlog,response_max_ms");
+   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < started; i++) {
+      fprintf(csv, ",%s%lu_ops_s", b.workers[i].query ? "q" : "i", i);
+   }
+   fputc('\n', csv);
+   fflush(csv);
+   uint64_t prev_completed[MAX_WORKERS] = {0}, prev_hits = 0;
+   uint64_t prev_barrier_count = 0, prev_barrier_sum_ns = 0;
+   uint64_t prev_read, prev_write;
+   process_io(&prev_read, &prev_write);
+   struct rusage usage_now;
+   getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &usage_now);
+   double prev_cpu =
+      usage_now.ru_utime.tv_sec + usage_now.ru_utime.tv_usec / 1e6
+      + usage_now.ru_stime.tv_sec + usage_now.ru_stime.tv_usec / 1e6;
+   uint64_t start = now_ns(), previous = start;
+   b.start_ns = start;
+   fprintf(
+      stderr, "start_monotonic_ns=%lu main_address=%p\n", start, (void *)main);
+   atomic_store_explicit(&b.start, true, memory_order_release);
+   const char *reason   = "complete";
+   uint64_t    inserted = 0;
+   while (true) {
+      struct timespec delay = {.tv_sec  = o->report_ms / 1000,
+                               .tv_nsec = (o->report_ms % 1000) * 1000000};
+      nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
+      uint64_t now = now_ns(), delta_insert = 0, delta_query = 0, hits = 0;
+      uint64_t insert_max = 0, query_max = 0, response_max = 0, active_max = 0;
+      uint64_t inserters_running  = 0;
+      double   rates[MAX_WORKERS] = {0};
+      double   elapsed = (now - start) / 1e9, interval = (now - previous) / 1e9;
+      bool     all_inserts_done = true;
+      inserted                  = 0;
+      for (uint64_t i = 0; i < started; i++) {
+         worker  *w         = &b.workers[i];
+         uint64_t completed = atomic_load(&w->completed);
+         uint64_t count     = completed - prev_completed[i];
+         prev_completed[i]  = completed;
+         rates[i]           = count / interval;
+         uint64_t latency   = atomic_exchange(&w->max_ns, 0);
+         uint64_t active    = atomic_load(&w->active_since_ns);
+         if (active && active < now && active_max < now - active) {
+            active_max = now - active;
+         }
+         if (w->query) {
+            delta_query += count;
+            hits += atomic_load(&w->hits);
+            if (query_max < latency) {
+               query_max = latency;
+            }
+         } else {
+            inserted += completed;
+            delta_insert += count;
+            if (insert_max < latency) {
+               insert_max = latency;
+            }
+            uint64_t response = atomic_exchange(&w->response_max_ns, 0);
+            if (response_max < response) {
+               response_max = response;
+            }
+            if (!atomic_load(&w->done)) {
+               inserters_running++;
+               all_inserts_done = false;
+            }
+         }
+      }
+      uint64_t reads, writes;
+      process_io(&reads, &writes);
+      getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &usage_now);
+      double cpu = usage_now.ru_utime.tv_sec + usage_now.ru_utime.tv_usec / 1e6
+                   + usage_now.ru_stime.tv_sec
+                   + usage_now.ru_stime.tv_usec / 1e6;
+      struct stat st = {0};
+      if (fstat(fd, &st) != 0 || fstatvfs(fd, &space) != 0) {
+         atomic_store(&b.error, errno);
+         atomic_store(&b.stop, true);
+      }
+      double   free_gib       = (double)space.f_bavail * space.f_frsize / GIB;
+      uint64_t barrier_count  = atomic_load(&b.barrier_count);
+      uint64_t barrier_sum_ns = atomic_load(&b.barrier_sum_ns);
+      uint64_t barrier_max_ns = atomic_exchange(&b.barrier_max_ns, 0);
+      uint64_t delta_barrier_count = barrier_count - prev_barrier_count;
+      uint64_t delta_barrier_sum   = barrier_sum_ns - prev_barrier_sum_ns;
+      uint64_t offered             = inserted;
+      if (o->target_insert_ops_s != 0) {
+         __uint128_t possible = (__uint128_t)(now - start)
+                                * o->target_insert_ops_s / UINT64_C(1000000000);
+         offered = possible > o->records ? o->records : (uint64_t)possible;
+      }
+      fprintf(csv,
+              "%.6f,%.6f,%lu,%.6f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,"
+              "%.3f,%.6f,%.3f,%lu,%.3f,%.3f,%.3f,%lu,%.3f,%lu,%.3f",
+              elapsed,
+              interval,
+              inserted,
+              (double)inserted * (o->key_size + o->value_size) / GIB,
+              delta_insert / interval,
+              delta_query / interval,
+              delta_query ? (hits - prev_hits) * 100.0 / delta_query : 0,
+              insert_max / 1e6,
+              query_max / 1e6,
+              active_max / 1e6,
+              (cpu - prev_cpu) / interval,
+              usage_now.ru_maxrss / 1024.0,
+              (reads - prev_read) / (1048576.0 * interval),
+              (writes - prev_write) / (1048576.0 * interval),
+              (double)st.st_size / GIB,
+              free_gib,
+              inserters_running,
+              delta_barrier_count / interval,
+              delta_barrier_count
+                 ? delta_barrier_sum / 1e6 / delta_barrier_count
+                 : 0,
+              barrier_max_ns / 1e6,
+              o->target_insert_ops_s,
+              o->target_insert_ops_s ? (double)o->target_insert_ops_s : 0,
+              offered > inserted ? offered - inserted : 0,
+              response_max / 1e6);
+      for (uint64_t i = 0; i < started; i++) {
+         fprintf(csv, ",%.3f", rates[i]);
+      }
+      fputc('\n', csv);
+      if (fflush(csv) != 0) {
+         atomic_store(&b.error, errno);
+         atomic_store(&b.stop, true);
+      }
+      prev_hits           = hits;
+      prev_read           = reads;
+      prev_write          = writes;
+      prev_cpu            = cpu;
+      prev_barrier_count  = barrier_count;
+      prev_barrier_sum_ns = barrier_sum_ns;
+      previous            = now;
+      if (all_inserts_done || atomic_load(&b.stop)) {
+         break;
+      }
+      if (interrupted) {
+         reason = "signal";
+         break;
+      }
+      if (o->seconds && elapsed >= o->seconds) {
+         reason = "time_limit";
+         break;
+      }
+      if (free_gib < o->min_free_gib) {
+         reason = "free_space_limit";
+         break;
+      }
+   }
+   atomic_store(&b.stop, true);
+   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < started; i++) {
+      pthread_join(b.workers[i].thread, NULL);
+   }
+   if (atomic_load(&b.barrier_started)) {
+      pthread_join(b.barrier_thread, NULL);
+   }
+   inserted = 0;
+   for (uint64_t i = 0; i < o->inserts; i++) {
+      inserted += atomic_load(&b.workers[i].completed);
+   }
+   double elapsed_s = (now_ns() - start) / 1e9;
+   fprintf(stderr,
+           "load_end reason=%s inserted=%lu elapsed_s=%.3f error=%d "
+           "barrier_count=%lu barrier_avg_ms=%.3f barrier_max_ms=%.3f\n",
+           reason,
+           inserted,
+           elapsed_s,
+           atomic_load(&b.error),
+           atomic_load(&b.barrier_count),
+           atomic_load(&b.barrier_count) ? atomic_load(&b.barrier_sum_ns) / 1e6
+                                              / atomic_load(&b.barrier_count)
+                                         : 0,
+           atomic_load(&b.barrier_max_ns) / 1e6);
+   int summary_rc = write_summary(&b, inserted, elapsed_s);
+   if (summary_rc != 0) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "summary write failed: %s\n", strerror(summary_rc));
+   }
+   uint64_t close_start = now_ns();
+#ifdef KVBENCH_LEGACY_CLOSE
+   splinterdb_close(&b.db);
+   rc = 0;
+#else
+   rc = splinterdb_close(&b.db, false);
+#endif
+   fprintf(
+      stderr, "close_s=%.3f close_rc=%d\n", (now_ns() - close_start) / 1e9, rc);
+   close(fd);
+   fclose(csv);
+   int trace_rc = 0;
+#ifndef KVBENCH_NO_TRACE
+   trace_rc = platform_trace_close();
+#endif
+   bool incomplete = !o->seconds && inserted < o->records;
+   return rc || trace_rc || summary_rc || atomic_load(&b.error) || incomplete
+             ? 1
+             : 0;
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/main-build.json b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/main-build.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1824722a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/main-build.json
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+{
+  "profile": "main",
+  "tree": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/sources/main",
+  "head": "fc0bc8f7e39566f14822bb598376458bdf1e28b3",
+  "library": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/sources/main/build/release/lib/libsplinterdb.a",
+  "library_sha256": "78dd1b4bfc8367bacd45de4c6cd0100803ab11da69326bd6a4d391df5afb907d",
+  "source_files_sha256": {
+    "src/PackedArray.c": "97b64eb0a4f550e55f3385d39d729a878fbc581909ea16ec3b8987a7f46604cc",
+    "src/PackedArray.h": "e46f854b487a8b130f0613efcab11836012d27c8aacf9ca9e76a2de1a7eb6874",
+    "src/allocator.c": "96c7f0a5e0808719cf114d267c84da1f057b5eed748b0672d60686d7f130b96f",
+    "src/allocator.h": "06da1d6a491a15ef5229e8e2e4b4ad6468cb3c9ba620e0d956032dc0a1b6aec1",
+    "src/batch_rwlock.c": "c043d9e5ead75cd9e1266a6f51fb555012269f3822d7f0233dc2abbd962c3aae",
+    "src/batch_rwlock.h": "0ff5f0bd7fdf5f9a63ca2f77c387d574d8009ad726b47283c93566cf06bc0927",
+    "src/blob.c": "75e01e92c06d775b1cb36ea63a7cddf191b5179b94c3e9cd6b5b23ab0480485b",
+    "src/blob.h": "8f68d2f67de8a9d81a422b28d47aa636cc7234fccc3dbabe59f2355bc361e93c",
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+    "include/splinterdb/splinterdb.h": "8a6533879de25f1e448a866c4c03304037e40c6e39e20923c0557e9c87d4fda0"
+  },
+  "binaries": {
+    "insert_benchmark": {
+      "command": [
+        "gcc",
+        "-D_GNU_SOURCE",
+        "-ggdb",
+        "-Wall",
+        "-pthread",
+        "-Werror",
+        "-DXXH_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY",
+        "-fPIC",
+        "-DSPLINTERDB_PLATFORM_DIR=platform_linux",
+        "-O3",
+        "-ffast-math",
+        "-flto",
+        "-march=native",
+        "-DKVBENCH_NO_LOG_GROUP_LIMIT",
+        "-I",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/sources/main/include",
+        "-I",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/sources/main/src",
+        "-I",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/sources/main/src/platform_linux",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/harnesses/insert_benchmark.c",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/sources/main/build/release/lib/libsplinterdb.a",
+        "-laio",
+        "-lxxhash",
+        "-lm",
+        "-lpthread",
+        "-o",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/bin/main/insert_benchmark"
+      ],
+      "binary": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/bin/main/insert_benchmark",
+      "binary_sha256": "cff146208f64da53e018dccdcd63e5b9c2719cba4bbfe478c529f9475d1be5b9",
+      "source": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/harnesses/insert_benchmark.c",
+      "source_sha256": "da57ae18e97c88352479be897eedee0ecc9b54bb2b968c579421738dadd8d8b4"
+    }
+  },
+  "verified_runtime_commit": "fc0bc8f7e39566f14822bb598376458bdf1e28b3",
+  "library_build_configs": {
+    "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/sources/main/build/release/build-config.348fafc9ffa4704dcb2b7890cf9058ef": {
+      "sha256": "af76b87dcdc416f18f8c4b6df74bda6a7d662852067a3607c029a2bc81f1405e",
+      "text": "MAKEFLAGS= -j4 --jobserver-auth=fifo:/tmp/splinter-fc0-main-baseline-build-_tgr69fx/GMfifo6 -- BUILD_MODE=release CC=gcc\nBUILD_MODE=release\nQT_ACCESSIBILITY=1\nCC=gcc\nCC = gcc\nDEPFLAGS = -MMD -MP\nCFLAGS = -D_GNU_SOURCE -ggdb -Wall -pthread -Wfatal-errors -Werror -Wvla -DXXH_STATIC_LINKING_ONLY -fPIC -DSPLINTERDB_PLATFORM_DIR=platform_linux -O3 -ffast-math -flto -DPLATFORM_MEMORY_FAULT_INJECTION=0\nTEST_MEMORY_FAULT_DISABLED_CFLAGS = -DPLATFORM_MEMORY_FAULT_INJECTION_DISABLED_IN_THIS_FILE\nINCLUDE = -I include -I src -I src/platform_linux -I tests\nTARGET_ARCH =\nLD = gcc\nLDFLAGS = -ggdb -pthread -O3 -ffast-math -flto\nLIBS = -lm -lpthread -laio -lxxhash\nAR = ar\n"
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/manifest.json b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/manifest.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b5b5036b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/manifest.json
@@ -0,0 +1,771 @@
+{
+  "mode": "default-check",
+  "storage": "ext4 /dev/mapper/snafu-root_crypt[/home/rob/projects/splinterdb]",
+  "io": "O_DIRECT",
+  "cpu_affinity": "0-11",
+  "scope": "New default 1024 versus explicit 1024 and main; short PR readiness screen",
+  "runner_sha256": "536f10a1a7fd4b1e8e0250ea01cfe36793c7d6e2345f141092616ec06f64ee50",
+  "runs": [
+    {
+      "label": "t1-r0-0-main",
+      "profile": "main",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/main-fc0bc8f7/bin/main/insert_benchmark",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-pr-1024-20261014/default-check/scratch.db",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-pr-1024-20261014/default-check/t1-r0-0-main.csv",
+        "--summary",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-pr-1024-20261014/default-check/t1-r0-0-main.summary.csv",
+        "--records",
+        "100000000",
+        "--seconds",
+        "10",
+        "--report-ms",
+        "100",
+        "--cache-mib",
+        "256",
+        "--disk-gib",
+        "16",
+        "--direct",
+        "--inserters",
+        "1",
+        "--readers",
+        "0",
+        "--memtable-bg",
+        "1",
+        "--normal-bg",
+        "3",
+        "--memtable-mib",
+        "8",
+        "--key-size",
+        "16",
+        "--value-size",
+        "16",
+        "--min-free-gib",
+        "12",
+        "--seed",
+        "42",
+        "--log-group-size-pages",
+        "0"
+      ],
+      "started": 1791962241.446172,
+      "binary_sha256": "cff146208f64da53e018dccdcd63e5b9c2719cba4bbfe478c529f9475d1be5b9",
+      "library_sha256": "78dd1b4bfc8367bacd45de4c6cd0100803ab11da69326bd6a4d391df5afb907d",
+      "source_head": "fc0bc8f7e39566f14822bb598376458bdf1e28b3",
+      "verified": true,
+      "returncode": 0,
+      "finished": 1791962251.632496,
+      "log_sha256": "ce1d37236e82d4ea43f19c59e3c75bbbb40d554426c44e169c093766fe652795",
+      "process_cpu_s": 10.997422,
+      "process_read_bytes": 68087808,
+      "process_write_bytes": 997953536,
+      "environment_overrides": {},
+      "errors": 0,
+      "inserted": 8784543,
+      "close_s": 0.136,
+      "allocated_bytes": 998174720
+    },
+    {
+      "label": "t1-r0-1-default1024",
+      "profile": "candidate",
+      "command": [
+        "taskset",
+        "-c",
+        "0-11",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-pr-1024-20261014/insert_benchmark",
+        "--db",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-pr-1024-20261014/default-check/scratch.db",
+        "--csv",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-pr-1024-20261014/default-check/t1-r0-1-default1024.csv",
+        "--summary",
+        "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/benchmarks/log-pr-1024-20261014/default-check/t1-r0-1-default1024.summary.csv",
+        "--records",
+        "100000000",
+        "--seconds",
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+  "metric_windows": "cpu_us_op/read_B_op/write_B_op are sampled active-window totals divided by joined insert count; process_* includes startup and draining close",
+  "complete": true
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/results.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/results.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e4513f88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/results.csv
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-0-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-0-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92db7d91e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-0-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-0-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-0-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f335186bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-0-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1850412146963070 main_address=0x556ccc454aa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=13
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=8784543 elapsed_s=10.017 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.136 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-0-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-0-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8beeab6fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-0-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-1-default1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-1-default1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7cd1b4a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-1-default1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+elapsed_s,interval_s,inserted,logical_gib,insert_ops_s,query_ops_s,hit_pct,insert_max_ms,query_max_ms,active_max_ms,cpu_cores,max_rss_mib,read_mib_s,write_mib_s,image_gib,free_gib,inserters_running,barrier_ops_s,barrier_avg_ms,barrier_max_ms,target_insert_ops_s,offered_insert_ops_s,insert_backlog,response_max_ms,i0_ops_s
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-1-default1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-1-default1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f963d7234
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-1-default1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version dd0d59c5-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1850422350068532 main_address=0x55e6957ddaa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=20
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=8749259 elapsed_s=10.014 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.104 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-1-default1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-1-default1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72df9000a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-1-default1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-2-explicit1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-2-explicit1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..24a486e9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-2-explicit1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-2-explicit1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-2-explicit1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ea6e46922
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-2-explicit1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version dd0d59c5-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1850432557029326 main_address=0x5575ed56eaa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=27
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=8631515 elapsed_s=10.016 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.127 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-2-explicit1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-2-explicit1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5bdeaf766
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-2-explicit1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-3-explicit1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-3-explicit1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5b6cce9e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-3-explicit1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+elapsed_s,interval_s,inserted,logical_gib,insert_ops_s,query_ops_s,hit_pct,insert_max_ms,query_max_ms,active_max_ms,cpu_cores,max_rss_mib,read_mib_s,write_mib_s,image_gib,free_gib,inserters_running,barrier_ops_s,barrier_avg_ms,barrier_max_ms,target_insert_ops_s,offered_insert_ops_s,insert_backlog,response_max_ms,i0_ops_s
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-3-explicit1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-3-explicit1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..36f6bfcfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-3-explicit1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version dd0d59c5-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1850442766729990 main_address=0x55b8bde16aa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=34
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=8620966 elapsed_s=10.016 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.141 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-3-explicit1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-3-explicit1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6231d0b9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-3-explicit1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-4-default1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-4-default1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d6c1733e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-4-default1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-4-default1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-4-default1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4bede7e5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-4-default1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version dd0d59c5-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1850452976753950 main_address=0x56247c452aa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=41
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=8487420 elapsed_s=10.016 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.143 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-4-default1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-4-default1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94847265e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-4-default1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
+0,847374.325213,10.016140,8487420,0.001154,0.000680,0.019712,0.041472,45.935984,0.001154,0.000680,0.019712,0.041472,45.935984,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-5-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-5-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d29c3f042
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-5-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+elapsed_s,interval_s,inserted,logical_gib,insert_ops_s,query_ops_s,hit_pct,insert_max_ms,query_max_ms,active_max_ms,cpu_cores,max_rss_mib,read_mib_s,write_mib_s,image_gib,free_gib,inserters_running,barrier_ops_s,barrier_avg_ms,barrier_max_ms,target_insert_ops_s,offered_insert_ops_s,insert_backlog,response_max_ms,i0_ops_s
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-5-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-5-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..91f7803d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-5-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=1 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+start_monotonic_ns=1850463239307663 main_address=0x55b77630faa0
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=48
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=8510927 elapsed_s=10.017 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.160 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-5-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-5-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..354ea485f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t1-r0-5-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-0-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-0-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34c88e77b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-0-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-0-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-0-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87378acff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-0-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=55
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=60
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=56
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=57
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=62
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=61
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=58
+start_monotonic_ns=1850473496489738 main_address=0x55f5d68c8aa0
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=59
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=18491586 elapsed_s=10.141 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=0.707 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-0-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-0-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..efad4119f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-0-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-1-default1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-1-default1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e96adcaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-1-default1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-1-default1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-1-default1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e79743a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-1-default1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version dd0d59c5-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=69
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=70
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=71
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=75
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=72
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=73
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=76
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=74
+start_monotonic_ns=1850484478369090 main_address=0x565387beeaa0
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=18488350 elapsed_s=10.182 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=1.187 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-1-default1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-1-default1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..391da81d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-1-default1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-2-explicit1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-2-explicit1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2182373e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-2-explicit1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-2-explicit1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-2-explicit1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4c35ea53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-2-explicit1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version dd0d59c5-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=87
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=90
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=88
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=83
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=89
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=84
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=85
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=86
+start_monotonic_ns=1850495966978329 main_address=0x55d6ed9d1aa0
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=18535689 elapsed_s=10.118 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=1.471 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-2-explicit1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-2-explicit1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..00af7451c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-2-explicit1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-3-explicit1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-3-explicit1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1d49a0719
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-3-explicit1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-3-explicit1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-3-explicit1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..811c47de2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-3-explicit1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version dd0d59c5-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=101
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=102
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=97
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=104
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=98
+start_monotonic_ns=1850507686465468 main_address=0x55d4a50bcaa0
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=100
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=99
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=103
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=18517137 elapsed_s=10.185 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=1.460 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-3-explicit1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-3-explicit1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1b7a3e7fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-3-explicit1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-4-default1024.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-4-default1024.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..30f9fe425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-4-default1024.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
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diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-4-default1024.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-4-default1024.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9bfc23770
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-4-default1024.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version dd0d59c5-dirty records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=115
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=118
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=111
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=116
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=112
+start_monotonic_ns=1850519477442016 main_address=0x55a7cd48caa0
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=113
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=114
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=117
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=18483019 elapsed_s=10.239 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=1.523 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-4-default1024.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-4-default1024.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..986b985f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-4-default1024.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
+0,1805107.929939,10.239287,18483019,0.004344,0.001200,0.061952,0.227328,2155.457816,0.004344,0.001200,0.061952,0.227328,2155.457816,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-5-main.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-5-main.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e7a2234c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-5-main.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
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+9.417009,0.100153,17992299,0.536212,2614774.650,0.000,0.000,13.482,0.000,0.084,5.578,396.906,0.000,357.189,6.848984,54.786,8,0.000,0.000,0.000,0,0.000,0,13.482,331044.168,322846.693,344453.678,337873.732,281759.474,323994.939,327319.859,345482.107
+9.517144,0.100135,18195725,0.542275,2031521.326,0.000,0.000,3.325,0.000,64.901,3.617,396.906,12.327,218.182,6.884396,54.765,8,0.000,0.000,0.000,0,0.000,0,3.325,268528.000,269696.425,271214.379,275648.401,273431.390,271903.450,121945.606,279153.676
+9.617300,0.100156,18353319,0.546972,1573484.373,0.000,0.000,22.018,0.000,165.058,2.652,396.906,38.339,196.490,6.916313,54.746,8,0.000,0.000,0.000,0,0.000,0,22.018,238377.980,228363.609,228004.170,181686.455,231259.090,232327.423,0.000,233465.647
+9.717414,0.100114,18518989,0.551909,1654815.496,0.000,0.000,250.050,0.000,16.167,3.003,396.906,120.449,237.113,6.949520,54.723,8,0.000,0.000,0.000,0,0.000,0,250.050,248357.171,241634.826,238398.512,236191.026,204746.834,242523.814,9.989,242953.325
+9.817529,0.100115,18518999,0.551909,99.885,0.000,0.000,109.714,0.000,116.169,3.634,396.906,845.980,615.503,6.970337,54.662,8,0.000,0.000,0.000,0,0.000,0,109.714,0.000,19.977,9.989,19.977,19.977,0.000,9.989,19.977
+9.917648,0.100119,18519003,0.551909,39.952,0.000,0.000,181.693,0.000,216.288,0.948,396.906,202.025,323.092,7.005005,54.631,8,0.000,0.000,0.000,0,0.000,0,181.693,0.000,0.000,9.988,0.000,0.000,19.976,9.988,0.000
+10.017793,0.100145,18519005,0.551909,19.971,0.000,0.000,244.317,0.000,210.223,1.483,396.906,417.988,374.419,7.040649,54.594,8,0.000,0.000,0.000,0,0.000,0,244.317,19.971,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-5-main.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-5-main.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76b1db2fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-5-main.log
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+version=splinterdb_build_version fc0bc8f7 records=100000000 key=16 value=16 cache_mib=256 disk_gib=16 inserters=8 readers=0 memtable_bg=1 normal_bg=3 memtable_mib=8 queue_scale=100 log=1 checkpoints=disabled direct=1 query_range=inserted seed=42 report_ms=100 barrier_ms=0 target_insert_ops_s=0 id_base=0 mode=create
+Splinter task system created 1 background thread of type 'TASK_TYPE_MEMTABLE'.
+Splinter task system created 3 background threads of type 'TASK_TYPE_NORMAL'.
+worker=0 kind=insert tid=5 os_tid=125
+worker=1 kind=insert tid=6 os_tid=126
+worker=4 kind=insert tid=7 os_tid=129
+worker=5 kind=insert tid=8 os_tid=130
+worker=6 kind=insert tid=9 os_tid=131
+worker=7 kind=insert tid=10 os_tid=132
+worker=3 kind=insert tid=11 os_tid=128
+start_monotonic_ns=1850531351264289 main_address=0x55c6eb081aa0
+worker=2 kind=insert tid=12 os_tid=127
+load_end reason=time_limit inserted=18519013 elapsed_s=10.137 error=0 barrier_count=0 barrier_avg_ms=0.000 barrier_max_ms=0.000
+close_s=1.744 close_rc=0
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-5-main.summary.csv b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-5-main.summary.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..41e496735
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/performance/t8-r0-5-main.summary.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target_insert_ops_s,achieved_insert_ops_s,elapsed_s,inserted,insert_service_mean_ms,insert_service_p50_ms,insert_service_p99_ms,insert_service_p999_ms,insert_service_max_ms,insert_response_mean_ms,insert_response_p50_ms,insert_response_p99_ms,insert_response_p999_ms,insert_response_max_ms,query_service_mean_ms,query_service_p99_ms,query_service_max_ms
+0,1826936.400616,10.136649,18519013,0.004300,0.001232,0.062976,0.231424,2266.631338,0.004300,0.001232,0.062976,0.231424,2266.631338,0.000000,0.000000,0.000000
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/release-build-matched.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/release-build-matched.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f41c44a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/release-build-matched.log
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+Starting log-pr-1024-release-build-matched build
+Checking for mismatched config...No mismatched config found
+Compiling            src/btree.c                                        [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/src/btree.o]
+Compiling            src/core.c                                         [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/src/core.o]
+Compiling            src/memtable.c                                     [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/src/memtable.o]
+Compiling            src/merge.c                                        [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/src/merge.o]
+Compiling            src/notification.c                                 [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/src/notification.o]
+Compiling            src/routing_filter.c                               [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/src/routing_filter.o]
+Compiling            src/shard_log.c                                    [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/src/shard_log.o]
+Compiling            src/splinterdb.c                                   [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/src/splinterdb.o]
+Compiling            src/superblock.c                                   [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/src/superblock.o]
+Compiling            src/trunk.c                                        [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/src/trunk.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/btree_test.c                      [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/functional/btree_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/cache_test.c                      [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/functional/cache_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/driver_test.c                     [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/functional/driver_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/filter_test.c                     [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/functional/filter_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/log_test.c                        [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/functional/log_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/scan_benchmark.c                  [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/functional/scan_benchmark.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/splinter_test.c                   [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/functional/splinter_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/test_async.c                      [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/functional/test_async.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/test_dispatcher.c                 [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/functional/test_dispatcher.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/test_functionality.c              [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/functional/test_functionality.o]
+Compiling            tests/functional/ycsb_test.c                       [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/functional/ycsb_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/config.c                                     [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/config.o]
+Compiling            tests/test_common.c                                [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/test_common.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/btree_stress_test.c                     [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/unit/btree_stress_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/btree_test.c                            [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/unit/btree_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/btree_test_common.c                     [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/unit/btree_test_common.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/limitations_test.c                      [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/unit/limitations_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/merge_test.c                            [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/unit/merge_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/notification_test.c                     [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/unit/notification_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_optimize_test.c              [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_optimize_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_quick_test.c                 [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_quick_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_stress_test.c                [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_stress_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/superblock_test.c                       [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/unit/superblock_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/trunk_async_test.c                      [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/unit/trunk_async_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/trunk_gc_test.c                         [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/unit/trunk_gc_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/trunk_split_test.c                      [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/unit/trunk_split_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/writeback_set_test.c                    [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/unit/writeback_set_test.o]
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/btree_stress_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/btree_test
+Compiling            tests/unit/config_parse_test.c                     [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/unit/config_parse_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/large_inserts_stress_test.c             [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/unit/large_inserts_stress_test.o]
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/platform_apis_test
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinter_test.c                         [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/unit/splinter_test.o]
+Compiling            tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c          [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.o]
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/writeback_set_test
+Compiling            benchmarks/insert_benchmark.c                      [build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/obj/benchmarks/insert_benchmark.o]
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/lib/libsplinterdb.so
+Building archive     build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/lib/libsplinterdb.a
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/splinter_inspect
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/insert_benchmark
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/driver_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/config_parse_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/large_inserts_stress_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/limitations_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/merge_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/notification_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/splinter_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_heap_id_mgmt_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_optimize_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_quick_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_stress_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/superblock_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/task_system_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/trunk_async_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/trunk_gc_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/trunk_split_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/writable_buffer_test
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/examples/splinterdb_custom_ipv4_addr_sortcmp_example
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/examples/splinterdb_intro_example
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/examples/splinterdb_iterators_example
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/examples/splinterdb_optimize_example
+Linking              build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/examples/splinterdb_wide_values_example
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/run_benchmarks.py b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/run_benchmarks.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4bd68f8f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/run_benchmarks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+"""Run only through campaign run_job.py benchmark (exclusive real-disk lock)."""
+import argparse
+import csv
+import hashlib
+import importlib.util
+import json
+import os
+import re
+import statistics
+from pathlib import Path
+
+HERE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+CAMP = HERE.parent.parent
+spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location('runner', HERE / 'runner_core.py')
+r = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+spec.loader.exec_module(r)
+r.COORD = HERE
+r.OUT = CAMP / 'benchmarks/log-pr-1024-20261014'
+os.environ.pop('PREFIX_DISABLE', None)
+
+original_newmode = r.newmode
+def newmode(mode):
+    folder, manifest = original_newmode(mode)
+    manifest['policy_runner_sha256'] = r.sha(__file__)
+    manifest['prefix_disable_environment'] = 'unset explicitly'
+    r.save(folder/'manifest.json', manifest)
+    return folder, manifest
+r.newmode = newmode
+
+original_cmdrun = r.cmdrun
+def cmdrun(folder, manifest, label, profile, binary, args, env=None, timeout=600):
+    rec = original_cmdrun(folder, manifest, label, profile, binary, args, env, timeout)
+    rec['environment_overrides'] = env or {}
+    r.save(folder/'manifest.json', manifest)
+    return rec
+r.cmdrun = cmdrun
+
+def log_matrix(mode='log-async', rounds=None, thread_counts=None, seconds=8):
+    folder, m = r.newmode(mode)
+    m['scope'] = 'New default 1024 versus explicit 1024 and main; short PR readiness screen'
+    m['verification'] = 'Positive inserts, API errors, successful draining close; recovery validated separately'
+    data = []
+    options = {'main': ('main', 0), 'default1024': ('candidate', 0),
+               'explicit1024': ('candidate', 1024)}
+    rounds = [['main', 'default1024', 'explicit1024',
+               'explicit1024', 'default1024', 'main']]
+    for threads in thread_counts or [1, 8]:
+        for rep, order in enumerate(rounds):
+            for index, version in enumerate(order):
+                profile, pages = options[version]
+                label = f't{threads}-r{rep}-{index}-{version}'
+                stem = folder / label
+                db = folder / 'scratch.db'
+                assert not db.exists()
+                args = ['--db', db, '--csv', str(stem)+'.csv', '--summary', str(stem)+'.summary.csv', '--records', 100000000, '--seconds', seconds, '--report-ms', 100, '--cache-mib', 256, '--disk-gib', 16, '--direct', '--inserters', threads, '--readers', 0, '--memtable-bg', 1, '--normal-bg', 3, '--memtable-mib', 8, '--key-size', 16, '--value-size', 16, '--min-free-gib', 12, '--seed', 42, '--log-group-size-pages', pages]
+                rec = r.cmdrun(folder, m, label, profile, 'insert_benchmark', args, timeout=180)
+                summary = r.rows(Path(str(stem)+'.summary.csv'))
+                assert len(summary) == 1
+                summary = summary[0]
+                inserted = int(summary['inserted'])
+                assert inserted > 0
+                log = (folder / (label+'.log')).read_text()
+                error = re.search(r'load_end .* error=([0-9]+)(?: |\n)', log)
+                assert error and int(error[1]) == 0
+                close = re.search(r'close_s=([\d.]+) close_rc=0', log)
+                assert close
+                assert not re.search(r'(automatic.*(failed|error)|durable barrier.*failed)', log, re.I), log[-2000:]
+                intervals = r.rows(Path(str(stem)+'.csv'))
+                cpu = sum(float(x['cpu_cores'])*float(x['interval_s']) for x in intervals)
+                row = dict(threads=threads, rep=rep, index=index, version=version, ops_s=float(summary['achieved_insert_ops_s']), inserted=inserted, elapsed_s=float(summary['elapsed_s']), close_s=float(close[1]), drain_ops_s=inserted/(float(summary['elapsed_s'])+float(close[1])), cpu_us_op=cpu*1e6/inserted, p99_us=1000*float(summary['insert_service_p99_ms']), p999_us=1000*float(summary['insert_service_p999_ms']), max_ms=float(summary['insert_service_max_ms']), read_B_op=sum(float(x['read_mib_s'])*float(x['interval_s']) for x in intervals)*2**20/inserted, write_B_op=sum(float(x['write_mib_s'])*float(x['interval_s']) for x in intervals)*2**20/inserted)
+                data.append(row)
+                row['process_cpu_us_op'] = rec['process_cpu_s']*1e6/inserted
+                row['process_read_B_op'] = rec['process_read_bytes']/inserted
+                row['process_write_B_op'] = rec['process_write_bytes']/inserted
+                m['metric_windows'] = 'cpu_us_op/read_B_op/write_B_op are sampled active-window totals divided by joined insert count; process_* includes startup and draining close'
+                rec.update(verified=True, errors=0, inserted=inserted, close_s=row['close_s'], allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512)
+                r.save(folder/'manifest.json', m)
+                r.csvwrite(folder/'results.csv', data)
+                db.unlink()
+    m['complete'] = True
+    r.save(folder/'manifest.json', m)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    log_matrix(mode='default-check', seconds=10)
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/run_validation.py b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/run_validation.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9cf95648c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/run_validation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+import subprocess,json,hashlib,re,sys,time
+root=Path(__file__).resolve().parent
+wt=Path('/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit')
+mode=sys.argv[1]
+jobs=[('unit/splinter_test',[]),('unit/splinterdb_quick_test',[]),('unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test',['automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit']),('driver_test',['log_test','--db-location','log.db','--cache-capacity-mib','64','--db-capacity-gib','4'])]
+records=[]
+for i,(suite,args) in enumerate(jobs):
+ name=f'{mode}-{i}-{Path(suite).name}'
+ scratch=root/'scratch'/name;scratch.mkdir(parents=True,exist_ok=True)
+ for bn in ['build-main-fc0bc8f7','build']:
+  link=scratch/bn
+  if not link.exists():link.symlink_to(wt/'build-main-fc0bc8f7',target_is_directory=True)
+ binary=wt/'build-main-fc0bc8f7'/mode/'bin'/suite
+ cmd=[sys.executable,str(root.parent/'run_job.py'),'--name','log-pr-1024-'+name,'test','--',str(binary),*args]
+ start=time.time()
+ with (root/(name+'.log')).open('w') as f:r=subprocess.run(cmd,cwd=scratch,stdout=f,stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,timeout=900)
+ log=(root/(name+'.log')).read_text();results=re.findall(r'RESULTS:.*',log)
+ records.append(dict(command=cmd,cwd=str(scratch),returncode=r.returncode,seconds=time.time()-start,results=results,binary_sha256=hashlib.sha256(binary.read_bytes()).hexdigest()))
+ (root/(mode+'-validation.json')).write_text(json.dumps(records,indent=2)+'\n')
+ print(name,r.returncode,results,flush=True)
+ if r.returncode:sys.exit(1)
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/runner_core.py b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/runner_core.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..532cb8667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/runner_core.py
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+"""Fresh main integration screening. Invoke every mode under run_job.py benchmark."""
+import argparse,csv,hashlib,json,os,re,resource,signal,statistics,subprocess,time
+from pathlib import Path
+ROOT=Path('/home/rob/projects/splinterdb'); CAMP=ROOT/'.cache/projects-20261011'
+COORD=Path(__file__).resolve().parent; OUT=CAMP/'benchmarks/main-7bb5fab'
+VARIANTS=['disk-format','filtered-ranges','log-group-limit','lazy-merge','async-durable-barrier','cache-invalid-addresses','directory-direct','directory-bucket','directory-bucket-simd','directory-bucket-atomic']
+ORDER=['main',*VARIANTS,'main',*reversed(VARIANTS),'main']
+def sha(path):
+ h=hashlib.sha256()
+ with Path(path).open('rb') as f:
+  for b in iter(lambda:f.read(1024*1024),b''):h.update(b)
+ return h.hexdigest()
+def save(path,value):path.write_text(json.dumps(value,indent=2)+'\n')
+def rows(path):
+ with path.open() as f:return list(csv.DictReader(f))
+def csvwrite(path,data):
+ if not data:return
+ with path.open('w') as f:
+  w=csv.DictWriter(f,fieldnames=list(data[0]),lineterminator='\n');w.writeheader();w.writerows(data)
+def build(name):
+ r=json.loads((COORD/(name+'-build.json')).read_text())
+ assert sha(r['library'])==r['library_sha256'],name
+ for filename,expected in r['source_files_sha256'].items():assert sha(Path(r['tree'])/filename)==expected,(name,filename)
+ for b in r['binaries'].values():
+  assert sha(b['binary'])==b['binary_sha256'],name
+  assert sha(b['source'])==b['source_sha256'],(name,b['source'])
+ return r
+def cmdrun(folder,manifest,label,profile,binary,args,env=None,timeout=600):
+ b=build(profile);exe=b['binaries'][binary]
+ cmd=['taskset','-c','0-11',exe['binary'],*map(str,args)]
+ rec=dict(label=label,profile=profile,command=cmd,started=time.time(),binary_sha256=exe['binary_sha256'],library_sha256=b['library_sha256'],source_head=b['head'],verified=False)
+ print(label,flush=True)
+ log=folder/(label+'.log')
+ try:
+  before=resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_CHILDREN)
+  with log.open('w') as f:
+   p=subprocess.Popen(cmd,env=dict(os.environ,**(env or {})),stdout=f,stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,start_new_session=True)
+   try:p.wait(timeout=timeout)
+   except BaseException:
+    try:os.killpg(p.pid,signal.SIGKILL)
+    except ProcessLookupError:pass
+    p.wait()
+    raise
+  after=resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_CHILDREN)
+  rec.update(returncode=p.returncode,finished=time.time(),log_sha256=sha(log),process_cpu_s=(after.ru_utime+after.ru_stime-before.ru_utime-before.ru_stime),process_read_bytes=512*(after.ru_inblock-before.ru_inblock),process_write_bytes=512*(after.ru_oublock-before.ru_oublock))
+ except BaseException as e:
+  rec.update(exception=str(e),finished=time.time());manifest['runs'].append(rec);save(folder/'manifest.json',manifest);raise
+ manifest['runs'].append(rec);save(folder/'manifest.json',manifest)
+ assert p.returncode==0,rec
+ assert 'FINDING: splinterdb_close' not in log.read_text(),rec
+ return rec
+
+def newmode(mode):
+ folder=OUT/mode;folder.mkdir(parents=True,exist_ok=False)
+ fs=subprocess.check_output(['findmnt','-n','-o','FSTYPE,SOURCE','-T',str(folder)],text=True).strip();assert fs.split()[0] not in ['tmpfs','ramfs'] and fs.split()[1].startswith('/dev/')
+ manifest=dict(mode=mode,storage=fs,io='O_DIRECT',cpu_affinity='0-11',scope='Updated feature branches versus fresh main; not an isolation of merge cost',runner_sha256=sha(__file__),runs=[])
+ save(folder/'manifest.json',manifest);return folder,manifest
+
+def kvargs(db,csvpath,profile,regime,index,secs=6,prefix=False,create=False):
+ return ['--db',db,'--create' if create else '--open','--n',200000 if regime=='resident' else 2000000,'--cache-mib',128 if regime=='resident' else 64,'--disk-gib',8,'--log',0,'--threads',1 if create else 8,'--mt-bg',0,'--normal-bg',0,'--memtable-mib',4,'--secs',secs,'--warmup',1,'--csv',csvpath,'--vtag',profile,'--stag',regime,'--otag',index,'--rep',index,'--seed',42,'--hang-secs',60,'--hang-dir',str(csvpath.parent)]
+def verifykv(csvpath,index,count):
+ rr=[r for r in rows(csvpath) if r['order']==str(index)]
+ assert len(rr)==count,(index,len(rr),count)
+ assert all(int(r['ops'])>0 and int(r['errors'])==0 and int(r['violations'])==0 for r in rr),rr
+ assert all(int(r['ops'])==int(r['n']) for r in rr if r['phase']=='warm' or r['phase'].startswith('load:')),rr
+ return rr
+
+def fixtures():
+ folder,m=newmode('fixtures');ff={}
+ for regime in ['resident','disk']:
+  for profile,pattern in [('main','ordinary'),('disk-format','ordinary'),('main','common'),('branch-prefix','common'),('main','random'),('branch-prefix','random')]:
+   label=f'{regime}-{profile}-{pattern}';db=folder/(label+'.db');binary='kvbench' if pattern=='ordinary' else 'prefix_kvbench'
+   rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,binary,kvargs(db,folder/(label+'.csv'),profile,regime,0,secs=1,create=True)+['load:random'],dict(PREFIX_PATTERN=pattern) if pattern!='ordinary' else None)
+   verifykv(folder/(label+'.csv'),0,1)
+   with db.open('rb') as f:os.fsync(f.fileno())
+   rec.update(verified=True,verification_kind='load API errors and operation count; query phases later validate data',errors=0,violations=0,fixture=str(db),fixture_sha256=sha(db),allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512,apparent_bytes=db.stat().st_size)
+   ff[label]={k:rec[k] for k in ['fixture','fixture_sha256','allocated_bytes','apparent_bytes']};save(folder/'manifest.json',m);save(folder/'fixtures.json',ff)
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def query_one(folder,m,index,profile,regime,phases,pattern='ordinary'):
+ f=json.loads((OUT/'fixtures/fixtures.json').read_text());owner=profile if profile in ['disk-format','branch-prefix'] else 'main'
+ fixture=f[f'{regime}-{owner}-{pattern}'];src=Path(fixture['fixture']);before=src.stat()
+ db=folder/'scratch.db';assert not db.exists()
+ subprocess.run(['cp','--reflink=auto','--sparse=always',str(src),str(db)],check=True)
+ with db.open('rb') as image:os.fsync(image.fileno())
+ label=f'{index:02d}-{profile}';csvpath=folder/'results.csv';binary='kvbench' if pattern=='ordinary' else 'prefix_kvbench'
+ rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,binary,kvargs(db,csvpath,profile,regime,index,secs=6 if regime=='resident' else 5)+phases,dict(PREFIX_PATTERN=pattern) if pattern!='ordinary' else None)
+ rr=verifykv(csvpath,index,len(phases))
+ rec.update(verified=True,verification_kind='query key/value/range validation and successful close',errors=sum(int(r['errors']) for r in rr),violations=sum(int(r['violations']) for r in rr),fixture=fixture,fixture_copy_fsynced=True,db_allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512)
+ assert src.stat().st_mtime_ns==before.st_mtime_ns
+ save(folder/'manifest.json',m);db.unlink()
+
+def queries(regime):
+ folder,m=newmode(regime)
+ phases=['warm','point:uniform@1','point:uniform@8','range:uniform:1@1','range:uniform:1@8','range:uniform:10000@8'] if regime=='resident' else ['warm','point:uniform@8','range:uniform:1@8','range:uniform:10000@8']
+ m.update(order=ORDER,phases=phases)
+ for i,profile in enumerate(ORDER):query_one(folder,m,i,profile,regime,phases)
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def prefix():
+ for regime in ['resident','disk']:
+  for pattern in ['common','random']:
+   folder,m=newmode(f'prefix-{regime}-{pattern}')
+   phases=['warm','point:uniform@8','range:uniform:1@8','range:uniform:10000@8']
+   if regime=='resident':phases+=['ow:uniform@8']
+   for i,profile in enumerate(['main','branch-prefix','branch-prefix','main']):query_one(folder,m,i,profile,regime,phases,pattern)
+   m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def insert():
+ folder,m=newmode('insert');data=[]
+ profiles=['disk-format','filtered-ranges','lazy-merge','async-durable-barrier','cache-invalid-addresses','directory-direct','directory-bucket','directory-bucket-simd','directory-bucket-atomic','log-disabled','log-default']
+ for wal,versions in [(1,['main',*profiles,'main',*reversed(profiles),'main']),(0,['main','cache-invalid-addresses','directory-bucket-atomic','directory-bucket-atomic','cache-invalid-addresses','main'])]:
+  for i,version in enumerate(versions):
+   profile='log-group-limit' if version.startswith('log-') else version
+   label=f'wal{wal}-{i:02d}-{version}';stem=folder/label;db=folder/'scratch.db';assert not db.exists()
+   args=['--db',db,'--csv',str(stem)+'.csv','--summary',str(stem)+'.summary.csv','--records',100000000,'--seconds',5,'--report-ms',100,'--cache-mib',256,'--disk-gib',16,'--direct','--inserters',8,'--readers',0,'--memtable-bg',1,'--normal-bg',3,'--memtable-mib',8,'--key-size',16,'--value-size',16,'--min-free-gib',12,'--seed',42]
+   if not wal:args+=['--no-log']
+   if version.startswith('log-'):args+=['--log-group-size-pages',2**64-1 if version=='log-disabled' else 0]
+   rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,'insert_benchmark',args,timeout=240)
+   summary=rows(Path(str(stem)+'.summary.csv'));assert len(summary)==1;summary=summary[0];inserted=int(summary['inserted']);assert inserted>0
+   log=(folder/(label+'.log')).read_text();error_match=re.search(r'load_end .* error=([0-9]+)(?: |\n)',log);assert error_match and int(error_match[1])==0
+   close=re.search(r'close_s=([\d.]+) close_rc=0',log);assert close
+   interval=rows(Path(str(stem)+'.csv'));cpu=sum(float(r['cpu_cores'])*float(r['interval_s']) for r in interval)
+   data.append(dict(wal=wal,version=version,index=i,errors=int(error_match[1]),violations=0,verification_kind='API return, positive insert count, successful close; no readback',ops_s=float(summary['achieved_insert_ops_s']),inserted=inserted,close_s=float(close[1]),drain_ops_s=inserted/(float(summary['elapsed_s'])+float(close[1])),cpu_us_op=cpu*1e6/inserted,p99_us=1000*float(summary['insert_service_p99_ms']),max_ms=float(summary['insert_service_max_ms']),read_B_op=sum(float(r['read_mib_s'])*float(r['interval_s']) for r in interval)*2**20/inserted,write_B_op=sum(float(r['write_mib_s'])*float(r['interval_s']) for r in interval)*2**20/inserted))
+   rec.update(verified=True,errors=int(error_match[1]),verification_kind='API return, positive insert count, successful close; no readback',allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512);save(folder/'manifest.json',m);csvwrite(folder/'results.csv',data);db.unlink()
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def hash_range():
+ folder,m=newmode('hash');reference=None
+ for i,profile in enumerate(['main','filtered-ranges','filtered-ranges','main']):
+  label=f'{i}-{profile}';db=folder/'scratch.db';rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,'hash_range_benchmark',[db,16384,1000],timeout=900)
+  lines=(folder/(label+'.log')).read_text().splitlines();start=next(j for j,x in enumerate(lines) if x.startswith('mode,keys_per_tenant,'));rr=list(csv.DictReader(lines[start:]));assert len(rr)==4
+  assert [int(r['limit']) for r in rr]==[1,2,10,100] and all(int(r['queries'])==1000 and int(r['keys_per_tenant'])==16384 for r in rr),rr
+  checks=[x['checksum'] for x in rr]
+  if reference is None:reference=checks
+  assert checks==reference
+  rec.update(verified=True,rows=rr,allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512);save(folder/'manifest.json',m);db.unlink()
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+def barrier():
+ folder,m=newmode('barrier')
+ for wal in [0,1]:
+  for workers in [0,1]:
+   order=[('main','sync'),('async-durable-barrier','sync'),('async-durable-barrier','async'),('async-durable-barrier','async'),('async-durable-barrier','sync'),('main','sync')]
+   for i,(profile,mode) in enumerate(order):
+    label=f'wal{wal}-workers{workers}-{i}-{profile}-{mode}';db=folder/'scratch.db';csvpath=folder/'results.csv'
+    rec=cmdrun(folder,m,label,profile,'barrier_bench',[db,csvpath,label,mode,wal,workers,256,2048 if wal else 512],dict(BARRIER_DEPTH='1'))
+    rr=rows(csvpath);assert rr[-1]['label']==label and int(rr[-1]['verified'])==1
+    rec.update(verified=True,allocated_bytes=db.stat().st_blocks*512);save(folder/'manifest.json',m);db.unlink()
+ m['complete']=True;save(folder/'manifest.json',m)
+
+if __name__=='__main__':
+ def interrupted(signum,frame):raise InterruptedError(f'benchmark interrupted by signal {signum}')
+ for signum in [signal.SIGTERM,signal.SIGHUP]:signal.signal(signum,interrupted)
+ p=argparse.ArgumentParser();p.add_argument('mode',choices=['fixtures','resident','disk','prefix','insert','hash','barrier']);a=p.parse_args()
+ {'fixtures':fixtures,'resident':lambda:queries('resident'),'disk':lambda:queries('disk'),'prefix':prefix,'insert':insert,'hash':hash_range,'barrier':barrier}[a.mode]()
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/serialization-audit.json b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/serialization-audit.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b9a39dd89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/serialization-audit.json
@@ -0,0 +1,473 @@
+{
+  "audited_at": 1791962405.7824113,
+  "completed_jobs": 717,
+  "completed_benchmark_jobs": 126,
+  "overlaps": [],
+  "failed_jobs": [
+    {
+      "name": "lazy-merge-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "lazy-merge-kvbench",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-errors-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "disk-format-reopen",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": -6
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-errors-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-errors-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "filtered-ranges-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "log-limit-debug",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "log-limit-debug-rebuild",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-errors-objects",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-directory-debug",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "disk-format-splinter",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": -6
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "branch-prefix-debug",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-errors-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "filtered-ranges-regression",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": -6
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-errors-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-directory-debug-rebuild",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "log-limit-functional",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": -6
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-errors-debug-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "filtered-ranges-sparse",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 124
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-errors-trunk-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-errors-all-debug-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-errors-read-all-test",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": -6
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-directory-async",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": -6
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "branch-prefix-seek",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": -6
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "log-limit-core-all",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": -6
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "prefix-baseline-benchmark-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "filtered-ranges-hash-benchmark",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-errors-pivot-failure",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": -6
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "branch-pointers-functional",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 124
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "async-barrier-nested-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "async-barrier-release",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "filtered-ranges-core",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": -6
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-errors-kvbench-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-handoff-owned-alloc-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-probe-0-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-probe-2-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-probe-1-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "log-limit-coalesced-functional",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": -6
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-errors-receipt-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "log-limit-recovery-tests-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-errors-receipt-build2",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-handoff-receipt-validation",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "log-limit-retirement-old-repro",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": -6
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-handoff-tagged-bench-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "filtered-v2-debug",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "filtered-v2-release",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-atomic-insert-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "receipt24-validation",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "receipt24-resident-points-repeat20",
+      "mode": "benchmark",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "disk-format-layering-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "notification-sentinel-build-debug",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "notification-sentinel-asan-tests",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 127
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "notification-sentinel-asan-tests",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 134
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-null-debug-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-null-debug-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "handoff-selected-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "handoff-mainmerge-kvbench-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "handoff-mainmerge-debug-tests",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "handoff-mainmerge-debug-tests-fixed",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-invalid-addresses-debug-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "mainmerge-disk-format-debug-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "mainmerge-disk-format-debug-build-resolved",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "mainmerge-disk-format-debug-build-final",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "mainmerge-disk-format-debug-build-3",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "mainmerge-disk-format-debug-build-4",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "mainmerge-disk-format-debug-test",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "mainmerge-disk-format-release-test",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 250
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "main-merge-log-group-recovery-final-debug-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "main-7bb5fab-benchmark-baseline-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "main-7bb5fab-lazy-debug-tests",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 250
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "main-7bb5fab-invalid-debug-tests",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 250
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "main-7bb5fab-filtered-debug-tests",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 250
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "main-7bb5fab-benchmark-harnesses-ready",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "main-7bb5fab-benchmark-harnesses-final",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "main-7bb5fab-cache-invalid-addresses-debug-tests-corrected",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 241
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "predicate-tests-release",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 127
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "predicate-tests-debug",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 127
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "predicate-tests-release-loaderfixed",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "disk-format-pr-debug-tests",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "predicate-tests-debug-loaderfixed",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "mixed-seeds-debug-diagnostics",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "mixed-seeds-debug-diagnostic-output",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "filtered-disk-pr-static-checks",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "filtered-disk-predicate-feature",
+      "mode": "benchmark",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-directory-fc0-direct-release-core",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": -6
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-invalid-addresses-fc0-direct-release-core",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": -6
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "prefix-main-fc0-debug-test",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 250
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cache-directory-fc0-bucket-atomic-release-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "prefix-main-fc0-debug-test",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "prefix-main-fc0-release-test",
+      "mode": "test",
+      "returncode": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "log-pr-1024-debug-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "log-pr-1024-release-build",
+      "mode": "build",
+      "returncode": 2
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/sha256.json b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/sha256.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..97be0ab58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/sha256.json
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+{
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+  "tests/release-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log": "e7d88eb184cd4d0be46451dcb57210b134ef124f42a14b385e51ee47fb81e314",
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+}
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/summary.json b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/summary.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4f5433f45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/summary.json
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+[
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+]
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/debug-0-splinter_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/debug-0-splinter_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..925387ea8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/debug-0-splinter_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+Starting log-pr-1024-debug-0-splinter_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinter', test case 'all'.
+TEST 1/44 splinter:test_blob_checksums [OK]
+TEST 2/44 splinter:test_inserts [OK]
+TEST 3/44 splinter:test_btree_pack_abort_releases_reserved_extents btree_pack error status: 5
+[OK]
+TEST 4/44 splinter:test_btree_pack_rejects_counter_overflow btree_pack: output statistics exceed the on-disk limit
+btree_pack error status: 28
+[OK]
+TEST 5/44 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_pivot_bundle [OK]
+TEST 6/44 splinter:test_invalid_branch_reference_rejected Unsupported branch format version 2 at 7471104; this build requires version 1.
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup: btree_lookup_and_merge failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup failed: 22
+Unsupported branch format version 2 at 7471104; this build requires version 1.
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async: btree_lookup_and_merge_async failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async failed: 22
+Unsupported branch format version 2 at 7471104; this build requires version 1.
+trunk_collect_branches: trunk_collect_bundle_branches failed: 22
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup: btree_lookup_and_merge failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup failed: 22
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async: btree_lookup_and_merge_async failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async failed: 22
+trunk_collect_branches: trunk_collect_bundle_branches failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 7/44 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_pivot_stats trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_node_find_pivot failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_node_find_pivot_async failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 8/44 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_child_height trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_node_handle_init_async failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 9/44 splinter:test_two_log_checkpoint [OK]
+TEST 10/44 splinter:test_reopen_with_changed_filter_config [OK]
+TEST 11/44 splinter:test_logged_large_insert_shares_blob_extents [OK]
+TEST 12/44 splinter:test_durable_barrier_waits_for_visible_insert_log_write [OK]
+TEST 13/44 splinter:test_durable_barrier_packs_concurrent_small_tails [OK]
+TEST 14/44 splinter:test_shard_log_first_fit_decreasing_packing [OK]
+TEST 15/44 splinter:test_shard_log_page_alloc_failure_retries_open_buffer shard_log_graduate_buffer: out of log space
+shard_log_graduate_group: failed to terminate group 1: No space left on device
+[OK]
+TEST 16/44 splinter:test_async_durable_barrier_reports_device_failure [OK]
+TEST 17/44 splinter:test_async_durable_barrier_defers_nested_wait [OK]
+TEST 18/44 splinter:test_async_durable_barrier_launches_with_blocked_device [OK]
+TEST 19/44 splinter:test_durable_barrier_without_log_publishes_root [OK]
+TEST 20/44 splinter:test_checkpoint_reports_terminal_incorporation_failure trunk_node_serialize():2802: cache_alloc() failedserialize_nodes():2986: node_serialize() failedserialize_nodes_and_save_contingent_compactions: serialize_nodes failed: 12
+restore_balance_leaf():6155: serialize_nodes() failed: Cannot allocate memorytrunk_flush_prepare: flush_then_compact failed: 12
+trunk_incorporate_prepare failed: Cannot allocate memory
+Memtable incorporation failed: generation=0 state=INCORPORATION_ASSIGNED status=Cannot allocate memory memtable_root=1179648
+memtable flush failed: Cannot allocate memory
+Shutdown found memtable from failed incorporation: generation=0 state=INCORPORATION_FAILED status=Cannot allocate memory memtable_root=1179648 compacted_root=0
+[OK]
+TEST 21/44 splinter:test_durable_barrier_reopens_writers_before_device_barrier [OK]
+TEST 22/44 splinter:test_concurrent_durable_barriers_coalesce [OK]
+TEST 23/44 splinter:test_durable_barrier_waits_for_checkpoint_publication [OK]
+TEST 24/44 splinter:test_log_prepare_failure_leaves_update_unapplied core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_unmount: failed to publish the unmount root: Input/output error
+core_unmount: shutdown retained recovery state; the next mount must recover
+[OK]
+TEST 25/44 splinter:test_checkpoint_advance_retries_cut_publish_failure core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+[OK]
+TEST 26/44 splinter:test_checkpoint_advance_retries_completion_failure core_checkpoint_advance: completion publish failed: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: completion publish failed: Input/output error
+[OK]
+TEST 27/44 splinter:test_self_managed_checkpoints_reclaim_log_space [OK]
+TEST 28/44 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint [OK]
+TEST 29/44 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_grace_allows_natural_rotation [OK]
+TEST 30/44 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_grace_forces_overwrite_rotation [OK]
+TEST 31/44 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_on_overwrites [OK]
+TEST 32/44 splinter:test_recover_allocations_reproduces_persisted_map [OK]
+TEST 33/44 splinter:test_unmount_skips_allocator_map_that_needs_rebuild core_unmount: allocator reference accounting is incomplete; leaving allocation state invalid for rebuild on the next mount
+[OK]
+TEST 34/44 splinter:test_late_reclamation_failure_requires_recovery WARNING: abandoned reclamation of mini allocator at 7471104 (type misc): Connection timed out. Remaining space is unavailable until reopen; clean allocation state will not be written. Recovery is required.
+WARNING: core_unmount: reclamation failed (Connection timed out); remaining space was retained. Shutdown requires recovery and the next open will rebuild allocation state.
+core_unmount: allocator reference accounting is incomplete; leaving allocation state invalid for rebuild on the next mount
+[OK]
+TEST 35/44 splinter:test_mount_active_checkpoint_stays_mountable [OK]
+TEST 36/44 splinter:test_lookups [OK]
+TEST 37/44 splinter:test_splinter_print_diags [OK]
+TEST 38/44 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_reports_failure_and_retries WARNING: fire-and-forget durable barrier failed: Input/output error; recent writes may not be durable. A later barrier can retry.
+[OK]
+TEST 39/44 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_submission_failure_retries WARNING: automatic durable barrier submission failed: Cannot allocate memory; recent writes may not be durable.
+[OK]
+TEST 40/44 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_insert_does_not_wait [OK]
+TEST 41/44 splinter:test_cache_read_errors_reach_core_operations ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup: btree_lookup_and_merge failed: 110
+trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup failed: 110
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async: btree_lookup_and_merge_async failed: 110
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async failed: 110
+[OK]
+TEST 42/44 splinter:test_blob_descriptor_sizes [OK]
+TEST 43/44 splinter:test_blob_trees [OK]
+TEST 44/44 splinter:test_blob_height_three_and_large_stats [OK]
+RESULTS: 44 tests (44 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 86302 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ed5fa70d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+Starting log-pr-1024-debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'all'.
+TEST 1/56 splinterdb_quick:test_get_config_returns_effective_config [OK]
+TEST 2/56 splinterdb_quick:test_get_cost_stats [OK]
+TEST 3/56 splinterdb_quick:test_checkpoint_log_grace_default [OK]
+TEST 4/56 splinterdb_quick:test_durable_barrier [OK]
+TEST 5/56 splinterdb_quick:test_async_durable_barrier_notifications [OK]
+TEST 6/56 splinterdb_quick:test_logged_large_value_replaces_old_value [OK]
+TEST 7/56 splinterdb_quick:test_basic_flow [OK]
+TEST 8/56 splinterdb_quick:test_pthread_auto_registration [OK]
+TEST 9/56 splinterdb_quick:test_result_auto_registration_with_stats [OK]
+TEST 10/56 splinterdb_quick:test_stats_reset_clears_cache_io [OK]
+TEST 11/56 splinterdb_quick:test_final_merge_error_propagation [OK]
+TEST 12/56 splinterdb_quick:test_fetch_and_update_catches_up_after_rotation [OK]
+TEST 13/56 splinterdb_quick:test_fetch_and_update_rejects_incorporated_boundary [OK]
+TEST 14/56 splinterdb_quick:test_range_init_error_cleanup_preserves_branches setup_ordered_iterators: exception: Cannot allocate memory
+core_apply_to_range: range iterator init failed: Cannot allocate memory
+[OK]
+TEST 15/56 splinterdb_quick:stats_reset_excludes_active_operations [OK]
+TEST 16/56 splinterdb_quick:test_apis_for_large_key [OK]
+TEST 17/56 splinterdb_quick:test_key_size_gt_max_inline_key_size [OK]
+TEST 18/56 splinterdb_quick:test_value_size_gt_max_value_size [OK]
+TEST 19/56 splinterdb_quick:test_large_lookup_survives_memtable_recycle [OK]
+TEST 20/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_survives_memtable_recycle [OK]
+TEST 21/56 splinterdb_quick:test_variable_length_values [OK]
+TEST 22/56 splinterdb_quick:test_basic_iterator [OK]
+TEST 23/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_delete_current [OK]
+TEST 24/56 splinterdb_quick:test_empty_iterator [OK]
+TEST 25/56 splinterdb_quick:test_bounded_iterator [OK]
+TEST 26/56 splinterdb_quick:test_bounded_iterator_start_normalization [OK]
+TEST 27/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_startkey [OK]
+TEST 28/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_non_existent_startkey [OK]
+TEST 29/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_missing_startkey_in_sequence [OK]
+TEST 30/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_prev_and_next [OK]
+TEST 31/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_reversal_on_key_in_two_branches [OK]
+TEST 32/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_reversal_with_three_branches [OK]
+TEST 33/56 splinterdb_quick:test_rewriting_keys_does_not_grow_trunk [OK]
+TEST 34/56 splinterdb_quick:test_close_and_reopen [OK]
+TEST 35/56 splinterdb_quick:test_logged_close_and_reopen [OK]
+TEST 36/56 splinterdb_quick:test_repeated_insert_close_reopen [OK]
+TEST 37/56 splinterdb_quick:test_custom_data_config [OK]
+TEST 38/56 splinterdb_quick:test_existence_only_memtable_lookup [OK]
+TEST 39/56 splinterdb_quick:test_existence_only_trunk_lookup_skips_branches [OK]
+TEST 40/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_returns_old_value [OK]
+TEST 41/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_existence_only [OK]
+TEST 42/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_custom_merge_semantics [OK]
+TEST 43/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_merges_memtable_and_trunk [OK]
+TEST 44/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_respects_trunk_delete_shadow [OK]
+TEST 45/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_custom_comparator [OK]
+TEST 46/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_init_bug [OK]
+TEST 47/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_create_w_background_threads [OK]
+TEST 48/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_create_w_all_background_threads [OK]
+TEST 49/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_merges_only_matching_keys [OK]
+TEST 50/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_crosses_empty_trunk_leaves [OK]
+TEST 51/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_persisted_mixed_seeds [OK]
+TEST 52/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_predicate_only_and_bounds [OK]
+TEST 53/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_propagates_matching_merge_errors setup_ordered_iterators: exception: Cannot allocate memory
+[OK]
+TEST 54/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_context_survives_thread_handoff [OK]
+TEST 55/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_thread_handoff [OK]
+TEST 56/56 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'test_blob_tree_crash_recovery'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'test_blob_tree_crash_recovery'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery [OK]
+RESULTS: 56 tests (56 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 17279 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/debug-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/debug-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75bb2765f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/debug-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting log-pr-1024-debug-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_forked_child', test case 'automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_forked_child:automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit [OK]
+RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 1056 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/debug-3-driver_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/debug-3-driver_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..68beea8f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/debug-3-driver_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Starting log-pr-1024-debug-3-driver_test test
+/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/driver_test: splinterdb_build_version dd0d59c5-dirty
+Dispatch test log_test
+
+Started log_test!!
+Malformed log page sequence at page 9052160: group=3 page=0 follows group=1 page=0 (terminated).
+Unsupported log format version 2; this build requires version 1.
+Unsupported log format version 2; this build requires version 1.
+shard_log_iterator_init: record validation failed in group 1 at log page 146800640: Invalid argument; discarding this group and the rest
+Malformed log page sequence at page 147587072: group=1 page=0 follows group=1 page=0.
+shard_log_iterator_init: record validation failed in group 2 at log page 148377600: Input/output error; discarding this group and the rest
+log returned 500000 of 500000 entries
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/debug-validation.json b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/debug-validation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69f8876f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/debug-validation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+[
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-pr-1024-debug-0-splinter_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/splinter_test"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-pr-1024-20261014/scratch/debug-0-splinter_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "seconds": 86.36590790748596,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 44 tests (44 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 86302 ms"
+    ],
+    "binary_sha256": "e982c6cf0d785ddc1025853ab6b43928e1e524d706341407e3d3e1ec50d96aa3"
+  },
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-pr-1024-debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_quick_test"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-pr-1024-20261014/scratch/debug-1-splinterdb_quick_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "seconds": 148.48162126541138,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 56 tests (56 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 17279 ms"
+    ],
+    "binary_sha256": "8a79c3817a23386a595cf8f9e77ea7d04df01e473e32e9b8cd8541034a0f45a8"
+  },
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-pr-1024-debug-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-pr-1024-20261014/scratch/debug-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "seconds": 1.1177377700805664,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 1056 ms"
+    ],
+    "binary_sha256": "ac84ae17b7d1f407eac3bb40f92b0b6844bc680b5bc2c33ef33291cb27882be6"
+  },
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-pr-1024-debug-3-driver_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/debug/bin/driver_test",
+      "log_test",
+      "--db-location",
+      "log.db",
+      "--cache-capacity-mib",
+      "64",
+      "--db-capacity-gib",
+      "4"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-pr-1024-20261014/scratch/debug-3-driver_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "seconds": 1.4176621437072754,
+    "results": [],
+    "binary_sha256": "dc4c7253c84d39ca2ea94985eac46e3ec364353610b35dc82cc052c58c83bed5"
+  }
+]
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/release-0-splinter_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/release-0-splinter_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bdfb2bc70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/release-0-splinter_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+Starting log-pr-1024-release-0-splinter_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinter', test case 'all'.
+TEST 1/44 splinter:test_inserts [OK]
+TEST 2/44 splinter:test_btree_pack_abort_releases_reserved_extents btree_pack error status: 5
+[OK]
+TEST 3/44 splinter:test_btree_pack_rejects_counter_overflow btree_pack: output statistics exceed the on-disk limit
+btree_pack error status: 28
+[OK]
+TEST 4/44 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_pivot_bundle [OK]
+TEST 5/44 splinter:test_invalid_branch_reference_rejected Unsupported branch format version 2 at 7471104; this build requires version 1.
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup: btree_lookup_and_merge failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup failed: 22
+Unsupported branch format version 2 at 7471104; this build requires version 1.
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async: btree_lookup_and_merge_async failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async failed: 22
+Unsupported branch format version 2 at 7471104; this build requires version 1.
+trunk_collect_branches: trunk_collect_bundle_branches failed: 22
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup: btree_lookup_and_merge failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup failed: 22
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async: btree_lookup_and_merge_async failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async failed: 22
+trunk_collect_branches: trunk_collect_bundle_branches failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 6/44 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_pivot_stats trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_node_find_pivot failed: 22
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_node_find_pivot_async failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 7/44 splinter:test_malformed_trunk_child_height trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_node_handle_init_async failed: 22
+[OK]
+TEST 8/44 splinter:test_two_log_checkpoint [OK]
+TEST 9/44 splinter:test_reopen_with_changed_filter_config [OK]
+TEST 10/44 splinter:test_logged_large_insert_shares_blob_extents [OK]
+TEST 11/44 splinter:test_durable_barrier_waits_for_visible_insert_log_write [OK]
+TEST 12/44 splinter:test_durable_barrier_packs_concurrent_small_tails [OK]
+TEST 13/44 splinter:test_shard_log_first_fit_decreasing_packing [OK]
+TEST 14/44 splinter:test_shard_log_page_alloc_failure_retries_open_buffer shard_log_graduate_buffer: out of log space
+shard_log_graduate_group: failed to terminate group 1: No space left on device
+[OK]
+TEST 15/44 splinter:test_async_durable_barrier_reports_device_failure [OK]
+TEST 16/44 splinter:test_async_durable_barrier_defers_nested_wait [OK]
+TEST 17/44 splinter:test_async_durable_barrier_launches_with_blocked_device [OK]
+TEST 18/44 splinter:test_durable_barrier_without_log_publishes_root [OK]
+TEST 19/44 splinter:test_checkpoint_reports_terminal_incorporation_failure trunk_node_serialize():2802: cache_alloc() failedserialize_nodes():2986: node_serialize() failedserialize_nodes_and_save_contingent_compactions: serialize_nodes failed: 12
+restore_balance_leaf():6155: serialize_nodes() failed: Cannot allocate memorytrunk_flush_prepare: flush_then_compact failed: 12
+trunk_incorporate_prepare failed: Cannot allocate memory
+Memtable incorporation failed: generation=0 state=INCORPORATION_ASSIGNED status=Cannot allocate memory memtable_root=1179648
+memtable flush failed: Cannot allocate memory
+Shutdown found memtable from failed incorporation: generation=0 state=INCORPORATION_FAILED status=Cannot allocate memory memtable_root=1179648 compacted_root=0
+[OK]
+TEST 20/44 splinter:test_durable_barrier_reopens_writers_before_device_barrier [OK]
+TEST 21/44 splinter:test_concurrent_durable_barriers_coalesce [OK]
+TEST 22/44 splinter:test_durable_barrier_waits_for_checkpoint_publication [OK]
+TEST 23/44 splinter:test_log_prepare_failure_leaves_update_unapplied core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_unmount: failed to publish the unmount root: Input/output error
+core_unmount: shutdown retained recovery state; the next mount must recover
+[OK]
+TEST 24/44 splinter:test_checkpoint_advance_retries_cut_publish_failure core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: failed to publish the log cut; will retry: Input/output error
+[OK]
+TEST 25/44 splinter:test_checkpoint_advance_retries_completion_failure core_checkpoint_advance: completion publish failed: Input/output error
+core_checkpoint_advance: completion publish failed: Input/output error
+[OK]
+TEST 26/44 splinter:test_self_managed_checkpoints_reclaim_log_space [OK]
+TEST 27/44 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint [OK]
+TEST 28/44 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_grace_allows_natural_rotation [OK]
+TEST 29/44 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_grace_forces_overwrite_rotation [OK]
+TEST 30/44 splinter:test_auto_checkpoint_on_overwrites [OK]
+TEST 31/44 splinter:test_recover_allocations_reproduces_persisted_map [OK]
+TEST 32/44 splinter:test_unmount_skips_allocator_map_that_needs_rebuild core_unmount: allocator reference accounting is incomplete; leaving allocation state invalid for rebuild on the next mount
+[OK]
+TEST 33/44 splinter:test_late_reclamation_failure_requires_recovery WARNING: abandoned reclamation of mini allocator at 7471104 (type misc): Connection timed out. Remaining space is unavailable until reopen; clean allocation state will not be written. Recovery is required.
+WARNING: core_unmount: reclamation failed (Connection timed out); remaining space was retained. Shutdown requires recovery and the next open will rebuild allocation state.
+core_unmount: allocator reference accounting is incomplete; leaving allocation state invalid for rebuild on the next mount
+[OK]
+TEST 34/44 splinter:test_mount_active_checkpoint_stays_mountable [OK]
+TEST 35/44 splinter:test_lookups [OK]
+TEST 36/44 splinter:test_splinter_print_diags [OK]
+TEST 37/44 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_reports_failure_and_retries WARNING: fire-and-forget durable barrier failed: Input/output error; recent writes may not be durable. A later barrier can retry.
+[OK]
+TEST 38/44 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_submission_failure_retries WARNING: automatic durable barrier submission failed: Cannot allocate memory; recent writes may not be durable.
+[OK]
+TEST 39/44 splinter:test_automatic_log_barrier_insert_does_not_wait [OK]
+TEST 40/44 splinter:test_cache_read_errors_reach_core_operations ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup: btree_lookup_and_merge failed: 110
+trunk_merge_lookup: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup failed: 110
+ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async: btree_lookup_and_merge_async failed: 110
+trunk_merge_lookup_async: ondisk_bundle_merge_lookup_async failed: 110
+[OK]
+TEST 41/44 splinter:test_blob_descriptor_sizes [OK]
+TEST 42/44 splinter:test_blob_trees [OK]
+TEST 43/44 splinter:test_blob_height_three_and_large_stats [OK]
+TEST 44/44 splinter:test_blob_checksums [OK]
+RESULTS: 44 tests (44 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 37594 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/release-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/release-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d7ae868ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/release-1-splinterdb_quick_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+Starting log-pr-1024-release-1-splinterdb_quick_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'all'.
+TEST 1/56 splinterdb_quick:test_get_cost_stats [OK]
+TEST 2/56 splinterdb_quick:test_checkpoint_log_grace_default [OK]
+TEST 3/56 splinterdb_quick:test_durable_barrier [OK]
+TEST 4/56 splinterdb_quick:test_async_durable_barrier_notifications [OK]
+TEST 5/56 splinterdb_quick:test_logged_large_value_replaces_old_value [OK]
+TEST 6/56 splinterdb_quick:test_basic_flow [OK]
+TEST 7/56 splinterdb_quick:test_pthread_auto_registration [OK]
+TEST 8/56 splinterdb_quick:test_result_auto_registration_with_stats [OK]
+TEST 9/56 splinterdb_quick:test_stats_reset_clears_cache_io [OK]
+TEST 10/56 splinterdb_quick:test_final_merge_error_propagation [OK]
+TEST 11/56 splinterdb_quick:test_fetch_and_update_catches_up_after_rotation [OK]
+TEST 12/56 splinterdb_quick:test_fetch_and_update_rejects_incorporated_boundary [OK]
+TEST 13/56 splinterdb_quick:test_range_init_error_cleanup_preserves_branches setup_ordered_iterators: exception: Cannot allocate memory
+core_apply_to_range: range iterator init failed: Cannot allocate memory
+[OK]
+TEST 14/56 splinterdb_quick:stats_reset_excludes_active_operations [OK]
+TEST 15/56 splinterdb_quick:test_apis_for_large_key [OK]
+TEST 16/56 splinterdb_quick:test_key_size_gt_max_inline_key_size [OK]
+TEST 17/56 splinterdb_quick:test_value_size_gt_max_value_size [OK]
+TEST 18/56 splinterdb_quick:test_large_lookup_survives_memtable_recycle [OK]
+TEST 19/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_survives_memtable_recycle [OK]
+TEST 20/56 splinterdb_quick:test_variable_length_values [OK]
+TEST 21/56 splinterdb_quick:test_basic_iterator [OK]
+TEST 22/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_delete_current [OK]
+TEST 23/56 splinterdb_quick:test_empty_iterator [OK]
+TEST 24/56 splinterdb_quick:test_bounded_iterator [OK]
+TEST 25/56 splinterdb_quick:test_bounded_iterator_start_normalization [OK]
+TEST 26/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_startkey [OK]
+TEST 27/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_non_existent_startkey [OK]
+TEST 28/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_iterator_with_missing_startkey_in_sequence [OK]
+TEST 29/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_prev_and_next [OK]
+TEST 30/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_reversal_on_key_in_two_branches [OK]
+TEST 31/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_reversal_with_three_branches [OK]
+TEST 32/56 splinterdb_quick:test_rewriting_keys_does_not_grow_trunk [OK]
+TEST 33/56 splinterdb_quick:test_close_and_reopen [OK]
+TEST 34/56 splinterdb_quick:test_logged_close_and_reopen [OK]
+TEST 35/56 splinterdb_quick:test_repeated_insert_close_reopen [OK]
+TEST 36/56 splinterdb_quick:test_custom_data_config [OK]
+TEST 37/56 splinterdb_quick:test_existence_only_memtable_lookup [OK]
+TEST 38/56 splinterdb_quick:test_existence_only_trunk_lookup_skips_branches [OK]
+TEST 39/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_returns_old_value [OK]
+TEST 40/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_existence_only [OK]
+TEST 41/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_custom_merge_semantics [OK]
+TEST 42/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_merges_memtable_and_trunk [OK]
+TEST 43/56 splinterdb_quick:test_write_api_old_result_respects_trunk_delete_shadow [OK]
+TEST 44/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_custom_comparator [OK]
+TEST 45/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_init_bug [OK]
+TEST 46/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_create_w_background_threads [OK]
+TEST 47/56 splinterdb_quick:test_splinterdb_create_w_all_background_threads [OK]
+TEST 48/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_merges_only_matching_keys [OK]
+TEST 49/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_crosses_empty_trunk_leaves [OK]
+TEST 50/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_persisted_mixed_seeds [OK]
+TEST 51/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_predicate_only_and_bounds [OK]
+TEST 52/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_propagates_matching_merge_errors setup_ordered_iterators: exception: Cannot allocate memory
+[OK]
+TEST 53/56 splinterdb_quick:test_filtered_range_context_survives_thread_handoff [OK]
+TEST 54/56 splinterdb_quick:test_iterator_thread_handoff [OK]
+TEST 55/56 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'test_blob_tree_crash_recovery'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_quick', test case 'test_blob_tree_crash_recovery'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_quick:test_blob_tree_crash_recovery [OK]
+TEST 56/56 splinterdb_quick:test_get_config_returns_effective_config [OK]
+RESULTS: 56 tests (56 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 11513 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/release-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/release-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cad4959a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/release-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Starting log-pr-1024-release-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test test
+Running 1 CTests, suite name 'splinterdb_forked_child', test case 'automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit'.
+TEST 1/1 splinterdb_forked_child:automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit [OK]
+RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 683 ms
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/release-3-driver_test.log b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/release-3-driver_test.log
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..442e89667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/release-3-driver_test.log
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Starting log-pr-1024-release-3-driver_test test
+/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/driver_test: splinterdb_build_version dd0d59c5-dirty
+Dispatch test log_test
+
+Started log_test!!
+Malformed log page sequence at page 9052160: group=3 page=0 follows group=1 page=0 (terminated).
+Unsupported log format version 2; this build requires version 1.
+Unsupported log format version 2; this build requires version 1.
+shard_log_iterator_init: record validation failed in group 1 at log page 146800640: Invalid argument; discarding this group and the rest
+Malformed log page sequence at page 147587072: group=1 page=0 follows group=1 page=0.
+shard_log_iterator_init: record validation failed in group 2 at log page 148377600: Input/output error; discarding this group and the rest
+log returned 500000 of 500000 entries
diff --git a/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/release-validation.json b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/release-validation.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce7add774
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/tests/release-validation.json
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+[
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-pr-1024-release-0-splinter_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/splinter_test"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-pr-1024-20261014/scratch/release-0-splinter_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "seconds": 37.673192262649536,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 44 tests (44 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 37594 ms"
+    ],
+    "binary_sha256": "74a83f56f187439a9045912cd2bdb5f53ba190f65f84b4d6e887ce209d6d8018"
+  },
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-pr-1024-release-1-splinterdb_quick_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_quick_test"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-pr-1024-20261014/scratch/release-1-splinterdb_quick_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "seconds": 11.549204349517822,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 56 tests (56 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 11513 ms"
+    ],
+    "binary_sha256": "692927901c76f7ef6e6fa25be8bd760b6a0aed9e50d8697b1e50efecce99056b"
+  },
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-pr-1024-release-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+      "automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-pr-1024-20261014/scratch/release-2-splinterdb_forked_child_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "seconds": 0.766632080078125,
+    "results": [
+      "RESULTS: 1 tests (1 ok, 0 failed, 0 skipped) ran in 683 ms"
+    ],
+    "binary_sha256": "f6e197645c22cf5c27a752855a0538ae55bc45b7bbba040fdfcade0eb1db6a6f"
+  },
+  {
+    "command": [
+      "/usr/bin/python3",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/run_job.py",
+      "--name",
+      "log-pr-1024-release-3-driver_test",
+      "test",
+      "--",
+      "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/worktrees/log-group-limit/build-main-fc0bc8f7/release/bin/driver_test",
+      "log_test",
+      "--db-location",
+      "log.db",
+      "--cache-capacity-mib",
+      "64",
+      "--db-capacity-gib",
+      "4"
+    ],
+    "cwd": "/home/rob/projects/splinterdb/.cache/projects-20261011/coordination/log-pr-1024-20261014/scratch/release-3-driver_test",
+    "returncode": 0,
+    "seconds": 0.7659974098205566,
+    "results": [],
+    "binary_sha256": "16bd4f1d2410c3a0a9672326b7b19628a30a559f91d96115236616dd4655e3c5"
+  }
+]
diff --git a/docs/log-group-limit-pr.md b/docs/log-group-limit-pr.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d663b134
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/log-group-limit-pr.md
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+Schedule automatic durable barriers when the current WAL group reaches a
+configurable page threshold. `splinterdb_config.log_group_size_pages` defaults
+to 1024 pages (4 MiB at the default 4 KiB page size). Zero selects that default;
+`UINT64_MAX` disables the policy. Without this policy, applications that do not
+request barriers can accumulate a large undurable log suffix.
+
+After publishing an update, the core submits the existing fire-and-forget
+durable barrier and releases its submission guard without waiting for I/O.
+The existing task queue, log tickets, checkpoint dependencies and shutdown
+drain handle completion. Used log pages and rounded logical blob pages count
+toward the threshold. Concurrent writers and large blobs may overshoot; blob
+pointer metadata is excluded. No on-disk format change is required.
+
+This is a best-effort threshold. Queue-pressure assistance can execute work on
+foreground threads, and background completion is required before records are
+durable. Failures emit warnings without turning an already-visible update into
+a failed insert. A later threshold crossing or explicit barrier can retry the
+pending prefix. Applications needing a definite durable frontier must still
+wait for an explicit barrier.
+
+The branch includes main `fc0bc8f7` (filtered ranges). See the
+[policy and validation report](log-group-limit.md) for test coverage,
+performance results and limitations.
+
+Validation:
+
+- Debug and release each pass 44 core tests, 56 public API tests, the
+  process-exit recovery test with small records and both blob layouts, and the
+  functional log suite's 500,000-record replay. Coverage includes failed
+  submission, failed durability and retry, overlapping automatic/manual cuts,
+  and inserts progressing while an earlier barrier is blocked.
+- Full source formatting and PR whitespace checks pass. The complete CI
+  compiler, sanitizer and stress matrix remains separate.
+- Twelve fresh serialized `O_DIRECT` runs on real disk compare the new default,
+  explicit 1024 and current main. Default insertion throughput changes -0.32%
+  with one writer and -0.81% with eight; including close changes -0.08% and
+  -2.02%. Default and explicit 1024 perform similarly. These short samples
+  show no substantial throughput regression, but do not establish exact
+  overhead or tail-latency neutrality. Main has no automatic durability policy.
+
+[Commands, hashes, raw results and limitations](../benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/README.md)
diff --git a/docs/log-group-limit.md b/docs/log-group-limit.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..afda99be8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/log-group-limit.md
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+# Automatic log-group durability
+
+`splinterdb_config.log_group_size_pages` sets a best-effort durability threshold
+for the current write-ahead log group. Zero selects 1024 pages (4 MiB with
+4 KiB pages); `UINT64_MAX` disables automatic barriers. This policy is separate
+from the existing log-size checkpoint policy. It has no effect with logging
+disabled, and it does not change the on-disk format.
+
+The accounting counts each used log staging page once, plus the rounded-up
+logical page count of every blob recorded in that group. Blob pointer-tree
+metadata is not included. Shared blob references are counted for each record,
+so the threshold is an estimate rather than a measurement of unique allocation.
+Concurrent prepared writes and individual large blobs can overshoot arbitrarily.
+
+After each logged update, the insertion path checks a cheap threshold hint.
+One thread claims a short submission guard, rechecks the current log under its
+insert epoch, and submits the existing fire-and-forget durable barrier. The
+guard is released after submission, without waiting for durability. The task
+uses the existing log-ticket pin, ordered-prefix wait, checkpoint-publication
+wait, and cleanup. There is no new background scheduler or retry engine.
+
+The recheck prevents concurrent automatic observers from repeatedly cutting
+mostly empty successors. An explicit barrier can still race the hint and cause
+a redundant cut. A successor that fills while submission holds the guard is
+reconsidered on a later insert. This is deliberately a best-effort threshold,
+not a hard bound on outstanding bytes, crash loss, or elapsed durability time.
+Raw internal `log_write()` only appends; the database core owns this policy.
+
+Submission and fire-and-forget completion failures emit warnings. A visible
+update remains a successful insert. A later size-triggered or explicit barrier
+retries the incomplete prefix; failed completion does not schedule a retry by
+itself. If submission failed before cutting, the current oversized group remains
+eligible on the next insert. If cutting succeeded, retry waits for the next
+threshold crossing or an explicit barrier.
+
+Normal background workers execute the queued work. Existing queue-pressure
+assistance can also run it on an inserting thread; with no normal workers,
+foreground assistance is required. Accordingly, asynchronous submission removes
+the mandatory durability wait from each crossing but does not guarantee bounded
+insert latency. Close drains accepted tasks through the existing mechanism.
+Applications requiring a definite durable frontier must still explicitly wait
+for a barrier.
+
+## Validation of the asynchronous policy
+
+The functional log suite checks page/blob threshold accounting, the disabled
+option, and recovery after acting on the hint. Core tests cover rejected
+submission and retry, a device-barrier failure and subsequent retry, and two
+successive automatic cuts while the first device barrier is blocked. The last
+test also overlaps an explicit asynchronous barrier with automatic cuts.
+Existing async-barrier tests cover queue rejection, ticket lifetime, checkpoint
+publication, and notification completion during close.
+
+The process-exit regression covers small records, flat blobs, and multilevel
+blobs. It drains only already-enqueued tasks before exiting without close,
+checkpoint, or a new explicit barrier, then reopens and verifies every value.
+An exit before asynchronous completion is permitted to lose the pending suffix.
+
+## Asynchronous performance on current main
+
+Compared on main `fc0bc8f7`, the asynchronous 64-page policy improves insertion
+throughput by **39.9% with one writer and 32.6% with eight writers** over the
+synchronous policy. Including shutdown drain preserves these gains.
+
+| Writers | Synchronous 64 pages vs main | Asynchronous 64 pages vs main | Asynchronous 1024 pages vs main |
+| ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
+| 1 | -30.5% | -2.7% | -1.3% |
+| 8 | -31.7% | -9.4% | +0.6% |
+
+These are means of three short samples per candidate on real disk, with
+interleaved main controls. Main provides no size-triggered durability. Control
+drift limits precise small differences: the disabled-policy follow-up reports
+-6.95% in its first ABBA round and -0.05% in its second, steadier round.
+The former 64-page default retains a measured eight-writer cost; the new
+1024-page default is close to controls in this workload. These measurements
+selected 1024 explicitly, before the default changed. All 50 insertion runs
+passed API and clean-close checks, with correctness/recovery tested separately.
+
+[Results, commands, hashes, and limitations](../benchmarks/results-20261013/log-async-main-fc0bc8f7/performance/README.txt)
+
+## PR validation with the 1024-page default
+
+The default is now 1024 in both public configuration normalization and internal
+log configuration. Debug and release each passed 101 unit cases (44 core,
+56 public API, and one process-exit test covering three data shapes), plus the
+functional log suite with 500,000/500,000 records replayed. The process-exit test
+uses blobs large enough to cross the new default and verifies every recovered
+value. Full source formatting and PR whitespace checks passed.
+
+A fresh 12-run screen compares the new default, explicit 1024, and main
+`fc0bc8f7`. Each policy has two ten-second samples per writer count, with main
+controls bracketing the candidates. The same harness, real-disk `O_DIRECT`
+storage, and serialized execution are used for all runs.
+
+| Writers | Default inserts/s | Change vs main | Change including close |
+| ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
+| 1 | 860,522 | -0.32% | -0.08% |
+| 8 | 1,810,417 | -0.81% | -2.02% |
+
+Explicit 1024 changes throughput by -0.24% and -0.01% against main. The default
+and explicit configurations perform similarly. All runs pass API, insert-count,
+and clean-close checks; recovery is validated separately. These short samples
+do not establish exact overhead or tail-latency neutrality. At eight writers,
+close time averages 1.36 seconds for the default and 1.23 seconds for main;
+individual main closes range from 0.71 to 1.74 seconds. Main provides no
+size-triggered durability. The full CI matrix remains separate.
+
+[Default-change evidence and reproduction details](../benchmarks/results-20261014/log-group-limit-pr/README.md)
+
+## Historical synchronous implementation
+
+The following measurements and validation describe the superseded synchronous
+policy. They are retained for provenance and do not measure the asynchronous
+implementation. Its fixed-target driver waited for durability on the inserting
+thread and returned automatic barrier errors after the update was visible.
+
+## Performance
+
+Measured implementation: `7c8cb3d`; baseline: `db3047a`. The candidate's
+same-source insert harness was linked against both libraries (the baseline
+build defines `KVBENCH_NO_LOG_GROUP_LIMIT`). On an i7-12800H with GCC 14.2,
+all database files used `O_DIRECT` on ext4 on `/dev/mapper/snafu-root_crypt`.
+A process lock serialized every benchmark and excluded our builds/tests.
+
+Each cell is the mean of two six-second closed-loop runs, in forward/reverse
+policy order. Configuration: 256 MiB cache, 16 GiB logical disk, 8 MiB
+memtables, one memtable and three normal workers, 16-byte keys and values,
+WAL enabled, no automatic checkpoints, CPU affinity 0-11. All 16 runs and
+closes succeeded. These are throughput comparisons, not offered-rate latency
+measurements or long-duration durability guarantees.
+
+| Writers | Policy | Inserts/s | Change | p99 ms | p99.9 ms |
+| ---: | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
+| 1 | 1024pages | 865,775 | -5.5% | 0.019 | 0.037 |
+| 1 | baseline | 915,999 | +0.0% | 0.019 | 0.031 |
+| 1 | default64 | 538,553 | -41.2% | 0.018 | 0.058 |
+| 1 | disabled | 915,142 | -0.1% | 0.018 | 0.035 |
+| 8 | 1024pages | 2,465,351 | -3.6% | 0.055 | 0.186 |
+| 8 | baseline | 2,558,495 | +0.0% | 0.055 | 0.180 |
+| 8 | default64 | 1,262,088 | -50.7% | 0.023 | 0.097 |
+| 8 | disabled | 2,533,143 | -1.0% | 0.056 | 0.184 |
+
+The disabled policy is within 1% of baseline in this sample. Enabling the
+requested 64-page default materially reduces throughput, by 41% with one
+writer and 51% with eight writers; it adds frequent device durability work
+that the baseline does not perform. A 1,024-page policy costs about 4-5%.
+These results do not establish performance neutrality for the new default.
+Lower p99 in some slower configurations does not offset the throughput cost;
+rare durability/compaction stalls may lie beyond that percentile.
+
+Raw per-run and time-series CSVs, executable hashes, commands, and machine
+information are retained in
+[`benchmarks/results-20261011`](../benchmarks/results-20261011).
+The earlier single-owner loop was superseded because it could follow a
+continuously advancing target. Its measurements are not used in this table.
+
+## Integration with main on 2026-10-13
+
+Merged `origin/main` at `7bb5fab305b9c6179e31f75998dabea833537a08`,
+including caller-owned, fallible, transferable cache handles and multilevel
+blobs. Configuration merges retain both the group threshold and the blob
+descriptor-size limit. Threshold behavior, logical blob-page accounting, and
+fixed-target automatic durability ownership remain unchanged.
+
+The process-exit regression now also writes four 8 MiB blobs with a 128-byte
+descriptor limit, forcing blob pointer pages. The child exits without close,
+checkpoint, or a manual barrier; reopening verifies every value. The existing
+small-record and flat-blob cases remain covered.
+
+Debug and release each passed 87 unit cases (37 core, 49 public quick, and
+one process-exit regression with three data shapes). Each mode also passed
+the functional log suite, including recovery of 500,000/500,000 entries.
+Debug additionally exercises deterministic bounded automatic waits, competing
+manual cuts, and retirement with live durability tickets. Core coverage
+includes injected durability failure/retry, cache read failures, large blob
+trees and iterator handoff. Both builds and the release benchmark targets
+succeeded. Commands, source/binary hashes, counts and raw logs are retained
+in the collection's `coordination/main-7bb5fab/log-group-limit` directory.
+
+The earlier performance table describes the pre-merge revision. It does not
+measure this integration or establish that the 64-page default is neutral.
+
+## Fresh benchmarks after main integration (2026-10-13)
+
+The default 64-page threshold reduced short-run WAL insertion throughput by 42.70% versus main without automatic barriers. This combines added durability with mandatory foreground waits; it does not isolate unavoidable storage cost. With the threshold disabled, throughput changed -1.34% and sample ranges overlapped main. The merge also validates automatic durability of multilevel-blob pointer pages.
+
+These are updated-feature comparisons against main `7bb5fab`, not an isolated
+measurement of merge cost. Main controls drifted; observed range overlap is
+descriptive, not a statistical confidence interval. Exact samples, build/source
+hashes, commands, verification scope and fresh correctness evidence are in
+[the integration archive](../benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit/README.md).
+
+## Integration with main after filtered ranges
+
+Merged main `fc0bc8f7` before replacing the synchronous policy. The merge commit
+`9bc5ebf4` retains the old policy on the same current-main source for controlled
+synchronous/asynchronous comparisons. Historical log evidence that collided
+with archives already on main was preserved byte-for-byte under
+`benchmarks/results-20261013/main-7bb5fab-log-group-limit`.
diff --git a/include/splinterdb/splinterdb.h b/include/splinterdb/splinterdb.h
index 1e01974f7..a00f6ab86 100644
--- a/include/splinterdb/splinterdb.h
+++ b/include/splinterdb/splinterdb.h
@@ -110,6 +110,15 @@ typedef struct splinterdb_config {
    // log
    _Bool use_log;
 
+   // Best-effort automatic durability threshold, in pages. Zero selects
+   // 1024 pages; UINT64_MAX disables it. Each new staging page and
+   // each blob's logical bytes (rounded to pages) count toward the threshold.
+   // Crossing it submits a fire-and-forget durable barrier after publishing
+   // the update. Concurrent writers and large blobs may overshoot. Failures
+   // are logged; they do not turn a visible update into a failed insert.
+   // Background task scheduling may enlist foreground threads to do the work.
+   uint64 log_group_size_pages;
+
    // Automatic checkpoints: once the write-ahead log has grown by this many
    // bytes, SplinterDB arms a checkpoint.  The next natural memtable rotation
    // cuts the log, after which the checkpoint folds the logged updates into the
diff --git a/src/core.c b/src/core.c
index 562b297b0..8bf5fa940 100644
--- a/src/core.c
+++ b/src/core.c
@@ -1295,11 +1295,15 @@ core_begin_memtable_insert(core_handle *spl, uint64 *generation, memtable **mt)
    return STATUS_OK;
 }
 
+static void
+core_maybe_make_log_durable(core_handle *spl);
+
 typedef struct core_log_write_context {
    log_handle                 *log;
    key                         tuple_key;
    const btree_insert_results *insert_results;
    log_write_prepared          prepared;
+   bool32                      automatic_needed;
    log_write_token             token;
    bool32                      reserved;
 } core_log_write_context;
@@ -1432,6 +1436,7 @@ core_log_insert(core_handle            *spl,
       __atomic_store_n(&spl->log_reached_threshold, TRUE, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
    }
 
+   write_ctxt->automatic_needed = log_group_size_reached(write_ctxt->log);
    return STATUS_OK;
 }
 
@@ -3014,6 +3019,10 @@ core_insert(core_handle   *spl,
 
    memtable_end_insert(&spl->mt_ctxt);
 
+   if (write_ctxt.automatic_needed) {
+      core_maybe_make_log_durable(spl);
+   }
+
    btree_insert_results_deinit(&insert_results);
    if (fetch_and_update) {
       lookup_result_deinit(&preactive_result);
@@ -4320,6 +4329,7 @@ typedef struct core_durable_barrier_state {
    log_durable_ticket       log_ticket;
    uint64                   publication_target;
    uint64                   checkpoint_target;
+   bool32                   automatic;
 } core_durable_barrier_state;
 
 /* Capture the cut while the caller still owns the core's operation lifetime.
@@ -4348,6 +4358,13 @@ core_durable_barrier_begin(core_durable_barrier_state *state,
       rc = STATUS_INVALID_STATE;
       goto end_insert_epoch;
    }
+   /* Recheck under the insert epoch so rotation cannot invalidate the log.
+    * The submission guard excludes other automatic cuts; manual barriers may
+    * still race this hint and make a redundant cut, which is harmless. */
+   if (state->automatic && !log_group_size_reached(spl->log)) {
+      memtable_end_insert(&spl->mt_ctxt);
+      return STATUS_OK;
+   }
    state->live = spl->log;
 
    platform_mutex_lock(&spl->checkpoint_state_lock);
@@ -4424,13 +4441,20 @@ core_durable_barrier_task(task *work)
       rc = core_durable_barrier_finish(state);
       task_end_blocking_wait(state->spl->ts);
    }
+   if (!SUCCESS(rc) && state->notification == NULL) {
+      platform_error_log("WARNING: fire-and-forget durable barrier failed: %s; "
+                         "recent writes may not be durable. A later barrier "
+                         "can retry.\n",
+                         platform_status_to_string(rc));
+   }
    splinterdb_notification_complete(state->notification, rc);
    platform_free(state->spl->heap_id, state);
 }
 
-platform_status
-core_durable_barrier_async(core_handle             *spl,
-                           splinterdb_notification *notification)
+static platform_status
+core_durable_barrier_async_internal(core_handle             *spl,
+                                    splinterdb_notification *notification,
+                                    bool32                   automatic)
 {
    core_durable_barrier_state *state = TYPED_ZALLOC(spl->heap_id, state);
    if (state == NULL) {
@@ -4438,11 +4462,12 @@ core_durable_barrier_async(core_handle             *spl,
    }
    state->spl          = spl;
    state->notification = notification;
+   state->automatic    = automatic;
    /* Retain the insert epoch until publication. On enqueue failure, the
     * live log still owns a reference, so dropping our pin cannot destroy a
     * retired log (which could need to read allocation metadata). */
    platform_status rc = core_durable_barrier_begin(state, TRUE);
-   if (!SUCCESS(rc)) {
+   if (!SUCCESS(rc) || (automatic && state->live == NULL)) {
       platform_free(spl->heap_id, state);
       return rc;
    }
@@ -4463,6 +4488,39 @@ core_durable_barrier_async(core_handle             *spl,
    return rc;
 }
 
+platform_status
+core_durable_barrier_async(core_handle             *spl,
+                           splinterdb_notification *notification)
+{
+   return core_durable_barrier_async_internal(spl, notification, FALSE);
+}
+
+static void
+core_maybe_make_log_durable(core_handle *spl)
+{
+   bool32 expected = FALSE;
+   if (!__atomic_compare_exchange_n(&spl->automatic_barrier_submitting,
+                                    &expected,
+                                    TRUE,
+                                    FALSE,
+                                    __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE,
+                                    __ATOMIC_RELAXED))
+   {
+      return;
+   }
+   platform_status rc = core_durable_barrier_async_internal(spl, NULL, TRUE);
+   __atomic_store_n(
+      &spl->automatic_barrier_submitting, FALSE, __ATOMIC_RELEASE);
+   if (!SUCCESS(rc)) {
+      /* The insert is already visible. This best-effort policy cannot turn
+       * that successful update into a failed operation. A later threshold or
+       * explicit barrier retries the pending durable prefix. */
+      platform_error_log("WARNING: automatic durable barrier submission "
+                         "failed: %s; recent writes may not be durable.\n",
+                         platform_status_to_string(rc));
+   }
+}
+
 /*
  * Close (unmount) a database without destroying it.
  * It can be re-opened later with core_mount().  See core.h for the contract.
diff --git a/src/core.h b/src/core.h
index 499b3360d..2018777db 100644
--- a/src/core.h
+++ b/src/core.h
@@ -269,6 +269,9 @@ struct core_handle {
    platform_mutex        checkpoint_state_lock;
    core_checkpoint_state checkpoint;
 
+   /* Held only while submitting an automatic durability barrier. */
+   bool32 automatic_barrier_submitting;
+
    /*
     * Hint that the live log has reached checkpoint_log_size_bytes.  Set by
     * core_log_insert() -- which already holds the shared insert lock, the same
diff --git a/src/log.h b/src/log.h
index 1c87177eb..3689f62db 100644
--- a/src/log.h
+++ b/src/log.h
@@ -176,6 +176,7 @@ typedef struct log_ops {
    log_head_fn                   head;
    log_is_empty_fn               is_empty;
    log_size_fn                   size;
+   bool32 (*group_size_reached)(log_handle *log);
 } log_ops;
 
 // to sub-class log, make a log_handle your first field
@@ -236,6 +237,15 @@ log_write_finish(log_write_token *token,
    platform_assert(token->log == NULL);
 }
 
+/* Best-effort policy hint. The caller protects the log lifetime; no record
+ * reservation is needed. Raw log_write() only appends: the database schedules
+ * automatic durability after releasing its insert epoch. */
+static inline bool32
+log_group_size_reached(log_handle *log)
+{
+   return log->ops->group_size_reached(log);
+}
+
 /* Convenience for callers whose three phases are adjacent. */
 static inline int
 log_write(log_handle *log,
diff --git a/src/shard_log.c b/src/shard_log.c
index 2729fd884..65cee52cb 100644
--- a/src/shard_log.c
+++ b/src/shard_log.c
@@ -809,8 +809,9 @@ shard_log_group_reset(shard_log *log, shard_log_group *group, uint64 id)
    group->state        = SHARD_LOG_GROUP_OPEN;
    group->close        = SHARD_LOG_CLOSE_NONE;
    group->next_page_no = 0;
-   group->next         = NULL;
-   group->pool_next    = NULL;
+   __atomic_store_n(&group->estimated_pages, 0, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+   group->next      = NULL;
+   group->pool_next = NULL;
    __atomic_store_n(&group->ever_used, FALSE, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
    uint64 page_size = shard_log_page_size(log->cfg);
    for (threadid thr_i = 0; thr_i < MAX_THREADS; thr_i++) {
@@ -1179,6 +1180,7 @@ typedef struct shard_log_prepared_write {
    message           msg;
    merge_accumulator log_blob;
    uint64            entry_size;
+   uint64            blob_pages;
    threadid          owner_tid;
    bool32            log_blob_inited;
    bool32            reserved;
@@ -1296,6 +1298,10 @@ shard_log_write_prepare(log_handle         *logh,
       goto fail;
    }
 
+   if (message_is_blob(msg)) {
+      uint64 bytes      = blob_length(message_slice(msg));
+      state->blob_pages = bytes / page_size + (bytes % page_size != 0);
+   }
    state->tuple_key  = tuple_key;
    state->msg        = msg;
    state->entry_size = entry_size;
@@ -1412,6 +1418,37 @@ shard_log_write_finish(log_write_token *token,
 
    shard_log_atomic_bool_set_once(&log->has_records);
 
+   if (log->cfg->group_size_pages != UINT64_MAX) {
+      uint64 added =
+         state->blob_pages + (token->internal_offset == sizeof(shard_log_hdr));
+      if (added != 0) {
+         uint64 pages =
+            __atomic_load_n(&group->estimated_pages, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+         uint64 next;
+         do {
+            next = added > UINT64_MAX - pages ? UINT64_MAX : pages + added;
+         } while (!__atomic_compare_exchange_n(&group->estimated_pages,
+                                               &pages,
+                                               next,
+                                               FALSE,
+                                               __ATOMIC_RELAXED,
+                                               __ATOMIC_RELAXED));
+         if (next >= log->cfg->group_size_pages) {
+            uint64 target =
+               __atomic_load_n(&log->automatic_target, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+            while (target < ticket
+                   && !__atomic_compare_exchange_n(&log->automatic_target,
+                                                   &target,
+                                                   ticket,
+                                                   FALSE,
+                                                   __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST,
+                                                   __ATOMIC_RELAXED))
+            {
+            }
+         }
+      }
+   }
+
    /* Consume the preparation and token before publishing the finished entry. */
    shard_log_prepared_state_deinit(prepared);
    token->log             = NULL;
@@ -1778,7 +1815,6 @@ shard_log_wait_for_ticket_to_be_durable(shard_log         *log,
    return result;
 }
 
-/* Install a fresh accepting group and return the closed group's ticket. */
 static platform_status
 shard_log_make_durable_begin(log_handle *logh, log_durable_ticket *ticket_out)
 {
@@ -2335,6 +2371,17 @@ shard_log_is_empty(log_handle *logh)
    return !shard_log_atomic_bool_load(&log->has_records);
 }
 
+/* Compare IDs instead of dereferencing the accepting group: durability may
+ * reclaim a group concurrently. Delayed writers can publish an older target,
+ * which must not trigger an unnecessary cut of the successor. */
+static bool32
+shard_log_group_size_reached(log_handle *logh)
+{
+   shard_log *log = (shard_log *)logh;
+   uint64 target  = __atomic_load_n(&log->automatic_target, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+   return target >= __atomic_load_n(&log->accepting.id, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
+}
+
 static log_ops shard_log_ops = {
    .write_prepare          = shard_log_write_prepare,
    .write_prepared_message = shard_log_write_prepared_message,
@@ -2348,6 +2395,7 @@ static log_ops shard_log_ops = {
    .deinit                 = shard_log_deinit,
    .head                   = shard_log_get_head,
    .is_empty               = shard_log_is_empty,
+   .group_size_reached     = shard_log_group_size_reached,
    .size                   = shard_log_get_size,
 };
 
@@ -2573,15 +2621,16 @@ shard_log_config_init(shard_log_config *log_cfg,
                       data_config      *data_cfg)
 {
    ZERO_CONTENTS(log_cfg);
-   log_cfg->cache_cfg = cache_cfg;
-   log_cfg->data_cfg  = data_cfg;
-   log_cfg->seed      = HASH_SEED;
-   log_cfg->blob_cfg  = (blob_build_config){
-       .extent_batch             = 1,
-       .page_batch               = 2,
-       .subpage_batch            = 3,
-       .alignment                = cache_config_page_size(cache_cfg),
-       .blob_max_descriptor_size = BLOB_DEFAULT_MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SIZE,
+   log_cfg->cache_cfg        = cache_cfg;
+   log_cfg->data_cfg         = data_cfg;
+   log_cfg->seed             = HASH_SEED;
+   log_cfg->group_size_pages = SHARD_LOG_DEFAULT_GROUP_SIZE_PAGES;
+   log_cfg->blob_cfg         = (blob_build_config){
+              .extent_batch             = 1,
+              .page_batch               = 2,
+              .subpage_batch            = 3,
+              .alignment                = cache_config_page_size(cache_cfg),
+              .blob_max_descriptor_size = BLOB_DEFAULT_MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SIZE,
    };
 }
 
diff --git a/src/shard_log.h b/src/shard_log.h
index d3190341b..b0c2e5dbd 100644
--- a/src/shard_log.h
+++ b/src/shard_log.h
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 #include "platform_mutex.h"
 #include "writeback_set.h"
 
+#define SHARD_LOG_DEFAULT_GROUP_SIZE_PAGES UINT64_C(1024)
+
 /* Validate the version persisted in a log head before accessing its stream. */
 platform_status
 shard_log_validate_format_version(uint16 format_version);
@@ -31,6 +33,7 @@ typedef struct shard_log_config {
    cache_config     *cache_cfg;
    data_config      *data_cfg;
    uint64            seed;
+   uint64            group_size_pages; // UINT64_MAX disables automatic cuts
    blob_build_config blob_cfg;
 } shard_log_config;
 
@@ -134,6 +137,8 @@ struct shard_log_group {
    shard_log_close_mode  close;
    /* Next group-local on-disk page number, serialized by mini batch 0. */
    uint64 next_page_no;
+   // Atomic admission estimate: staging pages plus page-rounded blob bytes.
+   uint64 estimated_pages;
    /* Atomic, set once by the first reservation in this incarnation. */
    bool32 ever_used;
    bool32 emergency; // Is this group from the pool of emergency groups?
@@ -197,6 +202,8 @@ typedef struct shard_log {
    /* Includes one owner ref plus one per successful durability begin.
     */
    uint64 handle_refs;
+   // Highest group to cross the automatic durability threshold.
+   uint64 automatic_target;
    /* Atomic diagnostic: the owner has consumed its handle reference. */
 #if SPLINTER_DEBUG
    bool32 owner_released;
diff --git a/src/splinterdb.c b/src/splinterdb.c
index a8197ae83..823b1455b 100644
--- a/src/splinterdb.c
+++ b/src/splinterdb.c
@@ -205,6 +205,9 @@ splinterdb_config_set_defaults(splinterdb_config *cfg)
    if (!cfg->prefetch_budget) {
       cfg->prefetch_budget = CORE_DEFAULT_PREFETCH_BUDGET;
    }
+   if (!cfg->log_group_size_pages) {
+      cfg->log_group_size_pages = SHARD_LOG_DEFAULT_GROUP_SIZE_PAGES;
+   }
    if (!cfg->checkpoint_log_size_bytes) {
       /*
        * Arm a checkpoint once the log has grown by a cache's worth: replaying
@@ -404,6 +407,7 @@ splinterdb_init_config(const splinterdb_config *kvs_cfg, // IN
       return STATUS_BAD_PARAM;
    }
    shard_log_config_init(&kvs->log_cfg, &kvs->cache_cfg.super, kvs->data_cfg);
+   kvs->log_cfg.group_size_pages = cfg.log_group_size_pages;
    kvs->log_cfg.blob_cfg.blob_max_descriptor_size =
       cfg.blob_max_descriptor_size;
 
diff --git a/tests/config.c b/tests/config.c
index f41a855a4..0437283ae 100644
--- a/tests/config.c
+++ b/tests/config.c
@@ -160,6 +160,7 @@ config_usage()
    platform_error_log("\t--no-stats\n");
    platform_error_log("\t--log\n");
    platform_error_log("\t--no-log\n");
+   platform_error_log("\t--log-group-size-pages (0 => 1024)\n");
    platform_error_log("\t--checkpoint-log-size-gib\n");
    platform_error_log("\t--checkpoint-log-size-mib\n");
    platform_error_log("\t--checkpoint-log-size-bytes (0 => cache capacity)\n");
@@ -398,6 +399,7 @@ config_parse(master_config *cfg, const uint8 num_config, int argc, char *argv[])
          config_set_mib("prefetch-budget", cfg, prefetch_budget) {}
          config_set_gib("prefetch-budget", cfg, prefetch_budget) {}
          config_set_uint64("prefetch-budget-bytes", cfg, prefetch_budget) {}
+         config_set_uint64("log-group-size-pages", cfg, log_group_size_pages) {}
          config_set_uint64(
             "blob-max-descriptor-size", cfg, blob_max_descriptor_size)
          {
diff --git a/tests/config.h b/tests/config.h
index aeb159455..91452a6aa 100644
--- a/tests/config.h
+++ b/tests/config.h
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ typedef struct master_config {
 
    // log
    bool32 use_log;
+   uint64 log_group_size_pages;
    /*
     * Arm an automatic checkpoint once the live log has grown by this many
     * bytes.  Zero means follow cache_capacity, matching the production default
diff --git a/tests/functional/log_test.c b/tests/functional/log_test.c
index cb24f74f9..7a245fe97 100644
--- a/tests/functional/log_test.c
+++ b/tests/functional/log_test.c
@@ -2013,6 +2013,40 @@ test_log_blob_checksum_prefix(clockcache        *cc,
    return 0;
 }
 
+/* Reopen the I/O handle after external truncation, as crash recovery does.
+ * The live handle deliberately caches file size between its own writes; an
+ * external truncate is not one of those writes and cannot invalidate it. */
+static void
+test_log_expect_empty_recovery(clockcache_config *cache_cfg,
+                               allocator         *al,
+                               shard_log_config  *cfg,
+                               platform_heap_id   hid,
+                               log_head           head)
+{
+   io_config reopen_cfg = *cache_cfg->io_cfg;
+   reopen_cfg.flags &= ~(O_TRUNC | O_CREAT);
+   io_handle *reopen_io = io_handle_create(&reopen_cfg, hid);
+   platform_assert(reopen_io != NULL);
+   clockcache *reopen_cc = TYPED_MALLOC(hid, reopen_cc);
+   platform_assert(reopen_cc != NULL);
+   platform_assert_status_ok(clockcache_init(reopen_cc,
+                                             cache_cfg,
+                                             reopen_io,
+                                             al,
+                                             "log-eof-reopen",
+                                             hid,
+                                             platform_get_module_id()));
+   log_iterator *itor;
+   platform_assert_status_ok(
+      shard_log_iterator_create((cache *)reopen_cc, cfg, hid, head, 0, &itor));
+   platform_assert(!log_iterator_can_next(itor));
+   platform_assert(!log_iterator_stream_complete(itor));
+   log_iterator_deinit(itor);
+   clockcache_deinit(reopen_cc);
+   platform_free(hid, reopen_cc);
+   io_handle_destroy(reopen_io);
+}
+
 /*
  * Recovery must treat pages beyond a regular file's EOF as absent rather than
  * relaxing all reads.  Cover both shapes that motivated the range query: a
@@ -2034,18 +2068,27 @@ test_log_recovery_at_eof(clockcache        *cc,
    platform_assert_status_ok(shard_log_create((cache *)cc, cfg, hid, &log));
    log_head empty = log_get_head(log);
 
-   /* No log page has been written: EOF is exactly the initial extent base. */
+   /* Prime a readable range beyond the eventual EOF, so this fixture cannot
+    * accidentally pass by relying on an unpopulated live size cache. These
+    * zeros are not a valid log page. Recovery must reopen the I/O handle. */
+   buffer_handle zeros;
+   uint64        empty_page_size = cache_page_size((cache *)cc);
+   platform_assert_status_ok(platform_buffer_init(&zeros, empty_page_size));
+   memset(platform_buffer_getaddr(&zeros), 0, empty_page_size);
+   platform_assert_status_ok(io_write(
+      io, platform_buffer_getaddr(&zeros), empty_page_size, empty.addr));
+   platform_buffer_deinit(&zeros);
+   bool32 readable;
+   platform_assert_status_ok(cache_range_is_readable(
+      (cache *)cc, empty.addr, empty_page_size, &readable));
+   platform_assert(readable);
+   /* No valid log page remains: EOF is exactly the initial extent base. */
    io_wait_all(io);
    int sys_rc = truncate(filename, empty.addr);
    platform_assert(
       sys_rc == 0, "truncate(%s) failed with errno %d", filename, errno);
 
-   log_iterator *itor;
-   platform_assert_status_ok(
-      shard_log_iterator_create((cache *)cc, cfg, hid, empty, 0, &itor));
-   platform_assert(!log_iterator_can_next(itor));
-   platform_assert(!log_iterator_stream_complete(itor));
-   log_iterator_deinit(itor);
+   test_log_expect_empty_recovery(cache_cfg, al, cfg, hid, empty);
 
    log_deinit(log);
    shard_log_dec_ref((cache *)cc, &empty);
@@ -2095,11 +2138,7 @@ test_log_recovery_at_eof(clockcache        *cc,
       cc, cache_cfg, io, al, "partial-log-eof", hid, platform_get_module_id());
    platform_assert_status_ok(rc);
 
-   platform_assert_status_ok(
-      shard_log_iterator_create((cache *)cc, cfg, hid, partial, 0, &itor));
-   platform_assert(!log_iterator_can_next(itor));
-   platform_assert(!log_iterator_stream_complete(itor));
-   log_iterator_deinit(itor);
+   test_log_expect_empty_recovery(cache_cfg, al, cfg, hid, partial);
    shard_log_dec_ref((cache *)cc, &partial);
 
    return 0;
@@ -2669,6 +2708,90 @@ test_log_perf(cache                  *cc,
 }
 
 
+/* The low-level log exposes a policy hint; only the core schedules automatic
+ * barriers. Blob bytes must trigger even when their descriptor fits one page.
+ */
+static void
+test_log_group_size_hint(cache *cc, shard_log_config *cfg, platform_heap_id hid)
+{
+   uint64 saved = cfg->group_size_pages;
+   for (uint64 threshold = 1; threshold <= 4; threshold *= 2) {
+      cfg->group_size_pages = threshold;
+      for (int large = 0; large < 2; large++) {
+         log_handle *logh;
+         platform_assert_status_ok(shard_log_create(cc, cfg, hid, &logh));
+         log_head   head       = log_get_head(logh);
+         shard_log *log        = (shard_log *)logh;
+         char       key_data[] = "automatic-durability";
+         key        k = key_create(FALSE, sizeof(key_data) - 1, key_data);
+         merge_accumulator value;
+         merge_accumulator_init(&value, hid);
+         uint64 bytes =
+            large ? 5 * cache_page_size(cc) + 1 : cache_page_size(cc) / 2;
+         platform_assert(merge_accumulator_resize(&value, bytes));
+         merge_accumulator_set_class(&value, MESSAGE_TYPE_INSERT);
+         memset(merge_accumulator_data(&value), 'A', bytes);
+         uint64 count = large ? 1 : 8;
+         for (uint64 i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+            platform_assert(
+               log_write(logh, k, merge_accumulator_to_message(&value), 0, i)
+               == 0);
+            if (log_group_size_reached(logh)) {
+               log_durable_ticket ticket;
+               platform_assert_status_ok(log_make_durable_begin(logh, &ticket));
+               platform_assert(!log_group_size_reached(logh));
+               platform_assert_status_ok(log_make_durable_wait(logh, ticket));
+            }
+         }
+         platform_assert(__atomic_load_n(&log->durable_ticket, __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE)
+                         != 0);
+         log_deinit(logh);
+         // The log's barrier has already completed. Flush the mini-allocator
+         // metadata so this live allocator can still release the test image;
+         // this is not an additional durability barrier or log seal.
+         platform_assert_status_ok(cache_writeback_dirty(cc));
+         platform_assert_status_ok(cache_evict(cc, FALSE));
+         log_iterator *itor;
+         platform_assert_status_ok(
+            shard_log_iterator_create(cc, cfg, hid, head, 0, &itor));
+         platform_assert(!log_iterator_stream_complete(itor));
+         uint64 recovered = 0;
+         while (log_iterator_can_next(itor)) {
+            key     actual_key;
+            message actual_value;
+            log_iterator_curr(itor, &actual_key, &actual_value);
+            platform_assert(data_key_compare(cfg->data_cfg, k, actual_key)
+                            == 0);
+            platform_assert(
+               message_lex_cmp(merge_accumulator_to_message(&value),
+                               actual_value)
+               == 0);
+            recovered++;
+            platform_assert_status_ok(log_iterator_next(itor));
+         }
+         platform_assert(recovered == count);
+         log_iterator_deinit(itor);
+         merge_accumulator_deinit(&value);
+         shard_log_dec_ref(cc, &head);
+      }
+   }
+   // The disabled option retains the previous unbounded-group behavior.
+   cfg->group_size_pages = UINT64_MAX;
+   log_handle *logh;
+   platform_assert_status_ok(shard_log_create(cc, cfg, hid, &logh));
+   log_head head = log_get_head(logh);
+   key      k    = key_create(FALSE, 1, "k");
+   message  msg =
+      message_create(MESSAGE_TYPE_INSERT, NULL, slice_create(1, "v"));
+   platform_assert(log_write(logh, k, msg, 0, 0) == 0);
+   platform_assert(((shard_log *)logh)->durable_ticket == 0);
+   platform_assert(!log_group_size_reached(logh));
+   log_deinit(logh);
+   shard_log_dec_ref(cc, &head);
+   cfg->group_size_pages = saved;
+}
+
+
 static void
 usage(const char *argv0)
 {
@@ -2781,6 +2904,21 @@ log_test(int argc, char *argv[])
                             platform_get_module_id());
    platform_assert_status_ok(status);
 
+   test_log_group_size_hint((cache *)cc, &system_cfg.log_cfg, hid);
+   system_cfg.log_cfg.group_size_pages = 1;
+   rc                                  = test_log_concurrent_durability(cc,
+                                       &system_cfg.cache_cfg,
+                                       io,
+                                       (allocator *)&al,
+                                       &system_cfg.log_cfg,
+                                       hid,
+                                       &gen,
+                                       workload_cfg.key_size);
+   platform_assert(rc == 0);
+
+   // The existing group-state tests control every durability cut explicitly.
+   system_cfg.log_cfg.group_size_pages = UINT64_MAX;
+
    rc = test_log_recovery_at_eof(cc,
                                  &system_cfg.cache_cfg,
                                  io,
diff --git a/tests/functional/test.h b/tests/functional/test.h
index ea8cd6c61..201904cfa 100644
--- a/tests/functional/test.h
+++ b/tests/functional/test.h
@@ -290,6 +290,9 @@ test_config_init(system_config *system_cfg, // OUT
 
    shard_log_config_init(
       &system_cfg->log_cfg, &system_cfg->cache_cfg.super, system_cfg->data_cfg);
+   if (master_cfg->log_group_size_pages != 0) {
+      system_cfg->log_cfg.group_size_pages = master_cfg->log_group_size_pages;
+   }
    uint64 blob_limit = master_cfg->blob_max_descriptor_size;
    if (blob_limit == 0) {
       blob_limit = BLOB_DEFAULT_MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SIZE;
diff --git a/tests/unit/splinter_test.c b/tests/unit/splinter_test.c
index 6897de9f8..13d92956d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/splinter_test.c
+++ b/tests/unit/splinter_test.c
@@ -2133,6 +2133,8 @@ CTEST2(splinter, test_logged_large_insert_shares_blob_extents)
    cache     *cc                          = (cache *)data->clock_cache;
    data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg.use_log = TRUE;
    data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg.checkpoint_log_size_bytes = UINT64_MAX;
+   // This test inspects both records in their mutable staging buffer.
+   data->system_cfg->log_cfg.group_size_pages = UINT64_MAX;
 
    core_handle     spl;
    platform_status rc = core_mkfs(&spl,
@@ -5781,6 +5783,179 @@ test_lookup_by_range(void         *datap,
    return rc;
 }
 
+/* Automatic completion failures are logged without failing a visible insert.
+ * The next barrier still retries the undurable prefix. */
+CTEST2(splinter, test_automatic_log_barrier_reports_failure_and_retries)
+{
+   allocator *al                          = (allocator *)&data->al;
+   data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg.use_log = TRUE;
+   data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg.checkpoint_log_size_bytes = UINT64_MAX;
+   data->system_cfg->log_cfg.group_size_pages               = 1;
+   core_handle spl;
+   ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(core_mkfs(&spl,
+                                 &data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg,
+                                 al,
+                                 (cache *)data->clock_cache,
+                                 data->io,
+                                 &data->tasks,
+                                 test_generate_allocator_root_id(),
+                                 data->hid)));
+   DECLARE_AUTO_KEY_BUFFER(keybuf, data->hid);
+   merge_accumulator msg;
+   merge_accumulator_init(&msg, data->hid);
+   test_key(&keybuf, TEST_RANDOM, 1, 0, 0, data->workload_cfg->key_size, 0);
+   generate_test_message(&data->gen, 1, &msg);
+   checkpoint_barrier_fault fault = {0};
+   checkpoint_barrier_fault_install(&fault, data->io);
+   checkpoint_barrier_fault_arm(&fault, 0);
+   platform_status rc = core_insert(
+      &spl, key_buffer_key(&keybuf), merge_accumulator_to_message(&msg), NULL);
+   ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(rc));
+   ASSERT_EQUAL(1, fault.barriers);
+   ASSERT_EQUAL(0, ((shard_log *)spl.log)->durable_ticket);
+   checkpoint_barrier_fault_uninstall(&fault);
+   lookup_result result;
+   lookup_result_init(&result, data->system_cfg->data_cfg, 0, 0, NULL);
+   ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(core_lookup(&spl, key_buffer_key(&keybuf), &result)));
+   ASSERT_TRUE(lookup_result_found(&result));
+   lookup_result_deinit(&result);
+   rc = core_insert(
+      &spl, key_buffer_key(&keybuf), merge_accumulator_to_message(&msg), NULL);
+   ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(rc));
+   ASSERT_TRUE(((shard_log *)spl.log)->durable_ticket >= 2);
+   merge_accumulator_deinit(&msg);
+   core_destroy(&spl);
+}
+static platform_status
+automatic_barrier_reject_begin(log_handle *log, log_durable_ticket *ticket)
+{
+   *ticket = 0;
+   return STATUS_NO_MEMORY;
+}
+
+/* A rejected submission neither fails the visible insert nor leaks its insert
+ * epoch/guard. With the oversized group still current, the next insert retries.
+ */
+CTEST2(splinter, test_automatic_log_barrier_submission_failure_retries)
+{
+   data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg.use_log                   = TRUE;
+   data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg.checkpoint_log_size_bytes = UINT64_MAX;
+   data->system_cfg->log_cfg.group_size_pages               = 1;
+   core_handle spl;
+   ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(core_mkfs(&spl,
+                                 &data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg,
+                                 (allocator *)&data->al,
+                                 (cache *)data->clock_cache,
+                                 data->io,
+                                 &data->tasks,
+                                 test_generate_allocator_root_id(),
+                                 data->hid)));
+   DECLARE_AUTO_KEY_BUFFER(keybuf, data->hid);
+   merge_accumulator msg;
+   merge_accumulator_init(&msg, data->hid);
+   test_key(&keybuf, TEST_RANDOM, 1, 0, 0, data->workload_cfg->key_size, 0);
+   generate_test_message(&data->gen, 1, &msg);
+   const log_ops *saved_ops     = spl.log->ops;
+   log_ops        fault_ops     = *saved_ops;
+   fault_ops.make_durable_begin = automatic_barrier_reject_begin;
+   spl.log->ops                 = &fault_ops;
+   platform_status rejected     = core_insert(
+      &spl, key_buffer_key(&keybuf), merge_accumulator_to_message(&msg), NULL);
+   spl.log->ops = saved_ops;
+   ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(rejected));
+   ASSERT_FALSE(spl.automatic_barrier_submitting);
+   ASSERT_EQUAL(1, ((shard_log *)spl.log)->handle_refs);
+   ASSERT_EQUAL(0, ((shard_log *)spl.log)->durable_ticket);
+   ASSERT_TRUE(log_group_size_reached(spl.log));
+   ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(core_insert(&spl,
+                                   key_buffer_key(&keybuf),
+                                   merge_accumulator_to_message(&msg),
+                                   NULL)));
+   ASSERT_TRUE(((shard_log *)spl.log)->durable_ticket >= 1);
+   merge_accumulator_deinit(&msg);
+   core_destroy(&spl);
+}
+
+/* Hold the first automatic barrier in the device while two insert threads
+ * cross successive thresholds. Neither insert may wait for that completion.
+ * This also proves the short submission guard is released before durability. */
+CTEST2(splinter, test_automatic_log_barrier_insert_does_not_wait)
+{
+   data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg.use_log                   = TRUE;
+   data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg.checkpoint_log_size_bytes = UINT64_MAX;
+   data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg.queue_scale_percent       = UINT64_MAX;
+   data->system_cfg->log_cfg.group_size_pages               = 1;
+   task_system_config cfg                       = data->system_cfg->task_cfg;
+   cfg.num_background_threads[TASK_TYPE_NORMAL] = 1;
+   task_system tasks;
+   ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(test_init_task_system(&tasks, data->hid, &cfg)));
+   core_handle spl;
+   ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(core_mkfs(&spl,
+                                 &data->system_cfg->splinter_cfg,
+                                 (allocator *)&data->al,
+                                 (cache *)data->clock_cache,
+                                 data->io,
+                                 &tasks,
+                                 test_generate_allocator_root_id(),
+                                 data->hid)));
+   DECLARE_AUTO_KEY_BUFFER(keybuf, data->hid);
+   merge_accumulator msg;
+   merge_accumulator_init(&msg, data->hid);
+   test_key(&keybuf, TEST_RANDOM, 1, 0, 0, data->workload_cfg->key_size, 0);
+   generate_test_message(&data->gen, 1, &msg);
+   checkpoint_barrier_fault_install(&data->checkpoint_fault, data->io);
+   checkpoint_barrier_fault_block(&data->checkpoint_fault, 0);
+   core_durable_barrier_insert_args args[2] = {0};
+   platform_thread                  threads[2];
+   bool32                           completed[2] = {0};
+   bool32                           blocked      = FALSE;
+   splinterdb_notification          manual;
+   splinterdb_notification_init_polling(&manual, NULL);
+   for (uint64 i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(args); i++) {
+      args[i] = (core_durable_barrier_insert_args){
+         .spl       = &spl,
+         .tuple_key = key_buffer_key(&keybuf),
+         .msg       = merge_accumulator_to_message(&msg),
+      };
+      platform_assert_status_ok(
+         platform_thread_create(&threads[i],
+                                FALSE,
+                                core_durable_barrier_insert_thread,
+                                &args[i],
+                                data->hid));
+      completed[i] = core_durable_barrier_test_wait(&args[i].done);
+      if (i == 0) {
+         blocked = core_durable_barrier_test_wait(
+            &data->checkpoint_fault.block_entered);
+         platform_assert_status_ok(core_durable_barrier_async(&spl, &manual));
+      }
+   }
+   uint64 accepting =
+      __atomic_load_n(&((shard_log *)spl.log)->accepting.id, __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE);
+   checkpoint_barrier_fault_release(&data->checkpoint_fault);
+   for (uint64 i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(args); i++) {
+      platform_assert_status_ok(platform_thread_join(&threads[i]));
+   }
+   platform_assert_status_ok(task_perform_until_quiescent(&tasks));
+   checkpoint_barrier_fault_uninstall(&data->checkpoint_fault);
+   uint64 durable = __atomic_load_n(&((shard_log *)spl.log)->durable_ticket,
+                                    __ATOMIC_ACQUIRE);
+   merge_accumulator_deinit(&msg);
+   core_destroy(&spl);
+   task_system_deinit(&tasks);
+   int manual_status = -1;
+   ASSERT_TRUE(splinterdb_notification_poll(&manual, &manual_status));
+   ASSERT_EQUAL(0, manual_status);
+   splinterdb_notification_deinit(&manual);
+   ASSERT_TRUE(blocked);
+   for (uint64 i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(args); i++) {
+      ASSERT_TRUE(completed[i]);
+      ASSERT_TRUE(SUCCESS(args[i].rc));
+   }
+   ASSERT_EQUAL(3, accepting);
+   ASSERT_EQUAL(2, durable);
+}
+
 static const cache_ops *core_read_saved_ops;
 static cache_ops        core_read_fault_ops;
 static page_type        core_read_failed_type;
diff --git a/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c b/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c
index 5bc2130de..d9b916ade 100644
--- a/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c
+++ b/tests/unit/splinterdb_forked_child_test.c
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
  * functional usages in this multi-process configuration.
  * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
 
 #include "splinterdb/default_data_config.h"
@@ -85,6 +87,88 @@ CTEST_SETUP(splinterdb_forked_child)
 // Optional teardown function for suite, called after every test in suite
 CTEST_TEARDOWN(splinterdb_forked_child) {}
 
+/* The child never closes, checkpoints, or explicitly makes the log durable.
+ * Only the configured automatic threshold can make these records replayable. */
+CTEST2(splinterdb_forked_child, automatic_log_barriers_survive_process_exit)
+{
+   data_config dcfg;
+   default_data_config_init(&dcfg);
+   for (unsigned variant = 0; variant < 3; variant++) {
+      splinterdb_config cfg = {
+         .filename                   = data->master_cfg.io_filename,
+         .cache_size                 = 64 * Mega,
+         .disk_size                  = 4 * Giga,
+         .data_cfg                   = &dcfg,
+         .use_log                    = TRUE,
+         .num_normal_bg_threads      = 1,
+         .queue_scale_percent        = UINT64_MAX,
+         .log_group_size_pages       = variant ? 0 : 1,
+         .blob_max_descriptor_size   = variant == 2 ? 128 : 0,
+         .checkpoint_log_size_bytes  = UINT64_MAX,
+         .checkpoint_log_grace_bytes = UINT64_MAX,
+      };
+      const uint64 count = variant ? 4 : 32;
+      /* Both blob cases cross the default 1024-page threshold per insert.
+       * The final case exceeds a 128-byte descriptor's direct extent array,
+       * so automatic durability must include blob pointer pages as well. */
+      const uint64 value_sizes[] = {128, 1024 * 4096 + 1, 8 * Mega + 1};
+      const uint64 value_size    = value_sizes[variant];
+      char        *value         = malloc(value_size);
+      ASSERT_NOT_NULL(value);
+      pid_t child = fork();
+      ASSERT_TRUE(child >= 0);
+      if (child == 0) {
+         cfg.io_flags = O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC;
+         splinterdb *db;
+         if (splinterdb_create(&cfg, &db) != 0) {
+            _exit(1);
+         }
+         for (uint64 i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+            memset(value, i + 1, value_size);
+            if (splinterdb_insert(db,
+                                  slice_create(sizeof(i), &i),
+                                  slice_create(value_size, value),
+                                  NULL)
+                != 0)
+            {
+               _exit(2);
+            }
+         }
+         /* Wait only for already-enqueued work, without cutting a new group
+          * or performing a checkpoint. An arbitrary crash before completion
+          * is deliberately permitted to lose the queued suffix. */
+         if (!SUCCESS(task_perform_until_quiescent(
+                (task_system *)splinterdb_get_task_system_handle(db))))
+         {
+            _exit(3);
+         }
+         _exit(0);
+      }
+      int status;
+      ASSERT_EQUAL(child, waitpid(child, &status, 0));
+      ASSERT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(status));
+      ASSERT_EQUAL(0, WEXITSTATUS(status));
+      splinterdb *db;
+      ASSERT_EQUAL(0, splinterdb_open(&cfg, &db));
+      splinterdb_lookup_result result;
+      splinterdb_lookup_result_init(
+         db, &result, SPLINTERDB_LOOKUP_VALUE, 0, NULL);
+      for (uint64 i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+         ASSERT_EQUAL(
+            0, splinterdb_lookup(db, slice_create(sizeof(i), &i), &result));
+         ASSERT_TRUE(splinterdb_lookup_found(&result));
+         slice actual;
+         ASSERT_EQUAL(0, splinterdb_lookup_result_value(&result, &actual));
+         ASSERT_EQUAL(value_size, slice_length(actual));
+         memset(value, i + 1, value_size);
+         ASSERT_EQUAL(0, memcmp(value, slice_data(actual), value_size));
+      }
+      splinterdb_lookup_result_deinit(&result);
+      ASSERT_EQUAL(0, splinterdb_close(&db, FALSE));
+      free(value);
+   }
+}
+
 /*
  * ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  * Elementary test case to validate data structures and various handles as seen
diff --git a/tests/unit/splinterdb_quick_test.c b/tests/unit/splinterdb_quick_test.c
index c94f110a7..ceca0e49f 100644
--- a/tests/unit/splinterdb_quick_test.c
+++ b/tests/unit/splinterdb_quick_test.c
@@ -256,6 +256,7 @@ CTEST2(splinterdb_quick, test_get_config_returns_effective_config)
    ASSERT_EQUAL(24 * Mega, cfg->memtable_capacity);
    ASSERT_EQUAL(8, cfg->fanout);
    ASSERT_EQUAL_U(UINT64_MAX, cfg->reclaim_threshold);
+   ASSERT_EQUAL(1024, cfg->log_group_size_pages);
 }
 
 CTEST2(splinterdb_quick, test_get_cost_stats)